彼の種類の協力的、言語的改訂、ポンテの自治体への感謝パドヴァ大学の特許庁は、TeSAF部門とVitzaniは、機器の開発を可能にし、金融·技術支援のためにsrlの著者、ジョナサンコッキング（英国）サンニコロビデオ撮影中に一種のおもてなしのため、PD、および彼らの意図的な、詳細な提案のための匿名査読。

<ol><li>ツリーendotherapy 17の一般的なルールに従って、晴れたさわやかな日であり、好ましくは芽のブレークと夏の終わりの間で治療を行う。 </li><li>力の規制に従って手袋、保護メガネや他の安全装置を着用してください。 </li><li>それを分解し、再組み立て、楽器に慣れる。その主な構成要素を図2に報告する。 </li><li>次の手順でとビデオ2に記載の方法に精通して取得します。滑らかな樹皮、完全に開発キャノピーと非常に広い葉（ すなわちプラタナス属 、 コナラ属）で、未剪定木に水を使用して注入技術を練習を開始。 </li><li>有毒な液体（殺虫剤、殺菌剤、乾燥剤など ）のみを使用して、地域または国の規則に従ってツリー注入のために認可され、（ラベルを参照）生産者情報に応じて希釈した。 </li><li> Bの木の周り（CRF =直径X 3.14）を測定reast高さと（CFR 190センチと投与量は0.7ミリリットル/ cmであるすなわち場合には、希釈された液体の133ミリリットルの総量が挿入されます）液体のプロデューサーが提供する技術的な情報に従って、溶液の量を計算する。 </li><li> 1 port/25-30センチCRFを想定し、胸高直径（直径）または周り（CRF）に応じてなされるべきポートの数を計算し、次のユニットに結果を丸める（ すなわち 190センチメートルCRF = = 7 6.3ポート）。 </li><li>ポートの最終的な数に応じてポート間の距離を再計算（ つまり 190センチメートル/ 7ポート= 27 CM） </li><li>液体/ポート（合計/ 7ポート= 19ミリリットル/ポート、 すなわち 133 CC）の最終体積を計算する。 </li><li>予め充填されたカプセルを使用する場合は、製造元の説明書に従ってポートの数を計算する。 </li><li>軽く凸、smooを好む、地上から最初の150センチ円周に沿って等間隔の挿入部位（IE 7）を選択します根フレア上記番目の位置。 </li><li>挿入部位（ すなわちノット、木材腐朽、剪定カット）の上または下、樹液のダイナミクスと干渉することが可能な異常を持つ任意の部分を避けてください。 </li><li>必要に応じて、表面的に外部ガスケットは樹皮との完璧なシールを作ることができるようにナイフで皮を滑らか。サイトがあまりにもラフすぎたり湾曲している場合は、一方の側に数cm移動します。 </li><li>樹皮の厚さと木の直径の両方に対応して長さのブレードを選択し、体にそれをねじ込みます。広葉樹では、少なくとも2つのCMは、木質組織を入力する必要があります。針葉樹やヤシの木に、長いブレードは、樹脂容器を克服することが好ましいため、または単子葉解剖の、それぞれ。 </li><li> （ つまり、20ミリリットルの注射器）の深さ3cm以上のためにプランジャーを保ち、単一の挿入（ すなわち 17.14ミリリットル）に必要な溶液を用いて適切な容量の使い捨て医薬品注射器（最も安価で効果的な解決策を）埋める。 </li><li> ALTERなど注射器へのネイティブ、円錐孔（メス皮下注射針の規格）またはツールの腕に位置1/8 &quot;スレッドにフィットツリー注射（ すなわち点滴バッグ、再充填可能なシリンジ充填済みカプセル、外部タンク）のための任意のコンテナを使用する。 </li><li>木の中心に刃を向け、手でしっかりと体を持ってください。ブレードのエッジは、繊維（ すなわち垂直方向）に平行に向けなければなりません。 </li><li>外部ラテックスガスケットが完全に絞られるまで、もう一方の手で本体にスライドハンマーを打つ。 </li><li>円錐形の開口部に注射器を差し込んで、静かにプランジャーを引き出す：打楽器中に測定器に入った空気は液体を通って流れます。プランジ​​ャの抵抗は、ブレードの完全な挿入を示している。注：別のカップリングと空気が引き出すことができず、治療が遅くなります。 </li><li>総摂取を待つ。 </li><li>注入はdecreaに、（ つまり、10ミリリットル/ 1分）迅速である場合SEは、ポートの合計数は、それが空になる前に、容器を再充填した後、ポートの数を再計算します。注：少なくとも1つのポート/円周に沿って40センチメートルが示唆され、キャノピーへの液体の良好な分布を確実にする。 </li><li>注入は時間がかかりすぎる場合（以上1ミリリットル/分、すなわち曇りの日にか、針葉樹や手のひらでの）プランを再挿入し、親指で低い圧力をかけること、または加するツールを接続し、光注入モードに向けるタンク（ 約 1.5バール、 図3a及びb）。 </li><li>注入が起こらない場合は、適切な生理学的および気候条件が優先されるまで、治療を延期。 </li><li>容器が空になると、残りの液体は、ブレード（8〜10秒）を終了し、注射器を取り外し、反対方向にハンマーを打つことによって、ブレードを抽出するために、待ちます。 </li><li>次のポートに移動します。 </li><li>傷の保護が望ましいか、または強制的であれば、不活性ワックスやガムを使用してください。いいえTE：殺虫剤を含んだガム剪定や移植すると、創傷閉鎖を遅く、形成層のための植物毒性することができます。 </li><li>送信可能な疾患によって影響を受ける植物の場合では、治療後の刃と本体の両方を消毒。ここで、局所的に許容可能な、アルコールや過酸化水素を使用しています。熱消毒の場合には、外部と内部の2ゴムガスケットの両方を削除し、それらを別々に扱うか、またはそれらに置き換えてください。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. Agric. 30, 4-5 (1976).</li><li>Perry, T. O., Santamour, F. S., Stipes, R. J., Shear, T., Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+alternatives+to+tree+injection.">Exploring alternatives to tree injection.</a> J. Arb. 17, 217-226 (1991).</li><li>Shigo, A. L., Campana, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discolored+and+decayed+wood+associated+with+injection+wounds+in+American+elm.">Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm.</a> J. Arb. 3, 230-235 (1977).</li><li>Neely, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+closure+rates+on+trees.">Wound closure rates on trees.</a> J. Arb. 14, 250-254 (1988).</li><li>Shang, Q., Liao, K., Liu, H., Zhao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+Structure+of+Needle+Head+and+Seal+Mechanism+of+Tree+Trunk+Injection.">Study on Structure of Needle Head and Seal Mechanism of Tree Trunk Injection.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Montecchio, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE:+a+low+impact+tool+for+xylematic+injections.">BITE: a low impact tool for xylematic injections.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Antonini, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE,+un+nuovo+strumento+per+i+trattamenti+endoterapici+agli+alberi.">BITE, un nuovo strumento per i trattamenti endoterapici agli alberi.</a> Giardini e ambiente. 3, 70-73 (2013).</li><li>Chaney, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Arboriculture. , (1991).</li></ol>

記載され、機器の特許文献はPD2011A000245、EP2012/063680、WIPO WO/2013/010909です。

を通じてこれまで、このメソッドのより広い普及を制限する主な要因は、伝統的な圧力の方法で使用されるドリル穴の負の副作用と関係している木のendotherapyの認知環境上の利点（ すなわち遅れ創傷閉鎖、寄生虫感染にもかかわらず、穴、非アクティブな変色木材の製造）。 他の方法とは対照的に、記載されたものは、治療の成功のためにあまり重要のような送?...

最近では、トランクendotherapyは徐々木本植物1-6の伝統的なエアスプレー法に取って代わっているが、これは、最近の考えではありません。 15 世紀にレオナルド·ダ·ヴィンチは、彼がキリ7で作られた深い穴にリンゴの木の幹にヒ素溶液を注入してリンゴを酔わせることができたかを詳細に記述。少ししてから変更されている：自然の中で簡単に利用できる化学物質が徐々に、より効率的な合成の活性成分（殺虫剤、殺菌剤、殺菌剤、肥料、植物成長調節および乾燥剤）に置き換えられました。高圧へと進化気圧注射、手主導のgimletsは、現代のバッテリードリル8月10日に置き換えられました。残念ながら、最も鋭いドリルビット涙と穴の閉鎖を担当する形成層組織を過熱。その結果、創傷閉鎖が遅れ、隣接する木質組織の大部分は彼らの楽しみを失うされているctionality 11の上下に数フィートに注射部位から（「変色木」）。さらに、プラグを抜か穴が簡単に出血SAPによって引き寄せられ、木の強度と安定性12,13の結果的な損失で、長期的な内部崩壊につながる細菌や真菌がコロニーを形成することができます。 実現その1）縦の繊維グループは、レンチキュラー両凸ジオメトリ（ 図1a）に応じて分離して、2）血管への樹液の動きは、流体力学にベルヌーイの定理を果たし、2011年にパドヴァ大学は、新しい14のドリルフリーendotherapicをデザインその繊維を分離する木材に入る必要不可欠レンチキュラー、両凸レンズと中空ブレード楽器。このようにして、内側xylematic容器は、最小限の摩擦（ 図1b）で到達され、その部分の一時的な低下は、外部の液体の自然な取り込みを促進する、樹液速度を増加させる（ 図1c、ビデオ1）15,16。

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

木本植物では、木部樹液は、葉への地下水からの水ポテンシャルの減少勾配に血管を通って上方に移動します。これらの因子およびそれらの力学によれば、樹液互換少量の液体（ すなわち、殺虫剤）は、内側から、それらの標的に到達し、木部系に注入することができる。 「トランク注入」または「トランク注入」（ユーザが外圧を供給するか否かに応じて）と呼ばれるこのendotherapic方法は、それによって都市の状況では、特に有用なもののみターゲットツリー内で適用化学物質を閉じ込める。従来の掘削方法のより広い使用を制限する主な要因は、樹皮、木部の下の血管へのアクセスを得るために、胴周囲に穿孔されなければならない穴の負の副作用に関連している。 パドヴァ大学（イタリア）は、最近、小さなごとにマニュアル、ドリルのない測定器を開発しました最小限の摩擦で木質繊維を分離することにより、トランクに入りforatedブレード。また、レンチキュラー状の羽根は蒸散速度が充実している船舶の断面は、SAPの速度を増加し、葉の外部の液体までの自然な取り込みを可能にし、削減します。すぐに起因する植物組織の自然な弾力性と腫れ、ブレードを除去した後に部分的に閉じるポート、および形成層活動は数週間で治癒プロセスを完了します。

、その小さい寸法とユニークな形状に、レンチキュラー刃が形成層と木質組織を削除せず、伝統的なドリル穴と比較した場合、傷が（ 図4a）目に見えて小さくなっている。通常、穴の縁は徐々にしばしば穿孔中過熱、形成層組織（ 図4B1）によって区画されている。逆に、レンチキュラー刃で同じツリーを処理した後、木質繊維は、その前の形状に戻して、形成層は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

木が掘削されている必要がありそのほとんどは、より伝統的なホールベースの​​方法と比較すると、レンチキュラーブレードとツールがendotherapyの基本は、創傷の閉鎖を容易にし、解決策の自然な取り込みを可能にする変換。

ベンチュリ効果は、私たちの木を治す助けることができる

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

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Environment

17.7K ビュー.  Unversity of Padova. 木が掘削されている必要がありそのほとんどは、より伝統的なホールベースの​​方法と比較すると、レンチキュラーブレードとツールがendotherapyの基本は、創傷の閉鎖を容易にし、解決策の自然な取り込みを可能にする変換。 

ビデオ: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

汚染サイトの修復のために製造シックスBiocharsの物理的、化学的および生物学的特性評価

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

環境学

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

ウランの酸化銅ナノ粒子による微量元素の除去<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;回復ブリード水と細胞生存率への影響

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

水生微生物Metaproteomicsワークフロー：細胞からのトリプシンペプチドのタンデム質量分析ベースの分析に適し

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

温室効果コットンの二斑点スパイダーダニの被害のリモートセンシング評価

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

結合水文学、地球化学、および微生物学的調査のための土壌ライシメータ発掘

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

受粉エコロジーのフィールド実験：の事例<em&gt;ヒガンバナ属sanguinea</em&gt; VAR。<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

個々のコロニーレベルにミツバチ開発に関する環境化学物質の影響を評価します

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

単純な頻繁に浸水が発生した再構築ツリー手法を植栽

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

タイムのエッセンシャル オイルのアプリケーションの肉乾燥中の微生物負荷に及ぼす影響

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

木の幹の水分量を監視するための校正と静電容量センサーの使用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...