The authors thank Nicole McRorie for help with the experiments. This work was supported by the University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Slipchuk SMA Research Foundation Research Grant, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Friends of Garrett Cumming Research Funds, HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Funds, the Muscular Dystrophy Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education, and the Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI).

1. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture SMA patient fibroblasts in the growth medium (Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium 1:1 F-12 (Ham) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin) in a CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Determine cell concentration using an automated cell counter and dilute cells to 1 x 105 cells/mL in the growth medium, then seed on the appropriate plate. Use 12-well plates (1&#160;mL per well) for RT-PCR or qPCR.</li>
	<li>Incubate the plates for 24 h in ...

<ol>
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J., Yokota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+developments+in+exon+skipping+and+splice+modulation+therapies+for+neuromuscular+diseases.">New developments in exon skipping and splice modulation therapies for neuromuscular diseases.</a> Expert Opin Biol Ther. 14 (6), 809-819 (2014).</li><li>Lefebvre, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+Characterization+of+a+Spinal+Muscular+Atrophy-Determining+Gene.">Identification and Characterization of a Spinal Muscular Atrophy-Determining Gene.</a> Cell. 80 (1), 155-165 (1995).</li><li>Lorson, C. L., Hahnen, E., Androphy, E. J., Wirth, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+nucleotide+in+the+SMN+gene+regulates+splicing+and+is+responsible+for+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96 (11), 6307-6311 (1999).</li><li>Monani, U. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+nucleotide+difference+that+alters+splicing+patterns+distinguishes+the+SMA+gene+SMN1+from+the+copy+gene+SMN2.">A single nucleotide difference that alters splicing patterns distinguishes the SMA gene SMN1 from the copy gene SMN2.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 8 (7), 1177-1183 (1999).</li><li>Lee, J. J., Yokota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+therapy+in+neurology.">Antisense therapy in neurology.</a> J Pers Med. 3 (3), 144-176 (2013).</li><li>Aartsma-Rus, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FDA+Approval+of+Nusinersen+for+Spinal+Muscular+Atrophy+Makes+2016+the+Year+of+Splice+Modulating+Oligonucleotides.">FDA Approval of Nusinersen for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Makes 2016 the Year of Splice Modulating Oligonucleotides.</a> Nucleic Acid Ther. 27 (2), 67-69 (2017).</li><li>Hua, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+SMN+restoration+is+essential+for+long-term+rescue+of+a+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy+mouse+model.">Peripheral SMN restoration is essential for long-term rescue of a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model.</a> Nature. 478 (7367), 123-126 (2011).</li><li>Hua, Y., Vickers, T. A., Baker, B. F., Bennett, C. F., Krainer, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+SMN2+exon+7+inclusion+by+antisense+oligonucleotides+targeting+the+exon.">Enhancement of SMN2 exon 7 inclusion by antisense oligonucleotides targeting the exon.</a> PLoS Biol. 5 (4), 73 (2007).</li><li>Passini, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+oligonucleotides+delivered+to+the+mouse+CNS+ameliorate+symptoms+of+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Antisense oligonucleotides delivered to the mouse CNS ameliorate symptoms of severe spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Sci Transl Med. 3 (72), (2011).</li><li>Hammond, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+peptide-mediated+oligonucleotide+therapy+improves+long-term+survival+in+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic peptide-mediated oligonucleotide therapy improves long-term survival in spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (39), 10962-10967 (2016).</li><li>Porensky, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+administration+of+morpholino+antisense+oligomer+rescues+spinal+muscular+atrophy+in+mouse.">A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 21 (7), 1625-1638 (2012).</li><li>Touznik, A., Maruyama, R., Hosoki, K., Echigoya, Y., Yokota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LNA/DNA+mixmer-based+antisense+oligonucleotides+correct+alternative+splicing+of+the+SMN2+gene+and+restore+SMN+protein+expression+in+type+1+SMA+fibroblasts.">LNA/DNA mixmer-based antisense oligonucleotides correct alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene and restore SMN protein expression in type 1 SMA fibroblasts.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 3672 (2017).</li><li>Obika, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+2'-O,4'-C-methyleneuridine+and+-cytidine.+Novel+bicyclic+nucleosides+having+a+fixed+C-3,-endo+sugar+puckering.">Synthesis of 2'-O,4'-C-methyleneuridine and -cytidine. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+therapeutics:+towards+a+new+era+for+the+management+of+cancer+and+other+diseases.">MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 16 (3), 203-222 (2017).</li><li>Lanford, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+silencing+of+microRNA-122+in+primates+with+chronic+hepatitis+C+virus+infection.">Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.</a> Science. 327 (5962), 198-201 (2010).</li><li>Shimo, T., Maruyama, R., Yokota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+Effective+Antisense+Oligonucleotides+for+Exon+Skipping.">Designing Effective Antisense Oligonucleotides for Exon Skipping.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1687, 143-155 (2018).</li><li>Shimo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+evaluation+of+locked+nucleic+acid-based+splice-switching+oligonucleotides+in+vitro.">Design and evaluation of locked nucleic acid-based splice-switching oligonucleotides in vitro.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (12), 8174-8187 (2014).</li><li>Nguyen, Q., Yokota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalized+Muscle+Cell+Model+to+Test+the+Exon+Skipping+Efficacy+for+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy.">Immortalized Muscle Cell Model to Test the Exon Skipping Efficacy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.</a> J. Pers. Med. 7 (4), 13 (2017).</li><li>Echigoya, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Antisense+Screening+and+Optimization+for+Exon+51+Skipping+in+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy.">Quantitative Antisense Screening and Optimization for Exon 51 Skipping in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.</a> Mol Ther. , (2017).</li><li>Saito, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+PMO+found+in+dystrophic+dog+model+was+effective+in+cells+from+exon+7-deleted+DMD+patient.">Antisense PMO found in dystrophic dog model was effective in cells from exon 7-deleted DMD patient.</a> PLoS One. 5 (8), 12239 (2010).</li><li>Donnelly, E. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The in vitro evaluation method described here is fast, easy, and sensitive enough for the testing of various AONs. This protocol is widely applicable to exon skipping and inclusion of other genes and various cell types. In addition, most AON chemistries (except PMOs) can be transfected using this method. AONs can regulate splicing of pre-mRNA from both endogenous and artificially introduced genes, and can be co-transfected with plasmid vectors carrying targeted genes.
A critical step ...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by the degradation of motor neurons and progressive trunk and limb muscle paralysis1,2. The majority of SMA occurrences are due to a homozygous mutation in the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene3. The survival of motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene is an inverse duplicate of SMN1, and has a nearly identical sequence differing by only five bases4,5. A C-to-T transition in SMN2 located in exon 7 makes the gene nearly nonfunctional because the mutation leads to the essential exon 7 being excluded in nearly 90% of SMN2 transcripts (Figure 1a). SMN2 mRNAs missing exon 7 cannot compensate for the SMN1 function because its protein product is unstable and is rapidly degraded.
Antisense therapy recently emerged as a very promising strategy for treating SMA6. The recent approval of nusinersen by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made it the first drug available for treating SMA7. Nusinersen is an 18-mer antisense oligonucleotide (AON) with a 2&#8242;-O-methoxyethyl modification (MOE) and a phosphorothioate backbone. The drug targets the intronic splicing silencer N1 (ISS-N1) located in intron 7 of the SMN2 gene. Binding of nusinersen to ISS-N1 promotes the recovery of functional full-length SMN protein expression from the endogenous SMN2 gene by inducing exon 7 inclusion (Figure 1a)8,9,10. Currently, many studies involving AON therapy for SMA focus on investigating novel AON chemistries that may be more effective and less toxic than nusinersen. It has been demonstrated that AONs with other chemistries also efficiently induce exon inclusion in SMN2 exon 7 both in vitro and in vivo11,12,13.
Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) are chemically modified RNA analogs containing a methylene bridge connecting the 4&#8242;-Carbon with the 2&#8242;-Oxygen within the furanose structure (Figure 1b)14,15. Compared to DNAs or RNAs, LNAs have an increased affinity for binding to complementary RNA sequences and have the added benefit of being highly resistant to endogenous nucleases. The LNA chemistry has been applied for use as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and in qPCR16,17. Also, it is utilized to regulate gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. GapmeR AONs are a combination of single-stranded DNA molecules flanked by several LNAs at the 5&#8242; and 3&#8242; ends. They knock down gene expression by binding complementary to targeted mRNAs, causing them to be degraded by the activated RNase H18. LNA/DNA mixmers are AONs which are composed of DNA nucleotides integrated in between LNAs. Presented in this orientation they can bind miRNA to inhibit its function (LNA-antimiR)19. Some LNA-antimiRs have reached clinical development. For examples, miravirsen (AntimiR-122) is an LNA-antimiR that inhibits miR-122 to treat hepatitis C infection and several Phase II clinical trials are currently ongoing19,20. Recently, it has been demonstrated that LNA/DNA mixmers can also modulate RNA splicing21. It can bind a specific sequence of mRNA and induce exon skipping in dystrophin mRNA and exon inclusion in SMN2 mRNA in vitro13,22.
In this article, we outline a methodology for the induction of exon inclusion using AONs and the evaluation of efficacy at the RNA and protein levels. To exemplify this method, we used the LNA/DNA mixmers targeting ISS-N1 in intron 7 of SMN2. AONs transfected into SMA patient cells by lipotransfection induced exon 7 inclusion in the final SMN2 transcript and upregulation of SMN protein production. One of the advantages of using LNA/DNA mixmers to induce the exon inclusion is that the effective concentration for the transfection is significantly lower than other chemistries13. This method can be used for many other AONs except for phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), which, due to their neutral charge, need to enter cells through endocytosis induced by the Endo-Porter co-transfection reagent.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:655px;" width="655">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">SMA Fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Coriell NIGMS human genetic cell repository</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GM03813</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F1051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Serum-deprived media</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15338100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform (TRIzol)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RT-PCR Primers</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Sequence 5&#39; to 3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SMN2 forward:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>CTGCCTCCATTTCCTTCTG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SMN2 reverse:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>TGGTGTCATTTAGTGCTGCTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GAPDH forward:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>TCCCTGAGCTGAACGGGAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GAPDH reverse:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>GGAGGAGTTTGGTCGCTGT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">qPCR Primers</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">full-length SMN2 forward:</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>GCTATCATACTGGCTATTATATGGGTTTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">full-length SMN2 reverse:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>CTCTATGCCAGCATTTCTCCTTAAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#8710;7&#160;SMN2 forward:</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>TCTGGACCACCAATAATTCCCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#8710;7&#160;SMN2 reverse:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>ATGCCAGCATTTCCATATAATAGCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GAPDH forward:&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>GCAAATTCCATGGCACCGT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GAPDH reverse:</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>AGGGATCTCGCTCCTGGAA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycogen, RNA grade</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ImageJ Software</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease cocktail inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11836153001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cathode Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.025 M Tris base + 40&#160;mM 6-aminocaproic acid + 20% Methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anode Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.03 M Tris Base + 20% Methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Concentred Anode Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.3 M Tris base + 20% Methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Beta Mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ES-007-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PVDF membrane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10600021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Loading/sample buffer for Western blotting</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">NuPage Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NP007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">One-Step RT-PCR kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qiagen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">210210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">dNTPs</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of exon inclusion induced by splice switching antisense oligonucleotides in sma patient fibroblasts

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a lethal neurological disease caused by the loss of SMN1, presents a unique case in the field of antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated therapy. While SMN1 mutations are responsible for the disease, AONs targeting intronic splice silencer (ISS) sites in SMN2, including FDA-approved nusinersen, have been shown to restore SMN expression and ameliorate the symptoms. Currently, many studies involving AON therapy for SMA focus on investigating novel AON chemistries targeting SMN2 that may be more effective and less toxic than nusinersen. Here, we describe a protocol for in vitro evaluation of exon inclusion using lipotransfection of AONs followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blotting. This method can be employed for various types of AON chemistries. Using this method, we demonstrate that AONs composed of alternating locked nucleic acids (LNAs) and DNA nucleotides (LNA/DNA mixmers) lead to efficient SMN2 exon inclusion and restoration of SMN protein at a very low concentration, and therefore, LNA/DNA mixmer-based antisense oligonucleotides may be an attractive therapeutic strategy to treat splicing defects caused by genetic diseases. The in vitro evaluation method described here is fast, easy, and sensitive enough for the testing of various novel AONs.

Using SMA patient fibroblasts, we targeted the ISS-N1 silencer region in intron 7 of the SMN2 gene with eight different antisense LNA/DNA mixmers that were transfected at a 5 nM concentration (Figure 3). Each of the mixmers contained a modified phosphorothioated backbone which enabled them to resist nuclease degradation. To evaluate the efficacy of the mixmers, the rate of SMN2 exon 7 inclusion was quantified by RT-PCR and qPCR using primers...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Exon Inclusion Induced by Splice Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides in SMA Patient Fibroblasts at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Exon Inclusion Induced by Splice Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides in SMA Patient Fibroblasts

Various antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) have been shown to induce exon inclusion (splice modulation) and rescue SMN expression for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here, we describe a protocol for AON lipotransfection to induce exon inclusion in the SMN2 gene and the evaluation methods to determine the efficacy in SMA patient fibroblasts.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a lethal neurological disease caused by the loss of SMN1, presents a unique case in the field of antisense oligonucleotide ...

The overall goal of this lipotransfection protocol is to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into the cells and evaluate the efficacy of these drugs on exon inclusion in SMA cells. This method can help answer key questions in the antisense therapy field. Such as, the efficacy of new antisense oligos to provide treatment for patients.The main advantage of this technique is that it is fast, easy and sensitive enough for the testing of various antisense oligonucleotide chemistries. Though this method can be used for the transfection of antisense oligos into fibroblasts, it can also be applied to other cell types, such as primary myoblasts and various other cell lines. Demonstrating the procedure will be Aleks, a technician from my laboratory.First, thaw a 10 micromolar solution of LNA/DNA mixmer on ice. Dilute the mixmer solution in serum-deprived media to the required concentration in a 1.5 milliliter tube. Next, dilute the transfection reagent and add the diluted transfection reagent to the mixmer in a one to one ratio.It is critical that the cell confluency is around 65 to 80%while doing the transfection. If the confluency is over 80%the transfection efficiency will be reduced. Then, incubate the transfection reagent mixture at room temperature for 10 minutes.After 10 minutes, pipet 900 microliters of serum-deprived medium with 5%fetal bovine serum to the tube. Do not add the FBS before the incubation with the transfection reagent and the LNA/DNA mixmers, as it also affects the transfection efficiency. Then, aspirate the old medium from the culture plate.Now, add one milliliter of the medium containing the LNA/DNA mixmer to the culture plate. Then, leave the plate in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 to 48 hours. Following incubation, aspirate the medium from the culture plate.Then, pipet one milliliter of GPC reagent to the cells. Next, wash the wells several times with the GPC reagent. After several washes, collect the cells in a 1.5 milliliter tube and keep the samples on ice.Next, vortex the tube at high speed for 30 seconds. Then, store the tube at minus 80 degrees Celsius for an hour. Now, thaw the sample at room temperature and quickly vortex it.Next, add 200 microliters of chloroform to the sample and vigorously shake it for 15 seconds. Then, incubate the tube at room temperature for three minutes. After three minutes, centrifuge the sample at 12, 000 g for 15 minutes at four degrees Celsius.Once the centrifugation is over, collect the aqueous phase from the top of the centrifuge tube. Then transfer the aqueous phase in a new tube. Next, add 500 microliters of isopropanol and one microliter of eight micrograms per microliter of RNA-grade glycogen to the aqueous phase.Quickly vortex the sample for 10 seconds and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes. After the incubation, centrifuge the sample at 12, 000 g for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Decant the supernatent after the run is over.Add one milliliter of cold 75%ethanol and briefly vortex to wash the obtained pellet. Again, centrifuge the sample at 7500 g for five minutes at four degrees Celsius. Then, expel all the ethanol and dry the pellet at room temperature.After the pellet has dried up, dissolve it in 30 microliters of DNAse/RNAse free water. Then, incubate the sample at 60 degree Celsius for 10 minutes. Next, read the concentration of the RNA at 260 nanometers in the spectrophotometer and adjust it to 15 nanograms per microliter.To constitute the RT-PCR master mix, add the two X RT-PCR reaction buffer, one step RT-PCR enzyme mix, forward and reverse primers and RNAse/DNAse free distilled water. Distribute the master mix into 0.2 millimeter PCR tubes and add the total RNA for each respective sample. Then start the PCR reaction.After the RT-PCR is complete, add five microliters of six X loading dye to the amplified product. Then, load five microliters of the mixture on a 2%agarose gel. Start the electrophoresis unit at 100 volts for 40 minutes.First, the efficiency of different mixmers are studied. To do this, inclusion of the SMN2 exon 7 and GAPDH levels in SMA fibroblasts transfected with the mixmers are analyzed. The gel image shows inclusion of exon 7 where the top and the lower bands represent the exon 7 included and excluded SMN2 RNA.The inclusion efficiency is also quantified to be 78 to 98%when transfected with the mixmers one through five. On the other hand, no significant results are obtained when mixmer six to eight are used to transfect the patient SMA fibroblasts in comparison to the control. In the experiment, GAPDH is used as a control.Next, quantitative PCR is done to analyze the relative expression of the full length SMN2 in comparison to GAPDH. A sharp increase in the quantity of the SMN2 transcript level is observed when transfected with mixmers one to three and number five, in comparison to the control. The SMN protein expression level is also studied, which shows an increase in the SMN protein expression level in the patient fibroblast transfected with mixmers one through five.A sharp 1.5 to 1.9-fold increase in the SMN protein level is observed. Here, the control used is cofilin. On the contrary, mixmer six to eight do not alter the SMN protein expression level.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to transfect antisense oligo to fibroblasts and evaluate the efficacy in vitro.

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13.1K ビュー.  University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. The overall goal of this lipotransfection protocol is to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into the cells and evaluate the efficacy of these drugs on exon inclusion in SMA cells. This method can help answer key questions in the antisense therapy field. Such as, the efficacy of new antisense oligos to provide treatment for patients.The main advantage of this technique is that it is fast, easy and sensitive enough for the testing of various antisense oligonucleotide chemistries. Thoug...