Name: measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor
Uploaded: 2018-08-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

著者は、彼らのサポートのキー技術研究と科学省と中国の技術 (ナンバー 2011BAK15B06) の開発プログラムをありがちましょう。ビデオ撮影を完了私たちを助けるために私たちの研究室から修士課程である修也庄をありがとうございます。

1. アメンボの脚の表面構造の観察
<ol><li>釣りのランディング ネットを使用してローカルの淡水池からアメンボを収集します。</li>
	<li>はさみを使用して実験のサンプルとして少なくとも 5 組の中間の足切断します。表面の汚染や足の前部組織の破壊を防ぐために慎重に、足の下をタップします。</li>
	<li>空気中を足を自然乾燥します。</li>
	<li>図 1で示すように、マイクロ レベルの解像度を持つ走査型電子顕微鏡を使用しての足の表面の微細構造を観察します。</li>
	<li>図 1bに示すようにナノレベルの分解能走査型電子顕微鏡を使用して足の microsetae を観察します。</li>
</ol>2. 動的力測定システムのコンポーネントを準備します。
<ol><li>生成以上 10 14.9 × 10.2 mm2 X 28 μ m の寸法で PVDF 膜センサーを購入マイクロひずみあたり mV。 メモ: PVDF 膜センサーは、高感度で動的接触力の感覚に使用されます。</li>
	<li>最大 1000 mV/pC 無料ゲインとチャージ アンプを購入し、5 μ V 以下の低騒音。 メモ: チャージ アンプは、トランスデューサーから充電出力は電圧に変換されます、PVDF 膜センサーからの信号を拡大する使用されます。</li>
	<li>アナログ入力が 1 から範囲でサンプル レートをデータ集録デバイスを購入 S/s 102.4 kS/秒です。 注: チャージ アンプの電圧データを読み取り、さらに処理するためにコンピューターにそれらを送信および表示するデータ集録デバイスを使用します。</li>
	<li>いくつかの高精度変位段階およびサーボモータを購入します。 注: 脚は、サーボ モーターによって駆動される異なったスピードで水から出発します。</li>
	<li>その焦点距離 5 mm から 30 mm、フレーム レートの範囲には、CCD カメラの購入は、30 fps です。 メモ: このカメラは記録および水表面および足と水の表面の間の距離の変形を監視に使用されます。</li>
	<li>高性能コンピューターを準備します。</li>
</ol>3. 動的力測定システムのすべての部分の組立
<ol><li>図 2、および図 2bに示すように、実際の実験装置概略図に従って動的力測定システムを構築します。</li>
	<li>反対側はぶら下がっている水平のフレーム上に配置は高精度な変位のステージに電極で PVDF 膜センサーの 1 つの側面を固定します。PVDF 膜センサーのこのインストール方法動的微小力の測定の分解能が向上します。</li>
	<li>チャージ アンプ、データ集録デバイスとコンピューターにデータ集録デバイスにチャージ アンプに PVDF 膜センサーを接続します。</li>
	<li>PVDF 膜センサーの左側に配置されている高精度な変位のステージにカメラを固定します。</li>
	<li>大体すぐに足と水の間の距離を調整、PVDF 膜センサーの上フレームに高精度な変位ステージを修正、PVDF 膜センサーからの分離は 10 cm 程度です。</li>
	<li>正確な速度で水面から脚を持ち上げ、高精度な変位ステージの下サーボモータを修正します。</li>
</ol>4. 動的力計測系の校正
<ol><li>絶対値が 0.5 未満 µN。 内側と外側電極に適用される電圧によってシステムの静電気力を制御する必要があります、PVDF 膜センサーの自由端に振る舞ったマイクロ定数力を発生する静電気力システム26を使用します。比類円筒コンデンサー。 注意: 力は、PVDF フィルム表面に垂直な方向に行動しなければならないし、アプリケーションのポイントは、感度を上げる PVDF 膜センサーの先端にできるだけ近くするはずです。</li>
	<li>ステップ入力を生成する短時間で力を解放します。</li>
	<li>PVDF 膜センサーの出力電圧信号を読むことができます、LabVIEW ソフトウェアを使用してコンピューターの 4.2 のステップの電圧時間信号を読みます。<ol>
<li>LabVIEW ソフトウェアおよびハードウェア ドライバー Ni-daqmx ナショナルインスツル メンツ公式ウェブサイトをダウンロードします。</li>
		<li>示されている図 3として、LabVIEW を使用して連続的なアナログ電圧測定のデモを開きます。</li>
		<li>チャンネル設定のモジュールのチャージ アンプに接続されているデータ集録デバイスの物理チャンネルを選択します。</li>
		<li>サンプル レートを設定すると、100000 とタイミング設定のモジュールで 100000 するサンプルの数。</li>
		<li>選択ログ読み取りログ モードと、ログの設定のモジュールの電圧データを格納するためファイル パスを書きます。</li>
		<li>トリガー設定のモジュールでトリガーを選択しません。</li>
		<li>電圧信号をサンプリングするツールバーの矢印図形ボタンをクリックします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>ピーク電圧は対応する強制的にセンサーに作用電圧曲線を分析します。</li>
	<li>一連の電圧力ポイントが得られる異なる力入力で 4.1 4.4 手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>出力電圧のピーク値と校正結果の標準的な力の関係を決定します。</li>
</ol>5. 一定の速度で凝着力の計測
<ol><li>機械式ピペットを使用して PVDF 膜センサーの自由端に水滴 (5 μ L) を配置します。 注: 液滴の場所は、PVDF 膜センサーの先端に近くなるはず。</li>
	<li>高精度な変位ステージの下サーボモータに片脚を固執します。</li>
	<li>図 4に示すように水表面が付いて脚連絡先まで高精度な変位段階下方に移動します。モニター カメラ システムによって脚や水の表面の間の距離はセンサーの左側にマウントされています。</li>
	<li>サーボモータを一定の速度で水面から脚を持ち上げます。</li>
	<li>出発プロセス ステップ、4.6 で確立したモデルを用いた電圧曲線の各点に対応する力を計算し、図 4bに示すようにプロセスを出発の力-時間曲線を描きます。</li>
	<li>一定の速度で出発のプロセスのピーク接着を記録します。</li>
</ol>6. 異なる速度で凝着力の計測。
<ol><li>サーボモータによる足の昇降速度を変更してステップ 5 によると接着力を測定します。</li>
	<li>6.1 のステップで得たデータを使用して速度曲線を持ち上げると接着力をプロットします。</li>
	<li>接着力と曲線を介して昇降速度の関係を分析します。</li>
</ol>

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著者は、何を開示します。

このプロトコルでは、PVDF 膜センサーを用いた力計測システムは正常に考案、組み立て、水面から粘着力を測定するために校正します。全体の手順の間で重大だった水の簡単な工作の顕著な特性に焦点を当てて接着力がこの研究として水面から足を持ち上げることによって異なる速度で測定しました。実験の結果は、昇降速度を上げて、付着力が減少したことを示した。彼らは、水を高速で?...

自然の中でアメンボはジャンプしたり、ほっそりと濡れ足1,2,の3,の4、5の助けを借りて水の表面に簡単かつ迅速を滑空する驚くべき能力を所有しています。しかし、地上の昆虫とは異なり、ゆっくりと、ほとんど移動します。アメンボの階層構造が水と脚6,7,8,間の接触面積と接着力の劇的な削減をレンダリングする超撥水状態を安定化させる9します。 ただし、水面からアメンボの迅速な解放の流体力学的利点のまま悪い解釈10、11,12。
水面からジャンプのプロセスは 3 段階13,14,15,16に主に分けられます。最初は、アメンボが水面下最大の深さに沈むまで水の表面エネルギーに生物学的エネルギーを変換する中央と後部の脚はジャンプの方向を初期化し、特定の昆虫を有効をプッシュします。脱着速度。昇順段階によって続かれて、昆虫によって押される上方湾曲した水面の毛管力最大の速度に到達するまで。最終的な撤退の段階で、アメンボは、水面からの脱却まで慣性で上昇し続けているが、付着力により速度を大幅に軽減、水でのエネルギー消費量に関するプリンシパルの影響がある、アメンボ。したがって、撤退の段階で別の離陸速度で接着力を測定し、高速移動の特徴を説明するこのプロトコルを提案する.
ときに水面から推進あめんぼ類の付着力を探検する多くの研究をされています。リー & キム、理論的・実験的確認必要な接着力とエネルギーの接触角度が 160 度17に増加したときに劇的に減少したアメンボの足を持ち上げること。パン ジェン魏はその重量18の 1/5 に発見された TriboScope システムによって粘着力を測定する水圧実験を設計されています。Kehchih 黄は 2 D モデルが付いている水からデタッチと脚の多次元センサーデー接着力とエネルギー散逸19を減らすに重要な役割を発見足の準静的過程を分析しました。ただし、前の研究で凝着力の計測は高速ジャンプ中接着力変化を監視できなかった準静的プロセスの状態にだけあった。
本研究では、ポリフッ化ビニリデン (PVDF) 膜センサーおよび他の補助器具を使用して動的な力計測システムを設計されています。他の圧電材料と比較して、PVDF より高い感度20,21,22動的マイクロカを測定に最適です。PVDF 膜センサーをシステムに統合することによってリアルタイム付着力検出でき水表面23,24,25脚引いていた時に処理されます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>PVDF film sensor</td><td>TE Connectivity</td><td>DT1-028K/L</td><td>The PVDF film sensor is used to sense the dynamic contact force .</td></tr><tr><td>Charge amplifier</td><td>Wuxi Shiao Technology co.,Ltd</td><td>YE5852B</td><td>The charge amplifier&amp;nbsp;is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition device</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>USB-4431</td><td>The data acquisition device is used to read the voltage data.</td></tr><tr><td>Displacement stage</td><td>ZOLIXINSTRUMENTS CO.LTD</td><td>KSAV1010-ZF</td><td>KSAV1010/2030-ZF is a wedge vertical stage with high-resolution, high-stability and high-load.</td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td><td>digital microscope A1</td><td>Frame rate: 30 frames/sec;Focal distance: 5mm - 30mm</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>G480</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Servomotor</td><td>EMAX US Inc.</td><td>ES08MD</td><td>It&#039;s not bad this servo with speed varying from 0.10 sec/60&amp;deg; / 4.8v to 0.08 sec/60&amp;deg;/6.0v.</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical Pipettes</td><td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments Limited</td><td>YE5K693181</td><td>The pipettes cover volume range of 0.1 &amp;mu;l to 2.5 &amp;mu;l</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor

本研究の目的説明したい現象の自然の中、アメンボ通常ジャンプ、または簡単に、すぐに水面を滑る、そのピークの移動で到達 150 cm/s の速度。まず、微細構造と階層の走査型電子顕微鏡を用いたアメンボの足を見ました。足の観察された形態に基づくエネルギー削減の面で楽水表面上でスライドするアメンボの機能を説明する水面から剥離の理論モデルは設立されました。第二に、全体の相互作用のプロセスを検出できる優れた感度と PVDF フィルム センサーを用いた力計測システムが考案されました。その後、水と接触して単一の足が異なる速度で上方に引っ張られ、同時に粘着力を測定しました。出発の実験の結果は、アメンボの高速ジャンプの深い理解を提案しました。

ストローク速度と接着力との関係を表 1に示します。昇降速度が 0.01 m/s から 0.3 m/s に向上、接着力 0.03 0.10 から劇的に、水表面および足の減少。出発の実験の結果、凝着力のピークが、アメンボが水面にすばやく移動する場合快適に感じるかもしれないことを示される昇降速度の増加として劇的に 。
本稿で水...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

PVDF 膜センサーによる上方ジャンプ アメンボの脚に行動力の測定

ここのプロトコルは無料調査と水面にアメンボの速い工作専用です。プロトコルには、足の微細構造を観察し、異なる速度で水面からの出発時に接着力を測定が含まれています。

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

measurement-dynamic-force-acted-on-water-strider-leg-jumping-upward

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

5.9K ビュー.  Tianjin University. ここのプロトコルは無料調査と水面にアメンボの速い工作専用です。プロトコルには、足の微細構造を観察し、異なる速度で水面からの出発時に接着力を測定が含まれています。

ビデオ: Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

定量的に測定その場で自己完結型水中速度計測装置（SCUVA）を使用してフロー

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

生物工学

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward.1,2 In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC61BM blend separates onto PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution.

同時定量伝導率およびAFMを用いた有機太陽電池材料の機械的特性の測定

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

工学

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors 1-3. Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1. Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middle-aged, and geriatric rats.

Locomotion is often examined as a behavioural outcome in various models of disease in fields such as neuroscience and orthopedics. This video paper intends to describe a method for collecting ground reaction forces and kinematics from rats during unrestrained locomotion.

キネマティクスと床反力の測定：ヤングアダルト、中年、そして老年ラットの運動能力を定量化するデモンストレーション

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes.  As such, all behaviors manifest through the ...

神経科学

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs): an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated through myosin-actin interactions and play an important role in our physiology.  During development, they enable cells to move from one location to the next in order to form the early structures of tissue.  Traction forces help in the healing processes.  They are necessary for the proper closure of wounds or the migration and crawling of leukocytes through our body.  These same forces can be detrimental to our health in the case of cancer metastasis or vascular growth towards a tumor.  The most common method by which to study cells in vitro has been to use a glass or polystyrene dish.  However, the rigidity of the substrates makes it impossible to physically measure cell traction forces, and there are relatively few methods to study traction forces.  Our lab has developed a technique to overcome these limitations.  The method is based on a vertical array of flexible cantilevers, the stiffness and size scale of which are such that individual cells spread across many cantilevers and deflect them in the process.  The pillars we use are 3 &mu;m in diameter, 10 &mu;m tall, and are configured in a regular array with 9 &mu;m center-to-center spacing.  But these physical dimensions can be readily varied to accommodate a variety of studies.  We start with a silicon master, but the final posts are made out of silicone rubber called poly (dimethyl siloxane), or PDMS.  We can measure the deflections under a microscope and calculate the magnitude and direction of traction forces required to produce the observed deflections.  We call these substrates microfabricated post-array-detectors, or mPADs.  Here, we will show you how we fabricate and use the mPADs to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors mPADs: an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we demonstrate how to fabricate and utilize microfabricated post array detectors (mPADs) to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

微細加工後のアレイ検出器（mPADs）：機械的な力を単離するためのアプローチ

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated ...

生物学

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

昆虫に適応運動行動の神経基盤を研究し

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

ベッド負荷実験における画像ベースのラグランジュ粒子トラッキング

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

環境学

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

特徴付けインフィールド歩行者の行動に基づいて、人間によって誘発される振動のシミュレーション

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

光レバー法による液滴と超疎水性基板間の相互作用力の測定

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

卓球におけるストローク時のフットワークの運動特性の比較:クロスステップとシャッセステップ

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

行動学

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex design and the high cost of measuring instruments. Inspired by the shadow formed from water striders walking on a water surface under sunlight, a micro-displacement measurement method was proposed. Water strider legs with superhydrophobic properties bend the water surface. The curved surface of the water refracts sunlight, creating a shadow with a bright edge at the bottom of the pond. The shadow size is generally larger than the indentation depth of the legs from the water surface. In the micro-displacement measurement system, the applied displacement is proportional to the change in the diameter of the shadow. The presented study proposes a micro-displacement measurement procedure based on this shadow technique. The displacement sensitivity can reach 10.0 nm/pixel in the range of 5 &#181;m. This system is simple to construct, low cost, and has high precision with good linear performance. The method provides a convenient additional option to measure micro-displacement.

High-precision micro-displacement measurement is significant in the field of aerospace engineering, ultra-precision machining, and micro-assembly. The present protocol describes measuring micro displacements based on the shadow technique.

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex ...

PVDF 膜センサーによる上方ジャンプアメンボの脚に行動力の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

定量的に測定その場で自己完結型水中速度計測装置（SCUVA）を使用してフロー

同時定量伝導率およびAFMを用いた有機太陽電池材料の機械的特性の測定

キネマティクスと床反力の測定：ヤングアダルト、中年、そして老年ラットの運動能力を定量化するデモンストレーション

微細加工後のアレイ検出器（mPADs）：機械的な力を単離するためのアプローチ

昆虫に適応運動行動の神経基盤を研究し

ベッド負荷実験における画像ベースのラグランジュ粒子トラッキング

特徴付けインフィールド歩行者の行動に基づいて、人間によって誘発される振動のシミュレーション

光レバー法による液滴と超疎水性基板間の相互作用力の測定

卓球におけるストローク時のフットワークの運動特性の比較:クロスステップとシャッセステップ

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

PVDF 膜センサーによる上方ジャンプ アメンボの脚に行動力の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

定量的に測定その場で自己完結型水中速度計測装置（SCUVA）を使用してフロー

同時定量伝導率およびAFMを用いた有機太陽電池材料の機械的特性の測定

キネマティクスと床反力の測定：ヤングアダルト、中年、そして老年ラットの運動能力を定量化するデモンストレーション

微細加工後のアレイ検出器（mPADs）：機械的な力を単離するためのアプローチ

昆虫に適応運動行動の神経基盤を研究し

ベッド負荷実験における画像ベースのラグランジュ粒子トラッキング

特徴付けインフィールド歩行者の行動に基づいて、人間によって誘発される振動のシミュレーション

光レバー法による液滴と超疎水性基板間の相互作用力の測定

卓球におけるストローク時のフットワークの運動特性の比較:クロスステップとシャッセステップ

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

PVDF 膜センサーによる上方ジャンプアメンボの脚に行動力の測定