私たちの実験では彼の助けを教授高西を感謝いたします。また、DIC 株式会社に感謝、ここで学んだ化合物を提供するため。この作品は、日本学術振興会研究員 (16J02711)、日本学術振興会科研費助成番号の費補助金によって支えられた 17 H 01143 と大学院「インタラクティブな材料士官候補生プログラム」をリードするためのプログラム。

1. 液晶セルおよび細胞のギャップの決定の準備
<ol><li>
液晶セルの作製
	<ol>
<li>カット希望のサイズに 1 つの側面にインジウム/スズ酸化物 (ITO) コートガラス基板 (典型的なサイズ: 10 x 10 x 1.1 mm、図 2 a)。基板をカットするには、ガラス カッターで自分の顔に線をスクラッチし、手動で余分なガラスを断ちます。</li>
		<li>30 分 35 khz 超音波風呂の洗剤を使用してカット ガラス基板 10 分脱イオン置換用超音波洗浄槽で脱イオン水で洗浄し洗浄水し、基板を 5 回洗浄 (図 2 b) 汚染物質を除去します。基板の広い面に触れないように注意して、-ダスター-エアガンと残りの水を吹き飛ばします。</li>
		<li>30 の 5000 rpm でソリューション洗浄基板とスピン コートの ito 面にポリイミド ソリューション (テーブルの材料の配置レイヤー平面) を点滴 s (図 2)。200 ° C、溶媒を除去し、ポリイミド薄膜を治す 1 h で基板を焼きます。</li>
		<li>XZステージ上基板を置き、基板の伊藤とポリイミド コーティング面を上向きにセットします。ベルベットの布と修正による基板上への空気 (図 2 D) を吸引で覆われたローラーの下で基板を配置します。ステージの高さを調整することによって、ローラーで基板上に均一で柔らかい圧力を適用します。 注: ここでは、XZ ステージは、大阪大学で機械工場によって作られました。</li>
		<li>ローラを回転させ、前後 5 回ベルベットの布で基板を摩擦する水平方向に沿ってローラーの下で舞台を移動します。ラビング処理配向膜の基板に付着した汚れ、1 分間 10-50 mL のガラス容器にイソプロピル アルコールに手をつけるし、80 ° C で、数分間乾かします。</li>
		<li>スペーサーとして 12 μ m 厚フラット樹脂フィルムと 2 枚の基板を接着します。接着ポイントが基板の端にのみ配置されて伊藤とポリイミド接着基板の内側が塗られることに注意してください。反対側の基板 antiparallel をこすり、基板 (図 2 e) の両方の電気端子に十分なスペースを提供する (約 2 mm) をシフトされてわずかことを確認します。</li>
		<li>端末を使用して銀導電ペースト (図 2 f) 上記スペースの導電性ワイヤを接着します。銀導電性ペーストで溶媒を削除する 1 h 150 ° C で導電性ワイヤと基板を焼きます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
セルギャップの定量19<ol>
<li>1.1.7 で広い顔に垂直伝播する白色光を使用した空白セルを照射します。光分光装置による、伝送スペクトルを測定し、擬似正弦波発振は、ファブリ ・ ペロー効果20が表示される (図 3) を確認します。</li>
		<li>Dの関係を使用して、ギャップdを推定、 λ1λ22 (λ2-λ1) を = 波長λ1とλ2透過スペクトルの隣接するピーク波長のペアを表します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 液晶混合物の細胞への導入準備
<ol><li>5-octyl-2-(4-octyloxyphenyl) ピリミジン化合物 2 つをミックス (化合物1:図 4 a) と (S)-5-decyl-2-[4(2-fluorodecyloxy) フェニル] ピリミジン (複合2:図 4 b) ガラス瓶の 3:1 の質量比で。合計 (化合物1の化合物2の 25 mg 75 mg) でソリューションの 100 mg を準備します。</li>
	<li>2.1 からの混合物が等方性液体段階 (図 5) では温度 80 ° C の温度を維持する、熱いステージにステップ 1.1.7 から準備された空白のセルを置きます。ヘラと毛細管を使用してセルにステップ 2.1 からの混合物を紹介します。セル温度 80 ° C、30 分を維持し、約 5 ° C/分の速度で室温まで冷却します。</li>
</ol>3. サンプル評価
<ol><li>セルの場所は、光照射 2 つ交差偏光板との間の熱いステージ上ステップ 2.2 からの混合物でいっぱい。顕微鏡による室温から 5 ° C/分の速度で 80 ° C の温度の変化との混合物のテクスチャを観察 (とチューニング 〜 600 の範囲でショートパス フィルターに応じて、視認性を高めるために nm) から液晶フェーズを洗い出して、偏光顕微鏡写真21 (図 6)。</li>
	<li>(図 5) の観測のテクスチャから相転移シーケンスと遷移温度を決定します。SmC * フェーズでは、ダブル ストライプの幅として螺旋ピッチを推定します。</li>
	<li>示差熱分析で 2.1 で作製した混合物の一次相転移温度を確認 (DTA;テーブルの材料と製造元の指示を参照してください)、一次の段階でピーク (または dip) 異常を提供します。遷移 (図 7)。</li>
</ol>4. 誘電体と電気磁気測定
<ol><li>商業の超伝導磁石を準備温度コント ローラー (2 400 K) と磁場 (9 T) まで装備 (材料の表を参照してください)。</li>
	<li>3 つの主要部分から成っている超電導磁石用自家製挿入の準備: サンプル スペース、4 つの同軸ケーブルとコネクタ端子 (図 8 a) を含むロッド。</li>
	<li>2.2 挿入 (図 8 b) のサンプル スペースで準備セルを接着します。標本空間の (高低) の端子にはんだ付けによるセルの 2 つの導電性ワイヤを接続します。セルの基板に平行な方向に磁場を適用するように細胞の向きのことを確認します。サンプル温度を正確に測定、超電導磁石に挿入を導入するためにセルの広い平面上には、温度計を配置します。</li>
	<li>LCRメータにコネクタ端子を接続 (材料の表を参照してください) 同軸ケーブルを使用。(製造元を参照してくださいと私たちの以前の仕事16) LCRメーターで温度・磁場の関数として準四端子法による誘電定数の測定します。</li>
	<li>電位計にコネクタ端子を接続 (材料の表を参照してください) 同軸ケーブルを使用。抜本的な磁場と温度一定速度 (1.0 T/分抜本的な磁場と温度を全面的な 5 K/分; 参照中、電位計と変位電流の磁場・温度依存性を測定します。製造元の指示と私たちの以前の仕事16)。変位は、時間の関数として電流を統合することにより電気分極を取得します。</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

実験の結果, 液晶結合私を示される正常にここで説明したメソッド。観測された私と磁気誘電効果することができます固定スメクティック層構造における分子配向の配向遷移に関連付けられました。ただし、レイヤー構造の層法線方向n0は磁気異方性磁気フィールドを適用することによっても変更できます。これは分子がnとその磁気異方性によ?...

(私) 効果、磁気 (電界) による電気分極 (磁化) の誘導、電気磁気に関する研究、センサーおよびストレージ ・ テクノロジーなどのアプリケーションの新しい種類の方が注目されています。最近の研究私のマルチフェロイックス1,2,3,4, ターゲット システム固体、無機、有機などの様々 なタイプに私の分野で研究を拡張し、金属有機性フレームワーク、スピン-格子カップリングを利用して器用5,6,7,の8,9。ただし、室温動作私の実用的な利用のために達成する必要があります自分の ME と材料・ カップリング、挑戦的な問題だし、単相材料の非常に限られた数は、部屋温度として報告されています。10日に magnetoelectrics。
私に関しても検討されて、時に部分的な位置の 1 つの配向秩序を有する液晶材料13,1412,近年11、、、15. 1 つ私として液晶の利点の材料は、動作温度 - 液晶相は通常室温付近安定。例私の液晶はこれまで報告が垂直磁気異方性磁気ナノ血小板と最も簡単な液晶相として知られているネマティック相を示す液晶複合所持 1 次元のみ配向秩序15。それは私に影響を与える、コンバース血小板結合と分子配向の電場を介したの電界印加による磁化の誘導を示しています。
さらに最近、私を確立する別のユニークな戦略液晶の効果提案16歳でした。この戦略の焦点は、スメクチック層と呼ばれる拡散層構造の一次元の位置の順序でキラルなスメクティック C (SmC *) フェーズを作成します。SmC の段階の 1 つの特徴は、分子配向ベクトルnはローカル電気双極子モーメントpとつながれることです。この相関関係は、傾斜配向スメクティック層法線をn0と、キラリティー誘起ミラー (と反転) 対称性の破れの分子に関して、棒状分子の組み合わせによって提供されます。対称性の観点から、旧D∞h (いわゆる SmA 相、図 1 a) から対称に変更C2h (いわゆる SmC フェーズ、図 1 b) と対称性はC2に減少したので、後者は、 C2hのミラー対称性を破る (SmC * フェーズでは、図 1の各レイヤーを参照してください)。SmC * 各層のn0とnの両方に通常はCの2軸に沿って有限偏波の存在となっています。Nとpの間の強い結合は液晶の強誘電性に不可欠です。SmC * 段階でn層 (図 1)、螺旋的で整合し、従って巨視的分極がないです。このような液晶の強誘電性はn表面安定化強誘電性液晶 (SSFLC) 状態 (図 1) として知られている均一配向状態を安定させる強いの表面効果を使用して実現されます。常に強誘電体の分極反転がnとp17間の結合を通じて双安定配向状態の切り替えに伴うことに注意してください。逆の効果として、SmC の段階の分子の向きの変化は電気分極の変化を生じさせると予想されます。磁気異方性磁気要素および/または液晶分子と固体の結晶状態より弱い分子相互作用による液晶状態のnの柔軟性で芳香環の回転によって引き起こされるnです。また磁場印加による可変。したがって、SmC のフェーズは、強誘電性液晶状態と同様、磁気誘導の均一配向状態に変換できます。したがって、電気分極の開発、 n pですべてのレイヤー結合の配向に起因する、直接私に影響を与える、磁場印加による電気分極の誘導を実現します。
カップリングと ME を検出するための方法論は、私の調査のため液晶セルを準備する手順を紹介する効果。メソッドで報告された液晶セルの準備のための以前18 を詳細します。ここでは、誘電体と私のためのこの方法の測定を変更しました。ここで詳しく説明の方法で室温で SmC のフェーズを示す液晶磁気調整電気分極は、直接私に影響を与えるを検出した.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound 1: Figure 4(A)</td>
			<td>DIC Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>&#8211;N/A</td>
			<td>PYP-8O8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound 2: Figure 4(B)</td>
			<td>DIC Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>PYP-10O10F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITO-coated glass substrates</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td>703192-10PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detergent</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td>
			<td>031-10401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alignment layer planer</td>
			<td>JSR Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>AL1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spacer</td>
			<td>Teijin Film Solutions Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Q51-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Huntsman Inc.</td>
			<td>ARALDITE RT30</td>
			<td>For gluing two substrates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>M&#38;I Materials ltd.</td>
			<td>Apiezon H Grease</td>
			<td>For gluing a cell and homemade insert</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver paste</td>
			<td>Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>D-753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td>AS ONE Corp.</td>
			<td>AS52GTU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>Mikasa Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>1H-D7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polarized optical microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>ECLIPSE LV100N POL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Short-pass filter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs Inc.</td>
			<td>FB600-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics Inc.</td>
			<td>USB2000+UV-VIS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differential thermal analyzer</td>
			<td>Rigaku Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>Thermo plus EVO2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superconducting magnet</td>
			<td>Quantum Design Inc.</td>
			<td>PPMS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LCR meter</td>
			<td>Keysight Technologies Ltd.</td>
			<td>E4980A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrometer</td>
			<td>Keithley Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>6517A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring magnetically-tuned ferroelectric polarization in liquid crystals

材料 (鉄) 電気と磁気間のカップリング現象を示す、すなわち、マグネトエレク トリック効果、大量のセンサーやストレージなど将来のデバイス技術の潜在的な応用のための関心を集めています。ただし、通常利用する材料の磁性金属イオン (またはラジカル) を含むが、従来のアプローチは主要な問題を抱えている: 室温でカップリング現象を表示する唯一のいくつかの素材が発見されています。最近では、室内温度 magnetoelectrics を達成するために新しいアプローチを提案する.従来のアプローチとは対照的代替提案は完全に異なる素材、「液晶」、磁性金属イオンから自由焦点を当て。このような液晶の磁場を構成する分子と分子の磁気異方性を対応する電気分極の配向状態を制御する利用できます。マグネトエレク トリック効果の前例のない機構です。このコンテキストでは、このペーパーは、磁場、液晶で、つまり、直接マグネトエレク トリック効果誘起強誘電特性を測定するためのプロトコルを提供します。ここで詳しく説明の方法で正常に室温で液晶のキラル スメクティック C 相の電気分極の磁場調整を検出しました。直接電気磁気応答に影響を与える、構成分子の柔軟性と共に撮影方法を紹介液晶セル室温 magnetoelectrics としてより多くの機能を取得するようになるし、関連付けられています。光学材料

プロトコルは、場合私は液晶のサンプルの効果の観察だけ成功とみなされます。ここで直接私の前述の手順で作製した液晶サンプルで効果を測定しました。測定のための面内磁場は最大の磁場誘起分極がこの構成16で検出されたため (スメクティック層に垂直) のラビング方向から約 45 ° によって傾斜角度を適用しました。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals at JoVE.com

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

本報告では液晶の磁場の適用による直接マグネトエレク トリック効果、すなわち分極の誘導を検討するプロトコルを提案します。このプロトコルは、部屋温度 magnetoelectrics を達成するために、液晶の柔らかさでサポートされている、ユニークなアプローチを提供します。

液晶における強誘電分極の磁場調整を測定

Materials showing coupling phenomena between magnetism and (ferro)electricity, i.e., magnetoelectric effects, have attracted a great deal of attention due ...

measuring-magnetically-tuned-ferroelectric-polarization-liquid

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.7K ビュー.  Osaka University. 本報告では液晶の磁場の適用による直接マグネトエレク トリック効果、すなわち分極の誘導を検討するプロトコルを提案します。このプロトコルは、部屋温度 magnetoelectrics を達成するために、液晶の柔らかさでサポートされている、ユニークなアプローチを提供します。

ビデオ: Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted significant interests across the research fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and biology. The key enabling technology is a liquid cell. We fabricate liquid cells with thin viewing windows through a sequential microfabrication process, including silicon nitride membrane deposition, photolithographic patterning, wafer etching, cell bonding, etc. A liquid cell with the dimensions of a regular TEM grid can fit in any standard TEM sample holder. About 100 nanoliters reaction solution is loaded into the reservoirs and about 30 picoliters liquid is drawn into the viewing windows by capillary force. Subsequently, the cell is sealed and loaded into a microscope for in situ imaging. Inside the TEM, the electron beam goes through the thin liquid layer sandwiched between two silicon nitride membranes. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids, such as nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, diffusion and assembly of nanoparticles, etc., have been imaged in real time with sub-nanometer resolution. We have also applied this method to other research areas, e.g., imaging proteins in water. Liquid cell TEM is poised to play a major role in revealing dynamic processes of materials in their working environments. It may also bring high impact in the study of biological processes in their native environment.

We have developed a self-contained liquid cell, which allows imaging through liquids using a transmission electron microscope. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids can be revealed in real time with sub-nanometer resolution.

液晶セルの透過型電子顕微鏡を使用して液体の材料の動的過程を明らかにする

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted ...

工学

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

液体金属電極中の超音波速度計測

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of biosensing devices. We report on a protocol of using KrF and ArF lasers irradiating Si (001) samples immersed in a liquid environment with low number of pulses and operating at moderately low pulse fluences to induce Si wettability modification. Wafers immersed for up to 4 hr in a 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution did not show measurable change in their initial contact angle (CA) ~75&#176;. However, the 500-pulse KrF and ArF lasers irradiation of such wafers in a microchamber filled with 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution at 250 and 65 mJ/cm2, respectively, has decreased the CA to near 15&#176;, indicating the formation of a superhydrophilic surface. The formation of OH-terminated Si (001), with no measurable change of the wafer&#8217;s surface morphology, has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The selective area irradiated samples were then immersed in a biotin-conjugated fluorescein-stained nanospheres solution for 2 hr, resulting in a successful immobilization of the nanospheres in the non-irradiated area. This illustrates the potential of&#160;the method for selective area biofunctionalization and fabrication of advanced Si-based biosensing architectures. We also describe a similar protocol of irradiation of wafers immersed in methanol (CH3OH) using ArF laser operating at pulse fluence of 65 mJ/cm2 and in situ formation of a strongly hydrophobic surface of Si (001) with the CA of 103&#176;. The XPS results indicate ArF laser induced formation of Si&#8211;(OCH3)x compounds responsible for the observed hydrophobicity. However, no such compounds were found by XPS on the Si surface irradiated by KrF laser in methanol, demonstrating the inability of the KrF laser to photodissociate methanol and create -OCH3 radicals.

We report on a process of in situ alteration of HF treated Si (001) surface into a hydrophilic or hydrophobic state by irradiating samples in microfluidic chambers filled with&#160;H2O2/H2O solution (0.01%-0.5%) or methanol solutions using pulsed UV laser of a relative low pulse fluence.

液体環境におけるパルスUVレーザー照射によるシリコン表面の濡れ性の選択エリア変更

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a new and inexpensive procedure to force mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser. This procedure is based on the detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs. This change is used to command the alignment of the intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions. More specifically, the value of the first Stokes parameter varies when the angle of the polarization controller is swept and, moreover, it undergoes an abrupt variation when the laser enters the mode-locked state. Monitoring this abrupt variation provides a practical easy-to-detect signal that can be used to command the alignment of the polarization controller and drive the laser towards mode locking. This monitoring is achieved by feeding a small portion of the signal to a polarization analyzer measuring the first Stokes parameter. A sudden change in the read out of this parameter from the analyzer will occur when the laser enters the mode-locked state. At this moment, the required angle of the polarization controller is kept fixed. The alignment is completed. This procedure provides an alternate way to existing automating procedures that use equipment such as an optical spectrum analyzer, an RF spectrum analyzer, a photodiode connected to an electronic pulse-counter or a nonlinear detecting scheme based on two-photon absorption or second harmonic generation. It is suitable for lasers mode locked by nonlinear polarization rotation. It is relatively easy to implement, it requires inexpensive means, especially at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and it lowers the production and operation costs incurred in comparison to the above-mentioned techniques.

A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.

出力偏光測定を通じて非線形偏波回転ファイバレーザにおけるモードロックの自動化

When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a ...

Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a well-established technique for nanoscale imaging of samples in air and in liquid. Recent studies have shown that when operated in amplitude-modulation (tapping) mode, atomic or molecular-level resolution images can be achieved over a wide range of soft and hard samples in liquid. In these situations, small oscillation amplitudes (SAM-AFM) enhance the resolution by exploiting the solvated liquid at the surface of the sample. Although the technique has been successfully applied across fields as diverse as materials science, biology and biophysics and surface chemistry, obtaining high-resolution images in liquid can still remain challenging for novice users. This is partly due to the large number of variables to control and optimize such as the choice of cantilever, the sample preparation, and the correct manipulation of the imaging parameters. Here, we present a protocol for achieving high-resolution images of hard and soft samples in fluid using SAM-AFM on a commercial instrument. Our goal is to provide a step-by-step practical guide to achieving high-resolution images, including the cleaning and preparation of the apparatus and the sample, the choice of cantilever and optimization of the imaging parameters. For each step, we explain the scientific rationale behind our choices to facilitate the adaptation of the methodology to every user's specific system.

We present a method for achieving sub-nanometer resolution images with amplitude-modulation (tapping mode) atomic force microscopy in liquid. The method is demonstrated on commercial atomic force microscopes. We explain the rationale behind our choices of parameters and suggest strategies for resolution optimization.

液体中の振幅変調原子間力顕微鏡でのサブナノメートル分解能イメージング

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a well-established technique for nanoscale imaging of samples in air and in liquid. Recent studies have shown ...

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a microfluidic chamber assembled in the specimen holder for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and STEM. The microfluidic system consists of two silicon microchips supporting thin Silicon Nitride (SiN) membrane windows. This article describes the basic steps of sample loading and data acquisition. Most important of all is to ensure that the liquid compartment is correctly assembled, thus providing a thin liquid layer and a vacuum seal. This protocol also includes a number of tests necessary to perform during sample loading in order to ensure correct assembly. Once the sample is loaded in the electron microscope, the liquid thickness needs to be measured. Incorrect assembly may result in a too-thick liquid, while a too-thin liquid may indicate the absence of liquid, such as when a bubble is formed. Finally, the protocol explains how images are taken and how dynamic processes can be studied. A sample containing AuNPs is imaged both in pure water and in saline.

This protocol describes the operation of a liquid flow specimen holder for scanning transmission electron microscopy of AuNPs in water, as used for the observation of nanoscale dynamic processes.

走査型透過電子顕微鏡を用いて、液体中にナノサイズのオブジェクトの動的プロセスを学びます

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

界面湿潤シートの熱力学的成長によって引き起こされる液晶の配向転移

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser (laser-SARPES), and demonstrate a power of this technique for studying solid state physics. Laser-SARPES achieves two great capabilities. Firstly, by examining orbital selection rule of linearly polarized lasers, orbital selective excitation can be carried out in SAPRES experiment. Secondly, the technique can show full information of a variation of the spin quantum axis as a function of the light polarization. To demonstrate the power of the collaboration of these capabilities in laser-SARPES, we apply this technique for the investigations of spin-orbit coupled surface states of Bi2Se3. This technique affords to decompose spin and orbital components from the spin-orbit coupled wavefunctions. Moreover, as a representative advantage of using the direct spin detection collaborated with the polarization-variable laser, the technique unambiguously visualizes the light polarization dependence of the spin quantum axis in three-dimension. Laser-SARPES dramatically increases a capability of photoemission technique.

Here, we combine polarization-variable 7-eV laser with spin- and angle-resolved photoemission technique to visualize the spin-orbital coupling effect in solid states.

偏波可変レーザーと組み合わせてスピン角度分解光電子分光の実験法

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on high-density data storage and low-power consumption capabilities. However, the high-quality oxide based nonvolatile memory on flexible substrates is often constrained by the material characteristics and the inevitable high-temperature fabrication process. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica. The versatile deposition technique and measurement method enable the fabrication of flexible yet single-crystalline non-volatile memory elements necessary for the next generation of smart devices.

In this paper, we present a protocol to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica.

作製と Van Der waals 力ヘテロエピタキシーに基づくフレキシブル強誘電性要素の測定法

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on ...

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, with its peak locomotion speed reaching 150 cm/s. First of all, we observed the microstructure and hierarchy of water strider legs using the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the observed morphology of the legs, a theoretical model of the detachment from water surface was established, which explained water striders' capability to slide on water surface effortlessly in terms of energy reduction. Secondly, a dynamic force measurement system was devised using the PVDF film sensor with excellent sensitivity, which could detect the whole interaction process. Subsequently, a single leg in contact with water was pulled upward at different speeds, and the adhesion force was measured at the same time. The results of the departing experiment suggested a deep understanding of the fast jumping of water striders.

The protocol here is dedicated to investigating the free and quick maneuvering of water strider on water surface. The protocol includes observing the microstructure of legs and measuring the adhesion force when departing from water surface at different speeds.

PVDF 膜センサーによる上方ジャンプ アメンボの脚に行動力の測定

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...