This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

注：ここに実行されたすべての手順は、に提出され、動物実験委員会（研究コンプライアンス室）によって承認され、NIHガイドライン以下の行われたました。行動試験パラダイムで使用されるマウスは、ナイーブと他のテストには使用されませんでした。このプロトコルで使用されるC57BL / 6野生型およびノックアウトマウスは、9以前に記載されており、ここに示されたデータは、その原稿からのものである。 テストルームとオープンフィールド装置の作製<ol><li> 4活動チャンバーからなる複数の単位オープンフィールド迷路（OFM）を使用するこの分析（ 図1）のために使用した。各チャンバ50センチメートル（長さ）を測定した50センチメートル（幅）38センチメートル（高さ）×白と高密度非多孔性プラスチックから作られたxは。 </li><li>迷路の壁が滑らかであったが、歩行時のトラクションのための迷路の床を質感。迷路の象限は、この試験の目的のために完全に空だった。このプロトの残りの部分を考慮して鞍部、上述の迷路の単一象限はOFMを実証するために利用される。 </li><li>使用前に、前の主題をマウスで左どんな香り手がかりを除去するために次の試験の前に95％エタノールを有するチャンバを拭きます。 </li><li>エタノールは、試験前のマウスに完全に蒸発することを許可する。これは、各テストセッションの間に5〜10分かかる場合があります。 </li><li>この分析のために、マウスの動きを記録し、評価するPanLab /ハーバード装置からSMARTビデオ追跡ソフトウェアを使用しています。 注：すべての商用ビデオ追跡カメラおよびソフトウェアは、被験者を追跡し、オープンフィールド迷路の結果を評価することができる。エンドユーザがキャリブレーションする方法を理解し、個々の分析のために使用されるソフトウェアを実行することは非常に重要である。カメラおよびソフトウェアが正しく製造業者の指示書に従って較正されたときにかかわらず使用されるビデオカメラやトラッキングソフトウェアの、最良の結果が得られる。 </li><li>テストIを実行します標準迷路装置及びソフトウェアを実行するために必要なコンピュータを含むことが可能な照明された部屋をナ。天井に取り付けることにより、カメラのレンズが全体迷路領域（ 図2）を見ることを可能にする任意の高められたサポートシステムのいずれかを使用して迷路の上にビデオカメラを中断する。 </li><li>テストの人間の管理者として、マウスの動作に影響しないように迷路内の被験者によって完全に観察不能であることが部屋に十分なスペースを用意してください。 </li></ol> 2.活性を測定するためにソフトウェアの準備<ol><li>ビデオ追跡ソフトウェアを開きます。 </li><li>ソフトウェアが開かれると、「データ収集」タブと、このオプションを開くには、シングルクリックの下に位置する「シングルターゲット追尾」オプションにカーソルを移動。 </li><li>画面の下部にある「静的背景」オプションを選択します。 </li><li> 「静的背景」を選択した後選んだあるnは、その前の被験者の添加迷路の画像を撮影するためのソフトウェアを使用する必要がある。これを行うには、画面とシングルクリックの下部にある「写真」ボタンにカーソルを移動します。 注：ソフトウェアは、追跡プロセス中に撮影された画像から減算される被験者なしシナリオを撮影します。これは、被写体の動きをソフトウェアにより分析されることになる。 </li><li>上記撮影した背景画像が完全に画面の下部にある「テスト」ボタンにカーソルを移動し、一度クリックすることにより、追跡ソフトウェアによって除去されることを確認します。背景画像が完全に追跡画像から削除された場合、白色の固体フィールドが表示される。照明条件が変化したり迷路を誤って移動した場合は、2つのイメージが完全に一致していないことを示す、このフィールドに黒の「影」を参照してくださいます。この状況を解決するには、単にサントを繰り返すP上記2.4。 </li><li>背景の設定を確認した後、時間が取得時に制御されている方法を設定するタイミングオプションを使用します。これを行うには、「設定」タブにカーソルを合わせ、「タイミング」の見出しを一度クリックしてください。実験パラメータを入力するために、新しく開いたウィンドウを使用してください。 </li><li>このプロトコルのために、10分間の追跡期間として「プログラムされた時間」オプションを選択しました。迷路の中央にマウスを置くと追跡の開始前に離れて移動するためのユーザーの時間を可能にするために5秒に「​​潜伏期間」に設定します。試験期間のための10分の「取得時間」と入力します。自動的にカメラとソフトウェアのトラッキング機能をオフにします」プログラムされた時間（10分）が終了すると &quot;に設定し「停止制御」を設定してください。 </li><li>すべてのタイミングは、ウィンドウを閉じるように設定された後、「閉じる」ボタンにカーソルを移動します。これで、テストを開始する準備ができました手順をる。 </li></ol>オープンフィールド試験の3.管理注：このプロトコルで使用されるソフトウェアパッケージは、一度に最大16の個々のマウスの追跡を可能にする。完了を容易にするために、上述したように、ここで説明するプロトコルは、OFMの単一象限を使用して、単一のマウスである。このプロトコルの使用中の機器については、4個々のマウスの最大は迷路の各象限を使用して追跡することができた。複数エンクロージャー迷路を利用した場合は、その定義された象限に第一の主題のマウスを配置した後、分析を追跡するための、それぞれの迷路の象限に残りのマウスを置く。このプロトコルの目的のために、さらなる命令は、迷路の単一象限に特異的である。 <ol><li>試験室に彼らの住宅の部屋から自分のホームケージでマウスを持参してください。マウスは、試験の開始前に最低30分間​​処置室に順応できるようにします。 </li><li>シングルMを削除そっとその尾をつかんでホームケージからウーズと同時にマウスの動きの追跡を開始するには、[開始]ボタンをシングルクリックすることでSMARTソフトウェアを起動しながら、オープンフィールド迷路の中央にマウスを置く。マウスは迷路の周囲の壁とリリースのタイミングに速やかに移動し、マウスのキャプチャをトラッキングこの動きを記録するために一致すべきであるのは正常です。 </li><li> 、追跡ソフトウェアは動きを記録します、その間に1つの10分の期間（ 図3）のために迷路のそれぞれの象限を通じて主題マウスの自由と途切れない移動を可能に。 </li><li>試験期間の終わりに、静かに主題マウスを拾う迷路からそれを削除し、そのホームケージに戻す。 </li><li>迷路をクリーニングする前に、視覚的に迷路に存在する糞丸薬ペレットをカウントし、手動で、さらなる分析のための番号を記録します。 </li><li>すべての糞を削除し、排尿の全てのスポットを拭き取る。 95％のエタノールで迷路象限の床と壁をスプレーし、清潔な紙タオルで拭いてください。事前の他のマウスの試験に完全に乾燥さエタノール溶液を許可する。 </li><li>次のマウスを使って手順を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4.測定とテスト手順の間挙動の解析注：測定のために、オープンフィールド行動の三つの側面が容易に（説明を参照してください）​​このプロトコルを使用して特徴づけられる。ビデオトラッキングソフトウェアでこれらの測定値にアクセスする方法についての簡単な命令は以下の通りである。 <ol><li> SMARTソフトウェアのメイン画面から、ゾーンエディタを開くには、「ゾーン」タブをシングルクリック、「定義」にカーソルを移動します。 </li><li> SMARTソフトウェアのユーザーズマニュアルの詳細な手順は、追跡経路上にオーバーレイするゾーンまたはグリッドを定義しない従ってください。ここでは、ソフトウェアは、迷路の床をカバーする10cmの正方形（5×5グリッドを定義するために使用された<stronG&gt;図4）。事前のゾーンエディタを閉じるに作成したゾーンファイルを保存してください。 </li><li> SMARTソフトウェアのメイン画面から、「分析」タブにカーソルを移動して、単一のデータ分析]ウィンドウを開きます。 </li><li> 「ファイル」タブにカーソルを移動し、上記で作成したゾーンファイルを開きます。 </li><li> 「設定」タブにカーソルを移動し、「トラック分析」オプションを開きます。これは「シングル主題分析の設定」ウィンドウが開きます。 <ol><li> 「標準」タブにカーソルを移動し、含まれるパラメータボックス（右側）に使用可能なパラメータボックス（左側）から「同伴距離」パラメータを移動します。 </li><li> 「ゾーントランジション」タブにカーソルを移動し、上記のように含まれるパラメータボックスにすべての適切なパラメータを移動します。 </li><li> 「フルトラック」ボックスがウィンドウの下部にチェックされていることを確認してください。 </li><li>モーOKボタンにカーソルをVEの、シングルサブジェクト解析設定ウィンドウを閉じます。 注：あなたが実行したい分析によっては、他の多くのオプションが解析から、鉱山データに、このウィンドウで選択することができます。パラメータは、あなたのデータの分析のために最も重要であるか決定するためにあなたの特定のプログラムの詳細な取扱説明書をお読みください。 </li></ol></li><li>プログラムウィンドウの左上の[ファイル]タブの下では、単一の対象トラックウィンドウを開き、分析されているすべてのトラックの横にチェックマークを付けます。ウィンドウの上部にあるチェックマークボタンにカーソルを移動し、トラックExplorerウィンドウを閉じます。 </li><li>データ解析ウィンドウ内の「移動」ボタンにカーソルを移動し、シングルトラックデータの分析を開始するためにクリックします。 </li><li>分析データは、いずれかのASCIIテキストフ​​ァイルとして出力することができるか、または直接EXCELスプレッドシートにエクスポートすることができる。出力DAには、使用しているソフトウェアプログラムの出力ツールを使用して、あなた自身の使用のためにTA。 注：総移動距離と指示されたゾーンで過ごした時間は、上記で概説したデータ分析の手順に従って出力されます。ここでも、ここに表され、これらの測定に到達するまでの手順を使用し、ユーザソフトウェアによって異なりますことを強調している。しかし、データ自体と結果の解釈は、使用されるソフトウェアプログラムの同じような独立している必要があります。これは、収集されたすべてのデータは、ソフトウェアではなく、管理者が測定したデータを定量化し、試験管理バイアスが、このプロトコルから取り出されていることも注目に値する。以上説明のように収集されたデータへのqualifiable要素は存在しない。 </li></ol>

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Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

オープンフィールド迷路は、動物行動研究において最も広く使用されているプラ​​ットフォームのひとつです。 2,4 OFMの実行中に収集し、分析することができる重要な従来の動物行動学パラメータの数。これらのデータは、研究者は、全体的な運動活性から不安関連感情的な行動8に至るまでの行動を測定することができます。しかし、OFMの使用はその欠点がないわけではな...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

ほとんどの場合、試験したマウスの株当たりの個体の平均数は約20で十分な統計的関連性を生成することである。しかし、この数は、マウスの可用性に応じて8-30の範囲にすることができる。必要な測定または比較に応じて、年齢をマッチさせた被験者を使用することも好ましい。 オープンフィールド迷路に測定するための第一と間違いなく最も重要な特定のパラメータ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.3K ビュー.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

ビデオ: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

マウスの水迷路試験の浅い水（スパンキング）バリアント

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

行動学

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

侵害受容性行動の変化を測定するためにオペラント口腔顔面疼痛評価デバイス（OPAD）の使用

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

新生児脳損傷後の作業とリファレンス記憶を評価〜8アーム放射状水迷路の使用

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

骨格筋の病気のためにオープンフィールドアクティビティ·モニタリングシステムを用いた行動と自発運動の測定

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

アクアリアにおける魚類の生殖生態に関する基礎的研究

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

やる気のある注目の大脳半球機能差を測定する感情的な画像の中央と分かれて視野プレゼンテーション

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズド アームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

空間的な学習とバーンズ迷路と乙女の苦痛のパラダイムを用いたマウスの向社会的行動の分析

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

マウスで無快感を誘導するため予測不可能な慢性的な軽度ストレス プロトコル

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...