カスタマイズされた装置の生産に彼の援助の平野晃宏氏を感謝致します。著者は、その技術支援の高橋宏祐氏と中島信吾氏に感謝したいと思います。この作品は、化学物質のリスク、健康と研究所科学研究費補助金、厚生省、労働、福祉、日本 (H25-科学-IPPANN-003) と技術明治理工学研究所研究プロジェクト助成 A 研究によって支えられました。大学、日本。

ここで説明したすべての実験手順は、機関動物ケアと明治大学の使用委員会 (IACUC 14-0002(1)) によって承認されています。代表の結果に使用される動物は次のように準備された: 雄 Sprague-dawley ラットいた実験動物会社から購入し、少なくとも 1 週間の開始する前の標準的なラットのおり (W200 × D410 × H250 mm) あたり 4 動物のグループで収容、行動実験。光 (12:12 光/暗いスケジュール 10:00 h で点灯)、室温 (25.0 ± 0.5 ° C)、湿度 (55 ± 10%)、および換気のための標準的な環境で維持された動物飼育室 (10 回/h)、動物食品 (アドリブのアクセスがあったとオリエンタル酵母 (株)、東京都) と水。動物は、寝具 (アルファ-dri、LSG 雙東京都) 紙で標準ラット ケージ (W410 x D250 x H200 mm、Toyoriko 株式会社、愛知、日本) で保管されました。
1. 高架式十字迷路試験
<ol><li>高架プラスを設定カスタマイズされたコンテナー (W1, 500 × 500 × H2, 000 mm D1) 装置の迷路 (図 1 a) 十字型のメタル フレームワークの実行をサポートするための床の上の 500 の mm とコンテナー天井の照明方法腕 (図 1 b)必要な光の強さ (図 1)、および行動テスト (図 1) のライブ ビデオ監視を有効にするためにセンター天井のデジタル ビデオ カメラに迷路の表面を照らします。</li>
	<li>(L500 x W100 mm) 腕十字フレームワークの 4 つの腕の中心に広場中央のプラットフォーム (W100 x D100 mm) を固定し、(図 1 -F)。 注: 当研究室である両手を広げて (L500 x W100 mm) の 2 種類とクローズド アームの 2 種類 (x W100 x H450 ミリメートル L500) (図 1)。閉じた腕は、透明または不透明な壁 (図 1) を持って、短い棚 (図 1EH5 mm) の有無、開いた腕、設計されています。広場中央のプラットフォーム (W100 × D100 mm)、4 つの腕の中心部に配置されます (図 1 -F)。したがって、腕の次の 4 つの組み合わせを実験目的に応じて用意できます: オープン棚を武器 + 透明な壁 (棚/透明)、棚が開いて腕 + 不透明な壁 (棚/不透明) とクローズド アームを閉じた腕腕を開く棚 + 透明な壁 (なし-棚/透明) と閉じた腕と棚なし両手 + 不透明とクローズド アームなし (なし-棚/不透明) の壁します。腕滑走路の表面は黒より良い動物行動分析セクション 2 に記載されている、自動動作分析ソフトウェアでトレースを有効にします。</li>
	<li>約 100 ルクスにそれぞれの腕と中央のプラットフォームの遠位端部の表面の輝度を調整します。</li>
	<li>各テストの前に 70% エタノール溶液による全体の装置をきれいにし水で拭いてください。</li>
	<li>映像セクション 2、行動分析で説明する分析のためのラットの行動を記録するデジタル ビデオ カメラを起動するハード ディスク レコーダーの「録画ボタン」をクリックしてします。</li>
	<li>開かれた腕に直面して中央のプラットフォーム上動物を置き、5 分装置の自由探査を許可します。</li>
	<li>記録が終了するハード ディスク レコーダーの「停止ボタン」をクリックしてします。</li>
	<li>動物飼育室へテスト動物を帰国後糞便および排尿の数をカウントします。</li>
	<li>手順 1.4 から実験が終了するまで繰り返します。 注: 乾燥テストの実行は、常に実施実験のすべての設定が正しく設定されている任意の実験動物は実験条件にさらされる前にチェックする各実験を開始する前に。それ以外の場合、いくつかの動物、特に最初の動物はさまざまな環境条件 (例えば、おそらく以前にテストした動物に残されたであろう操作および/または動物のキューの中に実験者によって誘導されるノイズ) を経験があります。 注: 動物をテストするときは、実験者はコンテナーの近くです。したがって、実験者が表示されないにもかかわらずラットのにおいや音を介してそれらを感じることができるまだあります。</li>
</ol>2. 行動分析
注: 行動分析マニュアル観察によって実行され、自動解析ソフトウェア。
<ol><li>
手動観測
	<ol>
<li>棚に動物を配置すると、以下に従って: (腕にエントリは、すべて 4 足腕上にあるときに任意のインスタンスとして定義は) のエントリの数、各アームに費やす時間と伸ばして出席数姿勢開かれた腕に直面しています。、閉じた腕に向かって中央のプラットフォームからバックアップ中。</li>
		<li>ストップウォッチとコンテナーのドアが閉じているときから始まって、5 分間カウントした上定義された動作の期間と頻度を測定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
自動解析
	<ol>
<li>利用可能なソフトウェア プログラムを使用して以下を記録: 両手を広げて (中央のプラットフォームから、中間、近位および遠位セグメント) の旅、時間で過ごしたの異なる位置の距離と時間の 1 分ごとの分析はオープンに費やし、閉鎖腕。</li>
		<li>手動観測の開始と同時に自動解析ソフトウェアの「スタート ボタン」をクリックします (設定期間を記録した場合、記録が自動的に停止されます)。 注: 本研究に使用した行動解析ソフトウェアは、背景フィールドとそのコントラストによって動物を追跡します。固定のサイズが割り当てられている動物は明るいオブジェクトとして識別され、動物追跡のため、その中心点の移動がこうして使えます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

、不安障害などの精神疾患を患っている患者の数が増えるにつれて、不安の基本的なメカニズムの理解を改善する最先端研究を推進することが重要です。そのためには、実験の手順を最適化するために重要なまたです。したがって、改善アプリケーションの高架十字迷路試験、ラットを用いた実験的成果に及ぼすアーム機能を示しています。
高架プラス迷路に開業いた?...

気分障害、不安障害、うつ病などを患っている患者の数は増加しています。これらの無秩序の開発は遺伝と環境の要因がありますが、詳細な発症メカニズムは、まだ完全に理解1。したがって、研究では、副作用が少ない効果的な薬の開発と同様に、気分障害のメカニズムの覆いを取るに焦点を当てる必要があります。
実験動物の行動テスト、脳の高次機能、感情などを調査するため便利です。動物の行動は非常に変数、実験結果しばしば間で異なる所場合でも同一交は使用される2。したがって、研究者はまた彼らを研究室では、信頼性の高い、正確な結果を提供するために採用する実験装置の基本的な機能を理解する必要があります。
高架プラス迷路テストに開業いたしました齧歯動物3,4に感情的な反応を調べる。全体の器具は床の上にある通常の 500 mm し、から成っている 2 つのオープンとプラスの形を作る 2 つの閉じた腕。腕探査 (それぞれの腕にエントリの期間と頻度を含む)、測定距離旅と指定した動作を受ける動物のストレッチ参加姿勢は観測期間中に記録されたよう。これらの措置により動物の不安は、実験結果として推定されます。
高架プラス迷路テストは、世界中で使用されているが、すべてではない所を使用して、同じ装置デザイン5,6とこれらの違いが実験結果に影響を与えます。相違点には、存在や開いた腕に沿って棚の不在および/または閉じた腕5,6透明または不透明な壁の使用が含まれます。腕に沿って棚を開き閉じた腕の透明な壁の使用が動物装置7、落下を防止し、閉じた腕、それぞれ8,9内行動の観察を容易にするために開発されました。動物の不安1,2,5,10,11 を検出する能力に影響を与えるかもしれないどのように個々 の腕の構造の違いを検討するいくつかの研究をされているがあります、動物の行動 (短い出っ張りの有無にかかわらず) オープンとクローズド (透明/不透明な壁) 腕機能の複合的影響がまだ調査されていません。
最近の報告では、これらのラット12の不安様行動の腕デザインの組み合わせの効果を説明しました。簡単に言えば、オープン アーム棚は、透明な腕は可能性がありますもこの現象を減少している間に、ラットの不安様行動を増大させます。さらに、いいえ ledged オープン アーム + ledged オープン アーム + 透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせと比較して不透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせで抗不安薬の効果の高い検出感度を検証しました。本報告で我々 は、高架式のため私たちのプロトコルをご紹介プラス前のレポートから主要な結果の議論とテストを一緒に迷路が。このレポートは、これらの人を採用しているまたは高架を使用プラス迷路の学習の方に有用な情報を提供すると考えています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Customized container (W1500 &#215; D1500 &#215; H2000 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LED lighting</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Elevated plus maze apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Digital video camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Watec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WAT-250D2</td>
			<td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to a hard disk recorder for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hard disk recorder</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">TOSHIBA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RD-R200</td>
			<td>Any suitable hard disk recorder can be attached to the digital video camera.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Sprague-Dawley rats</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Any suitable rats can be used for your study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Standard rat cage</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Toyoriko</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TP-105</td>
			<td>Any suitable rat cage be used for your study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Instrument to measure light intensity</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">AS ONE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-5818-02</td>
			<td>Any suitable instrument to measure light intensity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EthoVision XT version 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Any suitable software to measure animal behavior</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Diazepam</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Taiyo Pharmaceutical Industry</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1124402A2061</td>
			<td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Tween 80</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9005-65-6</td>
			<td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing animal anxiety in rats: effects of open arm ledges and closed arm wall transparency in elevated plus maze test

高架プラス迷路テストは齧歯動物の動物の不安を評価するための行動テスト。ただし、このテストは行動科学の分野で広く適用される競合する成果は頻繁に異なった実験室から与えられます。異なる結果の理由を識別するために我々 は以前特に有無開いた腕の側面とクローズド アーム壁の透明性/不透明で棚の所、ほとんどの間で異なる腕の機能に焦点を当てた。以前の報告では、我々 はオープンとクローズド アーム デザイン以外同一の実験条件下でのさまざまな組み合わせでのラットの行動を比較するカスタム設計されたコンテナーを使用してと腕機能の違いが実験を妨げることを示した成果。簡単に言えば、オープン アーム棚は、透明な腕は可能性がありますもこの現象を減少している間に、ラットの不安様行動を増大させます。さらに、いいえ ledged オープン アーム + ledged オープン アーム + 透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせと比較して不透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせで抗不安薬の効果の高い検出感度を検証しました。本報告では、私たち高架のためのプロトコルに加えて、前回のレポートと実験的経験から主要な結果の議論と一緒に、迷路テストを紹介します。このレポートは、人を採用している、または高架式を使用して、さらに勉学の迷路人計画の研究者にとって有用な情報を提供すると考えています。

以前の研究では、腕が開いて棚の併用効果とクローズド アームの壁12迷路探索行動の透明性を比較しました。ラットは大幅棚が開いて腕により棚なし開いて腕にはるかに少ない時間を費やして (F [1, 60] 13.49、 P = = 0.0005) (図 2 a)。開いて腕の中にエントリ数を同様の結果であった (F [1, 60] 11.17、 P = < 0.0014)<sup class="xref...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test at JoVE.com

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズド アームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

ラットの不安様行動テスト高架プラス迷路が高いテストの環境によって異なります。ここで、迷路の動作に影響を与える機器設定、特に腕構造を示すし、抗不安薬の効果を検出するための信頼性の高いプロトコルについて述べる。このレポートは、不安の研究に貢献します。

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

testing-animal-anxiety-rats-effects-open-arm-ledges-closed-arm-wall

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.4K ビュー.  Meiji University. ラットの不安様行動テスト高架プラス迷路が高いテストの環境によって異なります。ここで、迷路の動作に影響を与える機器設定、特に腕構造を示すし、抗不安薬の効果を検出するための信頼性の高いプロトコルについて述べる。このレポートは、不安の研究に貢献します。

ビデオ: Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

行動学

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

従来のコールドプレッサーテストの代替:コールドプレッサーアームラップ

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

新生児脳損傷後の作業とリファレンス記憶を評価〜8アーム放射状水迷路の使用

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

客観的かつ子供向け 3次元センサーを用いた上肢機能の評価

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズドアームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

従来のコールドプレッサーテストの代替:コールドプレッサーアームラップ

新生児脳損傷後の作業とリファレンス記憶を評価〜8アーム放射状水迷路の使用

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

客観的かつ子供向け 3次元センサーを用いた上肢機能の評価

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズド アームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

従来のコールドプレッサーテストの代替:コールドプレッサーアームラップ

新生児脳損傷後の作業とリファレンス記憶を評価〜8アーム放射状水迷路の使用

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

客観的かつ子供向け 3次元センサーを用いた上肢機能の評価

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズドアームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験