이 연구는 투자와 버 시스템 평가 부분의 남쪽 프로 리 다 물 관리 지역에서 실시 했다.

1. 준비 및 설치 위치에 교통
<ol><li>料 네이티브 나무 (플라스틱 남 비), 상업 물 가방 (0.6 m3x 0.46 x 0.3 측정), 나무와 관목 비료 스파이크 2 또는 3 분 (7 이나 11 L) 묘를 얻을, 덕트 테이프, 폴 리 염화 비닐 (PVC) 파이프 (길이 2 ~ 3 m, 직경 0.8에 (2.1 c m) 40 예약), 커터, 쓰레기 봉투, 및 금속 막대 또는 토 탄 가방 펑크 (1 ~ 2 m 길이, 1.3 c m 직경) 철근. 잠재적인 나무 종에 버 글레이즈에 적용 되는 Annona 나물, Ficus aurea, 및 에 서 rubrum. 작업 장갑 입고 좋습니다.</li>
	<li>일반적으로 높은 지역에 유령 나무 섬 암반 위에 남아 있는 토 탄의 적어도 0.3 m 범람 우기 동안 최소화 하는 것이 어디 팝업 배포를 최고의 위치를 결정 합니다.</li>
	<li>(일반적으로 의해 어 보트) 묘, 상업 물 가방 (1 묘 당), 나무와 관목 비료 스파이크 (1 묘 당), 덕트 테이프 (적절 한 롤의 수), PVC 파이프 (묘 당 2 개), 및 다른 도구와 설치 위치에 자료를 전송 합니다.</li>
</ol>2. 팝업 어셈블리
참고: 화분된 묘 및 트리 섬 (3 단계)에 물에 그것을 배치 하기 전에 보트에서 팝업 (단계 2.1 2.6) 조립
<ol><li>슬라이드 묘 뿌리와 냄비 흙, 플라스틱 남 비 남 비 바닥에 큰 구멍을 삭감 또는 상자 절단기 또는 위 (그림 1)를 사용 하 여 각 묘 냄비의 전체 바닥을 제거.</li>
	<li>토 탄 가방에 다시 묘 뿌리 삽입에 대 한 냄비 토양에 오픈 바닥 냄비를 밉니다.</li>
	<li>20 ~ 30 cm X 모양의 컷 (냄비 지름 보다 약간 큰)이 탄 가방 상자 커터를 사용 하 여 상단 표면 것의 센터에 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>X 모양의 제거를 위한 쓰레기 봉투에 장소에서 토 탄 가방 내용 (냄비의 절반 볼륨)에 대 한 2000 5000 c m3 에 대 한 제거.</li>
	<li>X 모양의 오프닝/우울증이 탄 가방에서 토 탄을 제거 하 여 만든 내 묘와 밑이 냄비를 설정 합니다. 밑이 냄비 냄비 (그림 2)의 측면에 대해 가리키는 포인트 (삼각형)와 X-모양의 오프닝에서 중간 다운에 대해 해야 합니다. 묘는 추가 상승 및 실제 지원을 제공 하는 냄비에 남아 있습니다.</li>
	<li>냄비와 가방 삼각형 커버 덕트 테이프의 여러 권선과 장소에서 냄비를 보호 합니다. (그림 3) 냄비에 가방 삼각형 부착와 성장의 다음 2-3 년 동안 냄비 장소에서 개최 됩니다. 이 팝업을 만듭니다.</li>
</ol>3. 팝업 배포
<ol><li>물에서 팝업을 설정 합니다. 물을 입력 하 고 부동 팝업 설치 사이트로 이동.</li>
	<li>약 2 ~ 3 m PVC 파이프의 긴 길이 반 m 기판 (가방 아래 토양)의 약 1 / 3에는 묘 목의 양쪽에 가방을 통해 삽입 두 장소에서 팝업을 밧줄 (그림 3).</li>
	<li>가방, 물 입력 하 고 등장에 뿌리 수 있도록 (적어도 4 위/아래에) 및 각 측에 4 개의 구멍을 만드는 (그림 3)을 통해 금속 막대 (rebar)를 완전히 운전 하 여 위쪽, 아래쪽 및 양쪽에 가방을 찔린 합니다. 팝업은 약 6 개월 동안 플 로트 것입니다.</li>
	<li>그림 3에 표시 된 위치 중 하나에 가방 상단에 전적으로 한 나무 비료 스파이크를 삽입 합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 유지 관리, 측정, 및 플라스틱 제거에 대 한 후속
<ol><li>자주 사이트 필요, 특히 다음과 같은 심한 폭풍 이벤트를 하다 및 상태와 생존을 나무 높이 연간 기준 각 나머지 나무의 기저 직경 측정.</li>
	<li>3 년 후,이 탄 가방에서 냄비와 플라스틱을 제거 하 고 그들을 재활용을 상자 커터/가 위 및 쓰레기 봉투와 함께 사이트를 반환 합니다. 냄비와 플라스틱 가방 (정상 및 측)에서 묘;를 방해 하지 않고 쉽게 제거 이 탄 가방 아래 플라스틱 액세스할 수 (그림 4) 않을 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>생존과 성장을 평가 하는 연례 기초에 사이트를 반환 합니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. 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이 작품은 자금과 사우스 플로리다 물 관리 지역, 플로리다의 기관의 감독 아래 수행 되었다. 플로리다는 광범위 한 공공 기록 법을 즐긴다. 이 문서는 그 법 하 고 공공 기록의 일부로 간주 합니다.

나무 섬 replanting에 제안 된 이렇게 상승 및 배포의 각 사이트에 채우기를가지고 하는 데 필요한도 건물 없이 어 보트에서 나무의 증가 수 있습니다. 비용 및 구현 나무 섬 plantings의 최소화 됩니다.
이 기술은 한 번 나무 섬 이었던 습지 기능에 PVC 파이프, 비닐 봉투, 플라스틱 남 비의 큰 수량을 퍼 팅과 관련 된 미학과 환경 문제입니다. 현재 방법은 나무 설립 (약 3 년)의 충분 ?...

토착 나무 종에 의해 저하 Everglade 트리 섬의 자연 재생성 경우 인근 섬 나무 종1,2의 다양성 씨 분산을 통해 가능 하다. Sklar와 밴 der Valk1 심각 앉된 트리 제도 복원 수도 있습니다, "에 의해 이러한 노력 비싼 것 그들의 머리의 고도 높이 하 고 노동 집약. 현재, 거기는 거의 네이티브 (바람직한) 나무 존재 저하 ("유령"이 라고도 함) 나무 섬 근처 해안 물 보존 지역 (WCA)-2A (5 WCAs 중 하나에 물을 저장 하 고 도시 주변의 홍수 방지 하기 위해 만든와 저하 트리 섬3recolonizing에 필요한 씨앗을 제공 하기 위해 농업 분야)
재조 림을 위해 앉된 나무 섬 고도를, 적절 한 채우기 섬에 수송 할 것입니다. 이 트럭에 대 한도 건물 또는 큰 금융 비용에 버 글레이즈에 심각한 손상으로 이어지는 바지선에 대 한 수로 만드는 필요 합니다. 간단 하 고 저렴 한 비용 기술 저하 나무 섬 고도 제공 하는 네이티브 나무 종 다시 채울 필요가 (hydroperiod 감소) 버4에 발병 변수 수 문 아래 생존을 향상.
이 팝업의 크기는 심기 사이트 교통의 용이성 수 있습니다. 이 기존의 영역 채우기 및도 필요로 할 수 있는 나무 심기에 비해 이점을 수송을 위해 건설 될 제공 합니다. 이 기술은 따라서 나무 심기 활동의 생태 영향을 줄일 수 있습니다. 또한, 이러한 팝업 다음 배포는 묘의 설립을 허용 하는 초기 6 개월 동안 부동 기능이 있다. 기존의 나무 심기 시나리오, 아래 나무 발생할 수 있습니다 스트레스 홍수 증가 설정 중 수위가 상승 하는 경우.
디자인의 번호를 테스트 하 고 그것은 큰 팝업 높이 (부 대 방향), 영양소, 및 단일 묘와 팝업 심기를 추가 한 나무 비료 스파이크 달성 저하는 Everglade 시 배포에 대 한 최상의 구성을 결정 했다 나무 섬4. 다른 연구원 설명 숲된 습지 지역5,6, 우리의 지식 복원 나무 심기, 심기 기법 설명의 상승 hydroperiod 줄이기 위해 추가.
이 절차는 버 트리 섬 암반에서 휴식 하는 표면에 수레 토 탄에서 발생 하는 부동의 형성을 모방 합니다. 고지대 식물 결국 이동이 탄 표면에 침전 하 고 무엇 되는 "팝업" 또는 부동 나무 섬 "배터리" 나무 섬1,7불리는 형태를 설정할 수 있습니다.
에버글레이즈 섬 나무 종의 다양 한 공차 성장과 생존8,,910에 대 한 홍수 있다. 제어 연구, 존스 외. 버 트리 섬 종9의 생존에 hydroperiod의 중요성을 설명 했다. Stoffella 그 외 여러분 발견 상대 높이 (수 면)에 심은 토착 나무 종의 생존 및 성장,10를 범람에 각 종족의 특정 허용 오차 때문에 다양 하 고 심오한 효과 했다. 종의 존재 특정 조건에 대 한 선택할 수 있습니다. 나무 심기 기법 설명 여기 추가 상승 하 고 따라서, 해발 고도 잃 었 하 고 토착 나무 종에 유해한 침수 환경에 따라 이제는 이전 숲된 지역에 나무 씨앗 소스를 제공할 수 있습니다.
이전이 분야에 종 우디가 다시 하이 방법에서 숲된 영역 확장된 hydroperiods 경험을 유익할 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 상승을은 hydroperiod 감소를 제공 합니다. 또한, 나무 토양 (뿌리와 잎 바이오 매스)를 구축 하 고 지역의 지속적인된 식민지에 대 한 씨앗 소스를 제공.

<table><tbody><tr><td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td><td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td><td>N/A</td><td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td><td>Lambert</td><td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td><td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#039;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td></tr><tr><td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td><td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td><td>Model # 154205</td><td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td></tr><tr><td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td><td>JM Eagle</td><td>Model # 67447</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td><td>MSC Industrial Supply</td><td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model # 60012</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td><td>Weyerhaeuser</td><td>Model # 35616</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Box Cutter</td><td>Stanley</td><td>Model # STHT10273</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Work Gloves</td><td>Firm Grip</td><td>Model # 3101-96</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td><td>HUSKY</td><td>Model # HK42WC050B</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

버 트리 섬의 많은 지난 세기 동안 고도 잃 었 어 요 그리고 그들은 이제 초본 식물으로 덮여 있습니다 그런 대부분 그들의 나무의 사망. 이 프로토콜에는 간단 하 고 비용 효율적인 나무를 심기 저하 Everglade 나무 섬 복원에 필요한 기술을 설명 합니다. 디자인은 자연 해안 과정 부동이 탄 섬, 만드는 침수 조건에서 트리 생존과 성장을 허용 하 고 자주 나무 섬 개발으로 연결 후 패턴. 상업적으로 사용 가능한이 탄 가방 성장과 화분된 토착 나무 묘 목의 설립에 대 한 매체로 사용 되었다. 팝업 구성 처음 떠내려 및 범람, 단일 네이티브 나무 종 묘와 단일 트리 비료 스파이크를 최소화 하기 위해 추가 상승 제공 합니다. 105 팝업을 포함 하는 3 년 연구 기간 동안 대부분 식물 살아 (80%)와 많은 번성. 이 기술은 저하 나무 섬에 나무를 설정할 수 있습니다 여부를 결정 하는 것은 더 이상 연구와 광범위 한 필드 테스트 필요 합니다.

이 기술은4 를 사용 하 여 연구 0.32 킬로미터2 버 물리 모델11, 유령 나무 섬에 테스트 시뮬레이션 능선에 내에서 실시 되었다. 이 연구 기간 동안 두 가방 높이 방향 (낮은: 0.3 m, 높이: 0.46 m), 하 나와 함께 성장 하는 가방 당 두 묘 대, 생존 및 성장 나무 비료 스파이크의 사용 뿐만 아니라 테스트 했다. 3 종의 묘 사용 되었다: A. ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

이 프로토콜 간단 하 고 비용 효율적인 나무를 심기 범람 경험 저하 버 트리 제도 복원 하기 위한 기술에 설명 합니다. 디자인 처음 수레 고 추가 트리 생존 및 침수 조건 하에서 성장 하 고도 섬 (팝업)를 만듭니다.

간단한 다시 설정 나무에 대 한 기술을 설치 하 여 자주 침수 발생

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

a-simple-planting-technique-for-re-establishing-trees-where-frequent

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

6.1K 조회수.  South Florida Water Management District. 이 프로토콜 간단 하 고 비용 효율적인 나무를 심기 범람 경험 저하 버 트리 제도 복원 하기 위한 기술에 설명 합니다. 디자인 처음 수레 고 추가 트리 생존 및 침수 조건 하에서 성장 하 고도 섬 (팝업)를 만듭니다.

비디오: A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. According to these factors and their dynamics, small amounts of sap-compatible liquids (i.e. pesticides) can be injected into the xylem system, reaching their target from inside. This endotherapic method, called &#34;trunk injection&#34; or &#34;trunk infusion&#34; (depending on whether the user supplies an external pressure or not), confines the applied chemicals only within the target tree, thereby making it particularly useful in urban situations. The main factors limiting wider use of the traditional drilling methods are related to negative side effects of the holes that must be drilled around the trunk circumference in order to gain access to the xylem vessels beneath the bark.
The University of Padova (Italy) recently developed a manual, drill-free instrument with a small, perforated blade that enters the trunk by separating the woody fibers with minimal friction. Furthermore, the lenticular shaped blade reduces the vessels&#39; cross section, increasing sap velocity and allowing the natural uptake of an external liquid up to the leaves, when transpiration rate is substantial. Ports partially close soon after the removal of the blade due to the natural elasticity and turgidity of the plant tissues, and the cambial activity completes the healing process in few weeks.

Compared to the more traditional hole-based methods, most of which require the tree to be drilled, tools with lenticular blades transform the basics of endotherapy easing the closure of the wound and allowing the natural uptake of the solutions.

벤 투리 효과는 우리의 나무를 치료 도울 수

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

연구

환경과학

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

도시 유출의 연구 시설의 설계 및 건설

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

농업과 도시 유출수의 지표수 독성과 관련된 오염 물질 제거를위한 식물 처리 시스템

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

단풍 주거 절지동물을 정량화하는 방법

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

A Method to Preserve Wetland Roots and Rhizospheres for Elemental Imaging

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants is particularly challenging to capture because of steep oxygen gradients from the roots to the bulk soil. Here a protocol is described that effectively preserves root structure and rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants through slam-freezing and freeze drying. Slam-freezing, where the sample is frozen between copper blocks pre-cooled with liquid nitrogen, minimizes root damage and sample distortion that can occur with flash-freezing while still minimizing chemical speciation changes. While sample distortion is still possible, the ability to obtain multiple samples quickly and with minimal cost increases the potential to obtain satisfactory samples and optimizes imaging time. The data show that this method is successful in preserving reduced arsenic species in rice roots and rhizospheres associated with iron plaques. This method can be adopted for studies of plant-soil relationships in a wide variety of wetland environments that span concentration ranges from trace-element cycling to phytoremediation applications.

We describe a protocol to sample, preserve, and section intact roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil from wetland environments using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model species. Once preserved, the sample can be analyzed using elemental imaging techniques, such as synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical speciation imaging.

원소 이미징을 위한 습지 뿌리와 류스피어를 보존하는 방법

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The ...

Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, but studies on soil-borne interactions are still behind those performed on aboveground organs. Although some inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, it remains difficult to get a comprehensive methodological overview. To address this problem, three different root inoculation systems are precisely described that can be applied to gain insights into the biology of root-microbe interactions. For illustration, Verticillium species (namely, V. longisporum and V. dahliae) were employed as root invading model pathogens. However, the methods can be easily adapted to other root colonizing microbes - both pathogenic and beneficial. By colonizing the plant xylem, vascular soil-borne fungi such as Verticillium spp. exhibit a unique lifestyle. After root invasion, they spread via the xylem vessels acropetally, reach the shoot, and elicit disease symptoms. Three representative plant species were chosen as model hosts: Arabidopsis thaliana, economically important oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Step-by-step protocols are given. Representative results of pathogenicity assays, transcriptional analyses of marker genes, and independent confirmations by reporter constructs are shown. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each inoculation system are thoroughly discussed. These proven protocols can assist in providing approaches for research questions on root-microbe interactions. Knowing how plants cope with microbes in the soil is crucial for developing new strategies to improve agriculture.

This protocol presents a detailed summary of strategies to inoculate plant roots with soil-borne microbes. Exemplified for the fungi Verticillium longisporum and Verticillium dahliae, three different root infection systems are described. Potential applications and possible downstream analyses are highlighted, and advantages or disadvantages are discussed for each system.

식물 뿌리를 토양 매개 미생물로 감염시키는 접종 전략

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

현장 방해받지 않는 토양의 토양 수분 센서

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion annually. The global decline of giant kelp forests due to climate-driven ecological stressors underscores the need for innovative restoration strategies. An emerging restoration technique known as &#39;green gravel&#39; aims to seed young kelps over large areas without extensive underwater labor and represents a promising restoration tool due to cost-effectiveness and scalability. This video article illustrates a protocol and tools for culturing giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. It also provides a resource for further studies to address the successes and limitations of this method in field settings. We outline field and laboratory-based methods for collecting reproductive tissue, sporulating, inoculating, rearing, maintaining, and monitoring substrates seeded with early life stages using the &#39;green gravel&#39;&#160;technique. The protocol simplifies and centralizes current restoration practices in this field to support researchers, managers, and stakeholders in meeting kelp conservation objectives.

This protocol describes the field collection and regular laboratory maintenance of substrates seeded with canopy-forming giant kelp for use in restoration trials to address the success and limitations of the 'green gravel' technique in field settings.

복원을 용이하게 하기 위한 캐노피 형성 자이언트 켈프의 현장 수집 및 실험실 유지 관리

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion ...

Multipronged Phenotyping Approaches to Characterize Sugarcane Root Systems

Roots are the primary conductors of water and nutrients and play a vital role in sustaining growth and yield under stressful environments. The study of plant roots poses methodological difficulties in in situ assessment and sampling, which is especially true for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Traditional methods during the 1920s documented the genotypic variation in sugarcane root systems, after which few studies were reported on sugarcane root traits per se until recently. In addition to morphology, rhizosphere characteristics, including allelopathic effects and/or affinity for microbial symbiosis, determine plant establishment and survival.
Ultimately, root systems define the above-ground productivity of sugarcane. With the impetus for climate-resilient varieties, it is becoming more relevant to explore and utilize the variability in root system traits of sugarcane. This paper describes multipronged approaches for sugarcane root phenotyping, including field excavation by trench sampling, the use of a root core sampler, raised platforms for root sampling, and raising plants under hydroponic culture, employed by a team of scientists at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR-SBI).
Field excavation by trench sampling is imperative to assess the plant roots in their natural growing environment. The use of raised platforms simulating field conditions and a root core sampler are alternative approaches, with a considerable reduction in time, uniform sample size, and less loss of root material. Hydroponic plant culture allows the study of morphology, anatomical features, and rhizosphere biology, including the exudation of organic compounds and microbial interactions. Data generated from different experiments using diverse sampling methods add to the wealth of information on the root system traits of sugarcane.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>사탕수수 뿌리 시스템을 특성화하기 위한 다각형 분석 접근법

Characterizing root system traits is one of the areas of research that is still in its infancy, particularly in sugarcane. Integrating multiple approaches to precisely phenotype sugarcane roots leads to comprehensive and holistic results, enabling the utilization of identified traits and mechanisms for conventional and molecular breeding.

사탕수수 뿌리 시스템을 특성화하기 위한 다각형 분석 접근법

Roots are the primary conductors of water and nutrients and play a vital role in sustaining growth and yield under stressful environments. The study of ...