Name: a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs
Uploaded: 2018-01-26T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

この研究は資金を供給され、南フロリダ水管理地区のエバーグレーズ システム評価セクションの下で実施します。

1. 準備、植栽場所へ
<ol><li>2 または 3 gal (7 または 11 L) の苗木地元産ネイティブ (プラスチック鍋) で商業泥炭袋 (0.6 m3x 0.46 × 0.3 の測定)、木および低木肥料スパイクを取得、ダクトテープ、ポリ塩化ビニル (PVC) 管 (2 ~ 3 m 長さ、直径 0.8 で 2.1 cm、スケジュール 40)、カッター、ゴミ袋、金属の棒をボックスまたは泥炭袋に穴を開ける (1 ~ 2 m の長さは、直径 1.3 cm) を鉄筋。エバーグレーズに適用される潜在的な樹種はバンレイシ glabraフィカス ・ アウレアとアメリカハナノキ。作業手袋を着用することをお勧めします。</li>
	<li>ぬれた季節の間に浸水を最小限で泥炭の残りの基盤上の少なくとも 0.3 m とゴースト ツリー島の高いエリアで通常、ポップアップを配置する最適な場所を決定します。</li>
	<li>(通常はエアボート) 苗木、(苗木 1) 商業泥炭袋、木および低木肥料スパイク (苗木ごとに 1 つ)、ダクトテープ (必要に応じて、ロールの数) (苗木各 2 本) 塩ビ管とその他のツールや植栽場所に材料を転送します。</li>
</ol>2. ポップアップのアセンブリ
注: 組み立てる鉢植え苗木と木島 (ステップ 3) の水にそれを配置する前にボートのポップアップ (手順 2.1 2.6)
<ol><li>プラスチック ポット苗木の根と鉢土をオフにスライドや鍋の底に大きな穴を切ったカッターやはさみ (図 1) を使用して各苗木ポットの全体の底面を取り外します。</li>
	<li>泥炭バッグ ポット苗木の根や挿入のポット土壌に戻ってオープンの下にスライドさせます。</li>
	<li>カットをする 20 〜 30 センチ X 字 (鍋の直径よりもわずかに大きい) ボックス カッターを使用して上面になるかのセンターで泥炭のバッグ。</li>
	<li>について 2,000 へ 5,000 cm3 (約鍋の半分の量) X 字形の開口部とゴミ袋の除去のための場所から泥炭袋の内容を削除します。</li>
	<li>ボトムレス X 形開口部/うつ病泥炭袋からの泥炭の削除によって作成された内苗木ポットを設定します。底なし鍋鍋 (図 2) の側面に対して指摘ポイント (三角形) と X 字のオープニングで半押し必要があります。苗木は、その他の標高や物理的なサポートを提供するためにポットに残っています。</li>
	<li>ダクトテープ、ポットとカバー袋三角形の周りのいくつかの巻上げを用いる場所でポットを固定します。(図 3) の鍋に袋三角形を貼付、成長の次の 2 〜 3 年の間に場所でポットを保持します。これは、ポップアップを作成します。</li>
</ol>3. ポップアップの配置
<ol><li>水の中には、ポップアップを設定します。水を入力し、植林サイトにフローティング ポップアップを移動します。</li>
	<li>約 2 ~ 3 m 塩ビ管の長い長さは、基板 (袋の下の土) の半分のメートルに約 3 分の 1 に苗木のどちら側にバッグを挿入 2 つの場所でポップアップをテザー (図 3)。</li>
	<li>袋、水を入力して出現する根を許可するように (少なくとも 4 つの上/下で) とそれぞれの側に 4 つの開口部を作成する (図 3) を完全に金属の棒 (鉄筋) を駆動することによって上、底および側面の袋を穴をあけます。ポップアップは、約 6 ヶ月間フロートされます。</li>
	<li>全体を図 3に示す場所に袋の上部に 1 つのツリー肥料スパイクを挿入します。</li>
</ol>4. メンテナンス、測定、およびプラスチックの除去のためのフォロー アップ
<ol><li>頻繁にサイトに戻り、必要に応じて、特に次の猛烈な嵐のイベントと考え、条件と生存率に注意してくださいし、樹高と年間ベースでそれぞれの残存木の根元直径を測定します。</li>
	<li>3 年後、泥炭袋から鍋とプラスチックを削除し、それらをリサイクル ボックス カッター/はさみとゴミ袋でサイトに戻ります。ポットとプラスチック袋 (上部と側面) から容易に苗木; を乱すことがなく削除されます。泥炭袋の下にプラスチックにアクセスできます (図 4) ができない場合があります。</li>
	<li>生存と成長を評価する年間ベースでサイトに戻ります。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E., Sklar, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+geographic+information+system+(GIS)+to+document+research+in+an+Everglades+physical+Model.">The development of a geographic information system (GIS) to document research in an Everglades physical Model.</a> J Environ Sci Eng. 5 (2011), 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Weinbaum, S. A., Johnson, R. S., DeJong, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Overfertilization+in+Orchards.">Causes and Consequences of Overfertilization in Orchards.</a> HortTechnology. 2 (1), 112-121 (1992).</li></ol>

本研究は、資金調達と南フロリダ水管理地区、フロリダの州の機関の監督の下で行われました。フロリダでは、広範な公的記録法を楽しんでいます。このドキュメントでは、その法律に従うが、公的な記録の一部とみなされます。

植林木島へのアプローチこの提案では、標高や各サイトの fill をさせるために必要な道路の構築なしエアボートから木の配置の増加をことができます。これはコストと島の植樹を実装するための障害を最小化します。
この手法の問題は、ツリー島はかつて湿地機能で大量の塩ビ管、ビニール袋、プラスチックの鉢を置くことに関連付けられている審美的な環境の問題で?...

近くの木種1,2の多様性を持つ島がある場合、劣化した沼沢地ツリー列島原産の木種の自然な根面の滑沢は種子散布を介して可能です。スクラーとヴァン デル ヴァルク1深刻な沈静化ツリー島を復元可能かもしれない"によってそのような努力は高価になるが、彼らの頭の高さを上げると労働集約的。現在、非常に少数のネイティブ (望ましい) 木エバーグレーズ水保全地域 (WCA) 劣化 (として知られている「ゴースト」) 木島近く存在があります-2 a (1 つ 5 WCAs の作成のための水を格納および周囲都市の洪水を防ぐために、木島3の recolonizing に必要な種子を提供する農業地域)。
植林のため沈静化ツリー島の標高を高めるためには、適切な fill は島に運ばれるでしょう。これはトラックのための道路を造るか、またははしけ、すばらしい金融費用でエバーグレーズに深刻な被害につながる水路を作成する必要があります。木島高度を提供する原産の木種を再作成する必要がある簡単な低コストの技術 (水分を減らす) とエバーグレーズ4に固有変数の水文学の下で生存率を改善します。
これらのポップアップのサイズにより、植栽現場へ輸送の容易さです。これは、輸送に従来の個所の充填と道路を必要とするかもしれない木の植栽と比較して優位性を構築する提供します。この技法は、こうして植林活動の生態系への影響を削減します。また、これらのポップアップは、次の展開、苗木の確立を許可するように最初の 6 ヶ月間フロートに能力を持っています。シナリオを植える従来のツリーの下で木が、水位が上昇した場合の確立中に湛水ストレスの増加を発生ことがあります。
デザイン数がテストされたおよび栄養素、および単一の苗木をもつポップアップを植栽を追加する 1 つのツリー肥料スパイクは劣化、沼沢地に展開に最適な構成を達成大きいポップアップの高さ (バッグ向き) が確認されましたツリー島4。他の研究者は、我々 の知識に森林に覆われた湿地エリア5,6を復元するための植林を記述、説明する植栽手法のどれも水分を減らすために標高が追加されません。
この手順では、浮動小数点、岩盤から分割し、表面に浮かぶ泥炭から生じるエバーグレーズ木島の形成を模倣します。畑の植物は、最終的に移動と泥炭の表面に定着し何になる「ポップアップ」またはフローティング ツリー島は「バッテリー」のツリー島1,7と呼ばれるフォームを確立できます。
エバーグレーズ木島木種には、成長と生存の8,9,10の洪水に許容変動があります。制御の研究では、ジョーンズらはエバーグレーズ ツリー島種9の生存に水分の重要性を示した。Stoffellaらは、相対標高 (水面) に植えられた原産の木種の生存と成長、10を洪水にそれぞれの種の特定の許容のためさまざまな深遠な効果を持っていたことを発見しました。樹種は、現在特定の条件で選択できます。ここで説明する手法を植栽木は、その他の標高とその結果、高度を失っている、今は樹木の種に有害な浸水環境は予告以前森林に覆われた地域の木種子源を提供できます。
以前経験を拡張 hydroperiods 森林に覆われた地域は、これらの領域に木本種を再導入するこのメソッドを受けることが。この手法は、水分を減らす高度を提供します。さらに、木は土 (根と葉バイオマス) を構築、地域の継続的な植民地化のシードのソースを提供します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td><td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td><td>N/A</td><td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td><td>Lambert</td><td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td><td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#039;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td></tr><tr><td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td><td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td><td>Model # 154205</td><td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td></tr><tr><td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td><td>JM Eagle</td><td>Model # 67447</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td><td>MSC Industrial Supply</td><td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model # 60012</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td><td>Weyerhaeuser</td><td>Model # 35616</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Box Cutter</td><td>Stanley</td><td>Model # STHT10273</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Work Gloves</td><td>Firm Grip</td><td>Model # 3101-96</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td><td>HUSKY</td><td>Model # HK42WC050B</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

過去世紀にわたって標高を失いエバーグレーズ ツリー島々 の多く、彼らは今、草本植物で覆われているなど、木のほとんどが死亡しています。このプロトコルでは、シンプルでコスト効果の高い緑化劣化した沼沢地木島を復元するために必要な手法について説明します。デザインは、湛水条件で樹の生存と成長し多くのツリー島の開発につながる浮動の泥炭の島を作成する自然のエバーグレーズ過程に倣っています。市販泥炭袋は、成長と鉢植え樹木苗木の確立のための媒体として使用されました。ポップアップの構成は最初に浮かんだ、浸水、単一原産の木種の苗木と単一のツリー肥料スパイクを最小限に抑えるために追加の昇格を提供します。105 ポップアップを含む 3 年間の研究、中にほとんどの植物生き残った (80%) と多くは繁栄しました。この手法が劣化したツリーの島で木を確立できるかどうかを決定する長い研究と大規模なフィールド テストが必要になります。

0.32 km2エバーグレーズ物理モデル11、ゴースト ツリー島でテストをシミュレートする尾根上にこの方法4を使用して研究を行った。この調査の間に 2 つのバッグの高さ方向 (低: 高さ 0.3 m: 0.46 m)、生存と成長を促進するためにツリー肥料スパイクの使用だけでなく、テストされたバッグ成長あたり 2 つの苗木対 1 つと。苗木の ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

このプロトコルでは、シンプルでコスト効果の高い緑化浸水が発生する劣化のエバーグレーズ木島を復元するための手法について説明します。デザインは、最初に浮かぶし、樹の生存および湛水条件下での成長を促進するために標高を追加します島 (ポップアップ) を作成します。

単純な頻繁に浸水が発生した再構築ツリー手法を植栽

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

a-simple-planting-technique-for-re-establishing-trees-where-frequent

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

6.1K ビュー.  South Florida Water Management District. このプロトコルでは、シンプルでコスト効果の高い緑化浸水が発生する劣化のエバーグレーズ木島を復元するための手法について説明します。デザインは、最初に浮かぶし、樹の生存および湛水条件下での成長を促進するために標高を追加します島 (ポップアップ) を作成します。

ビデオ: A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. According to these factors and their dynamics, small amounts of sap-compatible liquids (i.e. pesticides) can be injected into the xylem system, reaching their target from inside. This endotherapic method, called &#34;trunk injection&#34; or &#34;trunk infusion&#34; (depending on whether the user supplies an external pressure or not), confines the applied chemicals only within the target tree, thereby making it particularly useful in urban situations. The main factors limiting wider use of the traditional drilling methods are related to negative side effects of the holes that must be drilled around the trunk circumference in order to gain access to the xylem vessels beneath the bark.
The University of Padova (Italy) recently developed a manual, drill-free instrument with a small, perforated blade that enters the trunk by separating the woody fibers with minimal friction. Furthermore, the lenticular shaped blade reduces the vessels&#39; cross section, increasing sap velocity and allowing the natural uptake of an external liquid up to the leaves, when transpiration rate is substantial. Ports partially close soon after the removal of the blade due to the natural elasticity and turgidity of the plant tissues, and the cambial activity completes the healing process in few weeks.

Compared to the more traditional hole-based methods, most of which require the tree to be drilled, tools with lenticular blades transform the basics of endotherapy easing the closure of the wound and allowing the natural uptake of the solutions.

ベンチュリ効果は、私たちの木を治す助けることができる

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

環境学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

葉住まいの節足動物を定量化する方法

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire histories include three fundamental phases: field collection, laboratory methods (preparation and dating), and data analysis. Here we provide step-by-step instructions and issues to consider, including the process for selecting the study area, sampling sites, plus how and which fire-scarred trees to sample. In addition, we describe fire-scar sample preparation and dating which are done in the laboratory. Finally, we describe basic analysis and relevant results, including examples from studies that have reconstructed fire history patterns. These studies allow us to understand the historical fire frequency, changes in those frequencies related to anthropogenic factors, and analyzes of how climate influences fire occurrence over time. The description of these methods and techniques should provide a greater understanding of fire history studies that will benefit researchers, educators, technicians, and students interested in this field. These detailed methods will allow new researchers to this field, a resource to start their own work and achieve greater success. This resource will provide a greater integration of tree-ring aspects within other studies and lead to a better understanding of natural processes with forested ecosystems.

This work explains the most appropriate techniques and methods for conducting a fire history study from beginning site selection to final analysis of fire-climate relationship.

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire ...

A Method to Preserve Wetland Roots and Rhizospheres for Elemental Imaging

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants is particularly challenging to capture because of steep oxygen gradients from the roots to the bulk soil. Here a protocol is described that effectively preserves root structure and rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants through slam-freezing and freeze drying. Slam-freezing, where the sample is frozen between copper blocks pre-cooled with liquid nitrogen, minimizes root damage and sample distortion that can occur with flash-freezing while still minimizing chemical speciation changes. While sample distortion is still possible, the ability to obtain multiple samples quickly and with minimal cost increases the potential to obtain satisfactory samples and optimizes imaging time. The data show that this method is successful in preserving reduced arsenic species in rice roots and rhizospheres associated with iron plaques. This method can be adopted for studies of plant-soil relationships in a wide variety of wetland environments that span concentration ranges from trace-element cycling to phytoremediation applications.

We describe a protocol to sample, preserve, and section intact roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil from wetland environments using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model species. Once preserved, the sample can be analyzed using elemental imaging techniques, such as synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical speciation imaging.

元素イメージングのための湿地根と根層圏を保存する方法

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The ...

Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, but studies on soil-borne interactions are still behind those performed on aboveground organs. Although some inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, it remains difficult to get a comprehensive methodological overview. To address this problem, three different root inoculation systems are precisely described that can be applied to gain insights into the biology of root-microbe interactions. For illustration, Verticillium species (namely, V. longisporum and V. dahliae) were employed as root invading model pathogens. However, the methods can be easily adapted to other root colonizing microbes - both pathogenic and beneficial. By colonizing the plant xylem, vascular soil-borne fungi such as Verticillium spp. exhibit a unique lifestyle. After root invasion, they spread via the xylem vessels acropetally, reach the shoot, and elicit disease symptoms. Three representative plant species were chosen as model hosts: Arabidopsis thaliana, economically important oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Step-by-step protocols are given. Representative results of pathogenicity assays, transcriptional analyses of marker genes, and independent confirmations by reporter constructs are shown. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each inoculation system are thoroughly discussed. These proven protocols can assist in providing approaches for research questions on root-microbe interactions. Knowing how plants cope with microbes in the soil is crucial for developing new strategies to improve agriculture.

This protocol presents a detailed summary of strategies to inoculate plant roots with soil-borne microbes. Exemplified for the fungi Verticillium longisporum and Verticillium dahliae, three different root infection systems are described. Potential applications and possible downstream analyses are highlighted, and advantages or disadvantages are discussed for each system.

植物の根に土壌媒介微生物を感染させる接種戦略

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

その場で 乱されていない土壌の土壌水分センサー

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion annually. The global decline of giant kelp forests due to climate-driven ecological stressors underscores the need for innovative restoration strategies. An emerging restoration technique known as &#39;green gravel&#39; aims to seed young kelps over large areas without extensive underwater labor and represents a promising restoration tool due to cost-effectiveness and scalability. This video article illustrates a protocol and tools for culturing giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. It also provides a resource for further studies to address the successes and limitations of this method in field settings. We outline field and laboratory-based methods for collecting reproductive tissue, sporulating, inoculating, rearing, maintaining, and monitoring substrates seeded with early life stages using the &#39;green gravel&#39;&#160;technique. The protocol simplifies and centralizes current restoration practices in this field to support researchers, managers, and stakeholders in meeting kelp conservation objectives.

This protocol describes the field collection and regular laboratory maintenance of substrates seeded with canopy-forming giant kelp for use in restoration trials to address the success and limitations of the 'green gravel' technique in field settings.

樹冠形成ジャイアントケルプの野外採集と実験室でのメンテナンスによる修復促進

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion ...

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Under normal conditions, water taken up by the plant evaporates from leaves and other parts in a process called transpiration. In times of drought stress, water that evaporates by transpiration far exceeds the water absorbed from the soil, causing plants to wilt. The general plant response to drought stress is the synthesis of hormone abscisic acid that keeps stomata closed and reduces transpiration. Additionally, plants may respond to extreme water insufficiency by shedding leaves. This method, however, reduces photosynthesis and consequently hampers plant growth.

Mitigation of drought stress in plants by microbes

Drought stress limits the growth and productivity of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. However, certain microbes present in the vicinity of plants may release physical and chemical signals that induce changes related to plant defense under drought conditions. For example, the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyx is reported to induce drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. The most significant effect of this bacteria was observed in the growth of legumes under water stress. Leguminous plants depend on soil rhizobium for nitrogen fixation - but rhizobia are extremely sensitive to drought stress, resulting in very low nitrogen fixation. However, soil mixed with P. polymyx resulted in increased nitrogen fixation by rhizobium and increased growth of the bean plant.

Excess water is equally as disastrous to plants as a lack of water. Too much water can suffocate plants by reducing air spaces in the soil, thereby restricting oxygen needed for cellular respiration. Certain woody plant species respond to flood conditions by developing hypertrophic growth that appears as swelling of tissues at the stem base. This hypertrophic growth may aid in the downward diffusion of oxygen as well as potential venting of toxic compounds (carbon dioxide, methane, and ethanol) formed from anaerobic metabolism. Other adaptive responses to flood stress include the formation of adventitious roots, increases in root porosity via specialized cells called aerenchyma cells, and a suberized exodermis to prevent loss of oxygen.

Plant Responses to Drought and Floods

干ばつ・洪水への対応

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to ...

単純な頻繁に浸水が発生した再構築ツリー手法を植栽

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この動画の章

ベンチュリ効果は、私たちの木を治す助けることができる

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

葉住まいの節足動物を定量化する方法

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

元素イメージングのための湿地根と根層圏を保存する方法

植物の根に土壌媒介微生物を感染させる接種戦略

その場で乱されていない土壌の土壌水分センサー

樹冠形成ジャイアントケルプの野外採集と実験室でのメンテナンスによる修復促進

干ばつ・洪水への対応

単純な頻繁に浸水が発生した再構築ツリー手法を植栽

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ベンチュリ効果は、私たちの木を治す助けることができる

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

葉住まいの節足動物を定量化する方法

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

元素イメージングのための湿地根と根層圏を保存する方法

植物の根に土壌媒介微生物を感染させる接種戦略

その場で 乱されていない土壌の土壌水分センサー

樹冠形成ジャイアントケルプの野外採集と実験室でのメンテナンスによる修復促進

干ばつ・洪水への対応

その場で乱されていない土壌の土壌水分センサー