この作品は、中国の国家自然科学基金 (No.31472037) からの助成金によってサポートされます。商号またはこの資料の商用製品の一切の言及は特定の情報を提供する目的、勧告とは限りません。

1. 楽器や昆虫の準備
<ol><li>
タングステン電極と刺激のソリューションの準備
	<ol>
<li>マイクロマニピュレーターに新しいタングステン ワイヤ (0.125 mm の直径、長さ 75 mm) を修正し、10 V (40 倍) 顕微鏡の下で約 1 分の電源供給によって提供されるで注射器で 10% (w/v) ナトリウム亜硝酸塩 (ナノ2) ソリューションでそれを磨きます。</li>
		<li>繰り返し 10% ナノ2ソリューション < 1 分 (図 1 a) で 5 V で約 4 mm に削ったタングステンワイヤーを浸しなさい。</li>
		<li>いいイナゴ palp 嗅覚ゴキブリ (図 1 b) のキューティクルに浸透するまで、実体顕微鏡下でよく尖ったタングステン先端の直径を確認します。</li>
		<li>刺激ソリューションを準備します。各鉱物油の化学的刺激物質を希釈します。1-ノナノール、ノナン酸 10% 希釈液で希釈します。E 2 ヘキサナールと 10-510-410-310-2でヘキサナールを希釈します。</li>
		<li>パスツールの刺激を運ぶ管を準備: パスツール チューブ挿入濾紙片 (長さ 2 cm、幅 0.5 cm) 濾紙片に希薄刺激ソリューション (各 10 μ l) を追加して、パスツール ピペット チップ (1 ml) 管を接続します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
虫を準備します。
	<ol>
<li>60% の相対湿度、28-30 ° C の温度と 18:6 h (光: 暗い) の日長で混雑した条件の下で新鮮な小麦幼植物と後部イナゴ (トノサマバッタ)。選択 1-3 日古い 5thイナゴの幼虫の齢期し、いいハサミを記録するとき、任意の干渉を避けるためにアンテナを取り外します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
イナゴ上顎 palp ホルダーを準備します。
	<ol>
<li>上顎 palp ホルダー (MPH) の拠点として (25 mm × 75 mm) スライド ガラスを使用します。両面接着テープでスライド ガラスの隅にプラスチック片 (長さ 35 mm、幅 10 mm、高さ 1 mm) を添付し、最後に両面粘着テープでプラスチックの部分の上にカバーガラス (18 mm × 18 mm) を修正します。滑り止め層として、カバーガラスの上に赤いゴム製テープの小片を置きます。プラスチック部分とカバーガラスは、イナゴ palp のプラットフォームを構成します。プラットフォームの高さは約 1.5 mm です。</li>
		<li>1.5 mm 内側に平行の距離でタングステン線 (0.125 mm の直径、長さ 36 mm) をインストール プラットフォームの端。両面粘着テープでプラットフォームにワイヤーの両端を固定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. イナゴ上顎 Palps の準備
<ol><li>遠心分離機管 (1.5 ml) を垂直方向に半分にカットし、底を切り取り。準備管にイナゴを配置します。腹側領域と公開されているローカストの頭を残します。両面粘着テープ (図 2 a) でスライド ガラスにアセンブリを固定します。</li>
	<li>プラットフォームに右側上顎 palp を引き出します。</li>
	<li>Palp の 4 番目のセグメントにタングステン線を置きます。タングステン線、上顎 palp (図 2 aおよび2 b) から約 2 mm の両側に接着パテを配置します。</li>
</ol>3. 単一ゴキブリ録音
<ol><li>低倍率 (100 X) に顕微鏡下でイナゴ上顎 palp 準備を配置します。Palp が記録電極 (図 3 a) に対して垂直になるまでの準備の位置を調整します。</li>
	<li>マニュピュレーターを使用してバッタ目に参照電極 (タングステン電極) を挿入します。マイクロマニピュレーター (図 3 b 3 C) を用いた上顎 palp に近い記録電極 (タングステン電極) を移動します。</li>
	<li>上顎 palp (図 3 b) から約 1 cm に匂いの配信デバイスを調整します。</li>
	<li>自動スパイク 32 記録ソフトウェアを開きます。録音パラメーターを次のように設定: 500 μ V; 記録スケール300 Hz、200 Hz の低カットオフ フィルターの高いカットオフ10 のプレトリガー s。</li>
	<li>普遍的な ac/DC アンプ x 10 に記録電極を接続します。</li>
	<li>スイッチ (500 倍) の高倍率顕微鏡。上顎 palp の basiconic ゴキブリのベースに記録電極を挿入し、繊細な良い自発スパイク (図 3 D) を取得する記録電極を調整します。</li>
	<li>20 ml で連続的なエアー ストリームを配信する刺激コント ローラーを開く/s. 10 1, 記録信号刺激時間を設定開始 10 の刺激パルスの発症前に s。</li>
	<li>10 x の普遍的な ac/DC アンプを使用して、信号を増幅します。加齢医学研究 4 に信号を送ります。自動スパイク 32 ソフトウェア信号を分析します。AC 信号は、バンドパス フィルターの間 200 に 300 Hz。 使用自動スパイク 32 音からピーク ・ トラフ振幅を区別するためにです。自発頻度の活動電位の周波数 (1 秒あたりのスパイク) の増加としてニューロンの応答を計算します。グラフパッド プリズム 7 を使用して統計分析を実行します。</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Carey, A. F., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Insect+olfaction+from+model+systems+to+disease+control%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">Insect olfaction from model systems to disease control.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (32), 12987-12995 (2011).</li>
<li>Leal, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Odorant+reception+in+insects%3A+roles+of+receptors%2C+binding+proteins%2C+and+degrading+enzymes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Entomology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Odorant reception in insects: roles of receptors, binding proteins, and degrading enzymes.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 58, 373-391 (2013).</li>
<li>Zhang, J., Walker, W. B., Wang, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pheromone+reception+in+moths%3A+from+molecules+to+behaviors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Progress+in+Molecular+Biology+and+Translational+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pheromone reception in moths: from molecules to behaviors.</a> Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 130, 109-128 (2015).</li>
<li>Vosshall, L. B., Amrein, H., Morozov, P. S., Rzhetsky, A., Axel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+spatial+map+of+olfactory+receptor+expression+in+the+Drosophila+antenna%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna.</a> Cell. 96 (5), 725-736 (1999).</li>
<li>Benton, R., Vannice, K. S., Gomez-Diaz, C., Vosshall, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Variant+ionotropic+glutamate+receptors+as+chemosensory+receptors+in+Drosophila%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Variant ionotropic glutamate receptors as chemosensory receptors in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 136 (1), 149-162 (2009).</li>
<li>Vosshall, L. B., Stocker, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+architecture+of+smell+and+taste+in+Drosophila%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular architecture of smell and taste in Drosophila.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 30, 505-533 (2007).</li>
<li>de Bruyne, M., Foster, K., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Odor+coding+in+the+Drosophila+antenna%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">Odor coding in the Drosophila antenna.</a> Neuron. 30, 537-552 (2001).</li>
<li>Roelofs, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sex+pheromone+production+and+perception+in+European+corn+borer+moths+is+determined+by+both+autosomal+and+sex-linked+genes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sex pheromone production and perception in European corn borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (21), 7585-7589 (1987).</li>
<li>Larsson, M. C., Leal, W. S., Hansson, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Olfactory+receptor+neurons+detecting+plant+odours+and+male+volatiles+in+Anomala+cuprea+beetles+%28Coleoptera%3A+Scarabaeidae%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Insect+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Olfactory receptor neurons detecting plant odours and male volatiles in Anomala cuprea beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 47 (9), 1065-1076 (2001).</li>
<li>Zhang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+basis+of+alarm+pheromone+detection+in+aphids%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular basis of alarm pheromone detection in aphids.</a> Current Biology. 27 (1), 55-61 (2017).</li>
<li>Cui, X., Wu, C., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+response+patterns+of+16+olfactory+neurons+from+the+trichoid+sensilla+to+odorant+from+fecal+volatiles+in+the+locust%2C+Locusta+migratoria+manilensis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Archives+of+Insect+Biochemistry+and+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological response patterns of 16 olfactory neurons from the trichoid sensilla to odorant from fecal volatiles in the locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis.</a> Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 77 (2), 45-57 (2011).</li>
<li>Sharma, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cuticular+hydrocarbon+pheromones+for+social+behavior+and+their+coding+in+the+ant+antenna%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Reports%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cuticular hydrocarbon pheromones for social behavior and their coding in the ant antenna.</a> Cell Reports. 12 (8), 1261-1271 (2015).</li>
<li>de Bruyne, M., Clyne, P. J., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Odor+coding+in+a+model+olfactory+organ%3A+the+Drosophila+maxillary+palp%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Neuroscience%22%5BJournal%5D)">Odor coding in a model olfactory organ: the Drosophila maxillary palp.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (11), 4520-4532 (1999).</li>
<li>Syed, Z., Leal, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Maxillary+palps+are+broad+spectrum+odorant+detectors+in+Culex+quinquefasciatus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Senses%22%5BJournal%5D)">Maxillary palps are broad spectrum odorant detectors in Culex quinquefasciatus.</a> Chemical Senses. 32 (8), 727-738 (2007).</li>
<li>Lu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Odor+coding+in+the+maxillary+palp+of+the+malaria+vector+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae.</a> Current Biology. 17 (18), 1533-1544 (2007).</li>
<li>Pellegrino, M., Nakagawa, T., Vosshall, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Single+sensillum+recordings+in+the+insects+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Single sensillum recordings in the insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 36, e1725(2010).</li>
<li>Grant, A. J., Wigton, B. E., Aghajanian, J. G., O'Connell, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+responses+of+receptor+neurons+in+mosquito+maxillary+palp+sensilla+to+carbon+dioxide%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological responses of receptor neurons in mosquito maxillary palp sensilla to carbon dioxide.</a> Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 177 (4), 389-396 (1995).</li>
<li>Blaney, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+ultrastructure+of+an+olfactory+sensillum+on+the+maxillary+palps+of+Locusta+migratoria+%28L.%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+and+Tissue+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">The ultrastructure of an olfactory sensillum on the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L.).</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 184 (3), 397-409 (1977).</li>
<li>Hassanali, A., Njagi, P. G. N., Bashir, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Chemical+ecology+of+locusts+and+related+acridids%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Entomology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Chemical ecology of locusts and related acridids.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 50, 223-245 (2005).</li>
<li>Chapman, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Contact+chemoreception+in+feeding+by+phytophagous+insects%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Entomology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Contact chemoreception in feeding by phytophagous insects.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 48, 455-484 (2003).</li>
<li>Chapman, R. F., Sword, G. <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01049149">The importance of palpation in food selection by a polyphagous grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae).</a> Journal of Insect Behavior. 6, 79-91 (1993).</li>
<li>Winstanley, C., Blaney, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02839.x/abstract">Chemosensory mechanisms of locusts in relation to feeding.</a> Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 24, 750-758 (1978).</li>
<li>Blaney, W., Duckett, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+significance+of+palpation+by+the+maxillary+palps+of+Locusta+migratoria+%28L.%29%3A+an+electrophysiological+and+behavioural+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Experimental+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">The significance of palpation by the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L.): an electrophysiological and behavioural study.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 63, 701-712 (1975).</li>
<li>Blaney, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+responses+of+the+terminal+sensilla+on+the+maxillary+palps+of+Locusta+migratoria+%28L.%29+to+some+electrolytes+and+non-electrolytes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Experimental+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological responses of the terminal sensilla on the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L.) to some electrolytes and non-electrolytes.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 60, 275-293 (1974).</li>
<li>Jin, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Expression+of+odorant-binding+and+chemosensory+proteins+and+spatial+map+of+chemosensilla+on+labial+palps+of+Locusta+migratoria+%28Orthoptera%3A+Acrididae%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anthropod+Structure+%26+Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">Expression of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins and spatial map of chemosensilla on labial palps of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae).</a> Anthropod Structure & Development. 35 (1), 47-56 (2006).</li>
<li>Zhang, L., Li, H., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Two+olfactory+pathways+to+detect+aldehydes+on+locust+mouthpart%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Biological+Sciences%22%5BJournal%5D)">Two olfactory pathways to detect aldehydes on locust mouthpart.</a> International Journal of Biological Sciences. 13 (6), 759-771 (2017).</li>
<li>Dweck, H. K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Olfactory+channels+associated+with+the+Drosophila+maxillary+palp+mediate+short-+and+long-range+attraction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22eLife%22%5BJournal%5D)">Olfactory channels associated with the Drosophila maxillary palp mediate short- and long-range attraction.</a> eLife. 5, e14925(2016).</li>
<li>Bohbot, J. D., Sparks, J. T., Dickens, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+maxillary+palp+of+Aedes+aegypti%2C+a+model+of+multisensory+Integration%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Insect+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">The maxillary palp of Aedes aegypti, a model of multisensory Integration.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 48, 29-39 (2014).</li>
<li>Delventhal, R., Kiely, A., Carlson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+recording+from+Drosophila+labellar+taste+sensilla%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological recording from Drosophila labellar taste sensilla.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 84, e51355(2014).</li>
<li>Ng, R., Lin, H. H., Wang, J. W., Su, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+recording+from+Drosophila+trichoid+sensilla+in+response+to+odorants+of+low+volatility%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological recording from Drosophila trichoid sensilla in response to odorants of low volatility.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 125, e56147(2017).</li>
<li>Syed, Z., Leal, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electrophysiological+measurements+from+a+moth+olfactory+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electrophysiological measurements from a moth olfactory system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 49, e2489(2011).</li>
<li>Saha, D., Leong, K., Katta, N., Raman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Multi-unit+recording+methods+to+characterize+neural+activity+in+the+locust+%28Schistocerca+Americana%29+olfactory+circuits%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Multi-unit recording methods to characterize neural activity in the locust (Schistocerca Americana) olfactory circuits.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 71, e50139(2013).</li>
<li>Liu, F., Liu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Using+single+sensillum+recording+to+detect+olfactory+neuron+responses+of+bed+bugs+to+semiochemicals%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Using single sensillum recording to detect olfactory neuron responses of bed bugs to semiochemicals.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 107, e53337(2016).</li>
</ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

昆虫は palps 食べ物のにおいを検出するために依存して、palps スペシエーション13,27で重要な役割を果たすと考えられています。Palps は単純な嗅覚器官であり、脳分子の探査のための魅力的なモデルは、基になるその28をネットワークとして注目を受けています。
昆虫昆虫および palp SSRs 正常に行った、キイロショウジョウバエ、に対する地域のネッタイイエカ13,14,,1516,17ビデオ プレゼンテーション16,29の形で報告されていることはほとんどありませんが。対照的に、触角の SSRs のビデオ ・ データ、ショウジョウバエ、おへそ orangeworm 蛾 (Amyeloistransitella)、サバクトビバッタ アメリカーナ、ベッドのバグ (トコジラミずつ)16,30,31,32,33。
イナゴ palp 触角 basiconica イナゴ触角感覚と他の多くの昆虫の触角とは異なる特定の構造があります。ここで説明した方法を使用して、イナゴ palp 触角 basiconica サブタイプ pb1 によって生成された活動電位、pb2 を記録できるし、差別 (図 4および図 5)。
記録電極の浸透の重要なステップです。記録電極は、ゴキブリのベースに挿入し、良好な信号を取得するまでを高度なする必要があります。さらに、palp のドームが、ゴキブリのベースに記録電極を挿入するときに崩壊するを防ぐために重要です。これを達成するために、我々 は特別なローカスト上顎 palp ホルダー (MPH) を含むプラットフォームを設定し、タングステン線、palp の 4 番目のセグメントを圧縮するために使用します。この手順の多くの繰り返しは、これが有効であることを示しています。いくつかの匂いに触角のニューロンの応答パターンに基づいて、最初に同定しました pb1、pb2 すなわちイナゴ上顎 palp の触角 basiconica の 2 つのサブタイプ。
この文書で説明されている技法の制限は、それが大きな昆虫 (例えば蛾、カブトムシ、バッタ) を記録に使用することができる小さな昆虫 (例えばハエや蚊)、独自のプラットフォームを持つを記録しないためしばらくの間、テクニック13,14,15,16,17。この手法は、既存の方法を補完するものです。
結論としては、昆虫 palp 触角 basiconica から SSR の非常に効果的なプロトコルで詳しく説明します。このプロトコルは、ブローピンの昆虫嗅覚の分子・細胞メカニズムの研究に有用な技術を持つ研究者を提供できます。ガスクロマトグラフィーとリンクされているこのメソッドは、天然生理活性有機配位子有利な食糧資源の抽出物を識別するために使用可能性があります。

動物には、外因性化学手掛かりを感じる嗅覚器官の範囲が進化してきました。昆虫で最も重要な嗅覚器官がアンテナと palps です。これらの臓器に嗅覚の触角と呼ばれる、化学感覚毛のいくつかの種類は、毛の嗅覚ニューロン (CSNs) によって支配されています。嗅覚の触角の CSNs 認識中枢神経系1,報2,3 まで転送されるその後の電位に化学的刺激に対するシグナル伝達を介して特定の化学手掛かり.
CSNs エクスプレス様々 な嗅覚受容 [例えば、嗅覚受容体 (ORs)]、イオン型受容体 (IRs) とそのの種類に関連付けられている外因性化学手掛かりをエンコード、膜上の味覚受容体 (GRs)4,5,6。CSNs の特性は、昆虫化学受容の分子・細胞メカニズムの解明への鍵です。蛾8、甲虫9、アブラムシ10, イナゴ11, 単一ゴキブリ記録 (SSR) など多くの昆虫の触角感覚の昆虫 CSNs のキャラクタリゼーション ハエ7のため広く使われている手法ですが、今とアリ12。その触角の特定の構造を作るのでただし、いくつかの研究、SSR 昆虫 palps13,14,15,16,17に適用が、電気生理学的記録困難18。
イナゴ (直翅目) は、しばしば深刻な農作物被害と経済的損失19を引き起こします。Palps はイナゴ20,21,22,23,24の食品の選択に重要な役割を果たすと考えられています。走査型電子顕微鏡 (SEM)、嗅覚の触角の 2 種類を調べた。通常、イナゴ palps18の各ドーム、350 触角 chaetica と 7-8 触角 basiconica を観察します。触角 chaetica が非揮発性化学手掛かりを感じる味覚のワモンゴキブリ触角 basiconica 揮発性化学手掛かりを感知、嗅覚機能があります。
イナゴ palps 触角 basiconica (ca. 12 μ m) の髪ソケットの直径は触角 chaetica のそれらよりはるかに大きい (ca. 8 μ m)18,25。Palps で触角 basiconica のクチクラの壁は触角感覚18のそれよりもはるかに厚いです。さらに、palp のドームは柔軟性の高いキューティクル内流体の内容です。これらの特性は、電極と良好な電気生理学的信号の集録と浸透が触角感覚のよりも難しいという意味します。本稿でビデオ イナゴ palp 触角 basiconica の詳細と非常に効果的な SSR のプロトコルが表示されます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tungsten wire</td><td>ADVENT</td><td>W559504</td><td>Used for making the electrode and fixing the palp</td></tr><tr><td>NaNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-aldrich</td><td>563218-25G</td><td>Used for sharpening the tungsten wire</td></tr><tr><td>AC Power Supply</td><td>Syntech</td><td>A2-70</td><td>Providing the voltage in sharpening the tungsten wire</td></tr><tr><td>Stereoscope</td><td>Motic</td><td>SMZ-163</td><td>Used for observing the sharpening of tungsten wire</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>W-51</td><td>Used for observing the sensilla on locust maxillary palp</td></tr><tr><td>Intelligent Data Acquisition Controller</td><td>Syntech</td><td>IDAC-4</td><td>Real-time on screen display of all signals before and during recording</td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus controller</td><td>Syntech</td><td>CS-55</td><td>Used for controlling the stimulus application</td></tr><tr><td>Electronic micromanipulator</td><td>C.M.D.T</td><td>CFT-8301D</td><td>Used for minor movement of the recording electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Narishige</td><td>MN-151</td><td>Used for minor movement of the reference electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Speaker</td><td>EDIFIER</td><td>R101T06</td><td>Connected with IDAC-4 and providing sound for the signal</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic base</td><td>PDOK</td><td>PD-101</td><td>Used to hold the electrode, and stimulus delivery tube</td></tr><tr><td>Vibration Isolation Table</td><td>TianHe</td><td>HAP-100-1208</td><td>Used for isolating the vibration from the equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide</td><td>CITOGLAS</td><td>ZBP-407</td><td>Used for making the base for the MPH</td></tr><tr><td>Blu-tack</td><td>Bostik</td><td>Blu-tack-45g</td><td>Fixing the tungsten wire</td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur tube</td><td>YARE</td><td>WITEG</td><td>Placing the filter paper containing stimuli stimulus solutions</td></tr></tbody></table>

single sensillum recordings for locust palp sensilla basiconica

イナゴ口器の palps はローカストの食品の選択、特に非揮発性化学手がかり (旧称ターミナル ワモンゴキブリ触角 chaetica の検出のために重要な役割を果たして従来の味覚器官と見なされますまたは紋付き触角)。今増加するこれらの palps も嗅覚機能があること証拠があります。嗅覚受容体 (LmigOR2) と匂い物質結合蛋白質 (LmigOBP1) にローカライズされているニューロンおよびアクセサリー細胞でそれぞれ palps の触角 basiconica。単一のゴキブリ (SSR) の記録は、特定の嗅覚の受容器のアクティブな配位子をスクリーニングするための効果的な方法である嗅覚受容体ニューロンの応答を記録するため使用されます。SSR は palp 触角嗅覚受容体の機能解析に使用されます。Palps のドームにある触角 basiconica の構造は、これらのアンテナの構造からは多少異なります。したがって、匂いによって誘発される SSR を実行すると、いくつか具体的なアドバイスは最適な結果を得るために有用かもしれません。昆虫 palp 触角 basiconica から SSR の詳細と非常に効果的なプロトコルを導入する.

イナゴ上顎 palp 上の 2 つの触角サブタイプ (pb1 ・ pb2) は、化学の匂い (10 %1-ノナノールと 10% ノナン酸) に異なる応答ダイナミクスに基づいて識別されます。Pb1 のニューロンは、1-ノナノール pb2 のニューロン中ノナン酸が大幅 1-ノナノール ノナン酸 (図 4) と比較して少ない活性化よりもはるかに大きなスパイクを生成します。ヘキサナールと E-ヘキサナール応答 (POR)26を開くイナゴ palp を呼び起こすことができます。ヘキサナールは、豊富なホスト植物緑葉揮発性食品ソース26にさらに確認に貢献するかもしれないです。最後 pb1 ニューロンのスパイク pb2 E-ヘキサナール (図 4) によって刺激される彼らの耳より長い。Pb1、pb2 のニューロンを表わす同様に堅牢なレスポンス ヘキサナール (図 4)。すべてのスパイクの前に期間 5 s と 5 の間の平均の変化を比較する刺激は、1-ノナノールへの応答、ノナン酸 pb1、pb2 が裏腹により有意に高いことを示しますの後に s (図 5)。触角のこれらの 2 つのサブタイプのニューロン応答 E 2 ヘキサナール、ヘキサナール、用量依存的にこれらの 2 つのアルデヒドの応答パターンが異なる (図 6Aおよび6B).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig1.jpg"> 図 1。電極作製。(A) このパネル電極シャープ装置の一般的な見解を示しています。10% ナノ2 (左) の入った注射を使用して、(右) 電極をシャープにします。(B) このパネル (a: 適切な; b: 不適切な) 電極先端部の緊密なビューを示しています。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig2.jpg"> 図 2。イナゴ上顎 palp ホルダー (MPH).(A) のマイルおよびイナゴは顕微鏡の下に配置する前にスライド ガラスに取付けられます。(B) このパネルには、プラットフォームのタングステン ワイヤで固定、イナゴ上顎 palp のクローズ アップが表示されます。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig3.jpg"> 図 3。単一のゴキブリ録音します。(A) このパネルは電気生理学のセットアップのビューを示しています。(B) このパネルは顕微鏡をマウント イナゴ準備の緊密なビューを示しています。(C) この画像は、100 倍の倍率でイナゴ上顎 palp を示しています。(D) この画像は、500 倍の倍率で、palp を示しています。Basiconic ゴキブリを矢印します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig4.jpg"> 図 4。イナゴ上顎 palp の単一ゴキブリ録音の応答トレースします。このパネルで、pb1 の略 palp 触角 basiconica; のサブタイプ 1pb2 のサブタイプ 2 palp 触角 basiconica の略です。トレース上バーを示す刺激持続時間 (1 秒)。これらの録音すべての悪臭を 1% に希釈され E 2 ヘキサナールとヘキサナールを除いて 10% 希釈で使用します。この図は、張らから変更されています。26.<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig5v2.jpg"> 図 5。Pb1、pb2 ノナン酸、1-ノナノールによって刺激されるニューロンのスパイクの平均の数値を比較します。スパイクの平均数は、刺激の前後期間 5 s で計算されます。Pb1、平均 1-ノナノールへの応答ニューロンのスパイク数増加ノナン酸に応答ニューロンのスパイクのそれらよりかなり高い (n = 11 palps;アドホックの記事t-テストと分散分析p < 0.0001) pb2 と対照をなして (n = 10 palps;アドホックの記事t-テストと分散分析p = 0.0110)。エラー バーを表します SEM.この図は、張らから変更されています。26.<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig5v2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig6v3.jpg"> 図 6。Pb1、pb2 応答 E 2 ヘキサナールとヘキサナールで用量依存的に神経細胞のパターン。(A) このパネル pb1 でニューロンのパターンを示しています (± SEM;n = 12 palps)。(B) このパネルは pb2 にニューロンのパターンを示しています (± SEM;n = 10 palps)。この図は、張らから変更されています。26.<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57863/57863fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica at JoVE.com

Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica

昆虫の口器の palps で単一ゴキブリ触角 basiconica から録音の詳細と非常に効果的なプロトコルについて述べる。

イナゴ Palp 触角 Basiconica の単一ゴキブリ録音

The palps of locust mouthparts are considered to be conventional gustatory organs that play an important role in a locust&#39;s food selection, especially ...

single-sensillum-recordings-for-locust-palp-sensilla-basiconica

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.2K ビュー.  China Agricultural University. 昆虫の口器の palps で単一ゴキブリ触角 basiconica から録音の詳細と非常に効果的なプロトコルについて述べる。

ビデオ: Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

昆虫における単一感覚子録音キイロショウジョウバエとハマダラカ</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

神経科学

Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR), which are summed responses from all odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) located on the antenna and from those housed in individual sensilla, respectively. These approaches have been exploited for getting a better understanding of insect chemical communication. The identified stimuli can then be used as either attractants or repellents in management strategies for insect pests.

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR), which are summed responses from all odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) located on the antenna and from those housed in individual sensilla, respectively.

蛾嗅覚系の電気生理学的測定

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single ...

Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla

We describe a modification of an existing tip-recording technique1,2 for electrophysiologically investigating short, peg-like sensory sensilla3,4. On the mid-ventral surface of all scorpions are two appendages called pectines, which have dense fields of mechano- and chemosensory peg sensilla5,6. One method for assessing chemoresponsiveness of these sensilla uses a tungsten electrode for extracellularly recording neural activity within a sensillum as a volatile odorant is introduced to the sensory field5,7. The limitations of this method include slow data collection and uncontrolled stimulant introduction to, and removal from, the peg field. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new tip-recording technique that uses nonpolar mineral oil as a medium through which to deliver water-based tastants to individual peg sensilla8,9. We have successfully applied this method to obtain sensillar chemoresponses to citric acid, ethanol, and salt. Here we describe the experimental protocol for such a study9. We think this new method may be useful for studying the response properties of other arthropod chemosensory systems, including those of insects10, 11 and crustaceans12.

This article describes an electrophysiological method for isolating chemical stimulation to individual sensilla via extracellular, tip-recordings under mineral oil.

スコーピオンペグ感覚器の電気生理学

We describe a modification of an existing tip-recording technique1,2 for electrophysiologically investigating short, peg-like sensory sensilla3,4. On the ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

木管化カブトムシの付属物の走査型および透過型電子顕微鏡の試料調製方法

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

環境学

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

ローカスの神経活動を特徴づけるためにマルチユニット記録方法（<em&gt; Schistocercaアメリカーナ</em&gt;）嗅覚回路

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

から電気生理学的記録<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; Labellar味感覚器

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.

Bed bugs rely on olfactory receptor neurons housed in their antennal olfactory sensilla to detect semiochemicals in the environment. Utilizing single sensillum recording, we demonstrate a method to evaluate bed bug response to semiochemicals and explore the coding process involved.

情報化学物質にトコジラミの嗅覚ニューロンの応答を検出するために単一感覚子録音を使用しました

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house ...

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) housed in hair-like structures, called chemosensilla, of the antennae. On the ORNs&#39; membranes, Odorant Receptors (ORs) are believed to be involved in odor coding. Thus, being able to identify genes localized to the ORNs is necessary to recognize OR genes, and provides a fundamental basis for further functional in situ studies. The RNA expression levels of specific ORs in insect antennae are very low, and preserving insect tissue for histology is challenging. Thus, it is difficult to localize an OR to a specific type of sensilla using RNA in situ hybridization. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for lowly expressed OR genes of insects, is introduced. In addition, a specific OR gene was identified by conducting double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments using a co-expressing receptor gene, Orco, as a marker.

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for low-level expressed Odorant Receptor (OR) genes, as well as other genes, in insect antennae using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled or biotin-labeled probes.

Locust AntennaeにおけるRNAによる嗅覚受容体遺伝子の局在<em&gt;現場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, oviposition, and mating. Myriad chemicals of varying volatilities have been identified as natural odorants that activate insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs). However, studying the olfactory responses to low-volatility odorants has been hampered by an inability to effectively present such stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods. Here, we describe a procedure that permits the effective presentation of low-volatility odorants for in vivo Single-Sensillum Recording (SSR). By minimizing the distance between the odor source and the target tissue, this method allows for the application of biologically salient but hitherto inaccessible odorants, including palmitoleic acid, a stimulatory pheromone with a demonstrated effect on ORNs involved in courtship and mating behavior1. Our procedure thus affords a new avenue to assay a host of low-volatility odorants for the study of insect olfaction and pheromone communication.

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

The overall goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to present odorants of low volatility for single-sensillum recording from Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons that respond to long-chain cuticular pheromones.

からの電気生理学的記録<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;低揮発性の臭気物質に対するトリコイドセンシラ

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, ...

昆虫の味覚ニューロン活動の強化された分析のための新しい方法

Base Recording: A Technique for Analyzing Responses of Taste Neurons in Drosophila

Insects taste the external world through taste hairs, or sensilla, that have pores at their tips. When a sensillum comes into contact with a potential food source, compounds from the food source enter through the pore and activate neurons within. For over 50 years, these responses have been recorded using a technique called tip recording. However, this method has major limitations, including the inability to measure neural activity before or after stimulus contact and the requirement for tastants to be soluble in aqueous solutions. We describe here a technique that we call base recording, which overcomes these limitations. Base recording allows the measurement of taste neuron activity before, during, and after the stimulus. Thus, it allows extensive analysis of OFF responses that occur after a taste stimulus. It can be used to study hydrophobic compounds such as long-chain pheromones that have very low solubility in water. In summary, base recording offers the advantages of single-sensillum electrophysiology as a means of measuring neuronal activity - high spatial and temporal resolution, without the need for genetic tools - and overcomes key limitations of the traditional tip recording technique.

著者スポットライト:化学受容の進歩 – 昆虫の匂い受容体からノンコーディングRNAまで

A rarely used method of electrophysiological recording, base recording, allows analysis of features of taste coding that cannot be examined by conventional recording methods. Base recording also allows the analysis of taste responses to hydrophobic stimuli that cannot be studied using traditional electrophysiological methods.

塩基記録:ショウジョウバエの味覚ニューロン応答解析技術

Insects taste the external world through taste hairs, or sensilla, that have pores at their tips. When a sensillum comes into contact with a potential ...

イナゴ Palp 触角 Basiconica の単一ゴキブリ録音

要約

さらに動画を探す

昆虫における単一感覚子録音キイロショウジョウバエとハマダラカ

蛾嗅覚系の電気生理学的測定

スコーピオンペグ感覚器の電気生理学

木管化カブトムシの付属物の走査型および透過型電子顕微鏡の試料調製方法

ローカスの神経活動を特徴づけるためにマルチユニット記録方法（

から電気生理学的記録

情報化学物質にトコジラミの嗅覚ニューロンの応答を検出するために単一感覚子録音を使用しました

Locust AntennaeにおけるRNAによる嗅覚受容体遺伝子の局在

からの電気生理学的記録

塩基記録:ショウジョウバエの味覚ニューロン応答解析技術