著者たちは、ハンナ・ザモア、エミリー・サックス、ジョシュ・サールが、グラーフ研究所でパラダイムを変えるこのオペラ戦略を確立する手助けをしてくれたことに感謝したいと考えています。彼らはまた、分析のためのMATLABコードに彼の助けをしてくれたケビン・スナイダーに感謝したいと思います。

著者らは開示するものは何もない。

プロトコルは、認知機能に対するストレスの影響を測定する方法を示しています。具体的には、修正されたオペラ戦略シフトパラダイムは、認知の柔軟性(人間のウィスコンシンカードソーティングタスクに似ています)を測定するげっ歯類で使用されます1.認知の柔軟性は、環境の新しい条件に直面する認知処理戦略を適応させる能力を示し、それは正常な毎日の機能<sup clas...

人間では、ストレスの多いライフイベントは、認知機能(すなわち、認知の柔軟性1)を損なう可能性があり、これは認知処理戦略を環境の新しい条件に直面するように適応する能力を意味する2。認知障害は、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)および大うつ病障害(MDD)3,4などの多くの精神疾患を引き起こし、悪化させる。これらの疾患は女性5、6、7、8の2倍の流行であるが、この格差の生物学的根拠は不明のままである。人間のエグゼクティブ機能の側面は、ウィスコンシンカードソーティングタスク、認知柔軟性のデモンストレーション2を使用して評価することができます。このタスクにおけるパフォーマンスは、PTSD9およびMDD10を有する患者において損なわれるが、この変化の神経基盤は脳イメージング11によってしか調べることができない。
ストレスが脳にどのような影響を与えるかを理解する上での進歩は、動物モデル、特にげっ歯類の使用を通じて行われてきた。認知の柔軟性はストレス関連疾患に影響を受けるので、げっ歯類を調べるのは非常に関連性の高い表現型です。現在までに、ほとんどのストレス神経生物学の文献は、代替認知柔軟性パラダイム(掘り出し作業とも呼ばれます)12、13、14、15を使用しています。このタスクは広範囲に検証されていますが、げっ歯類を訓練するには実験者によってより多くの時間と労力が必要です。適応し、ここで説明は、様々なストレスモデル17、18を使用して男性と女性のスプレイグドーレーラットの認知の柔軟性を評価するために確立された自動セットシフトプロトコル16です。この手順は、実験者による最小限の監視を必要とし、複数のラットを同時にテストすることができます。さらに、この自動化されたタスク19の他のバージョンとは異なり、このパラダイムの適応は3日間のトレーニングを必要とし、効率的なプログラムされたデータ分析を含みます。
ストレスが認知機能を増強するか、または損なうかは、ストレータの種類、強度、および持続時間、ならびに認知タスク20,21の学習または実行に関連するストレータのタイミングに依存する。したがって、プロトコルは、オペラントトレーニングの前後の両方のストレス手順を組み込んでいます。また、ストレス研究の代表的な結果を調べます。また、セットシフトの特定の側面の基礎となる脳領域は、2、16、22を確立されています。したがって、この報告書はまた、ストレスおよび戦略シフト手順の間または後に特定の脳領域を標的にして評価する方法を説明する。
認知の柔軟性の性差を直接調べる研究は限られています18,23. プロトコルは、1)実験的パラダイムに男性と女性の両方のラットを組み込む方法を説明し、その後2)自由にサイクリング女性の手順の前後にエストルースサイクルを追跡する。以前の研究では、オペラントトレーニング前のストレスは、ラット17の認知柔軟性における性特異的な欠陥につながる可能性があることを示している。特に、雌ラットはストレス後の認知の柔軟性に混乱を示し、一方、認知の柔軟性はストレス17後の雄ラットで改善する。興味深いことに、ヒトの性に偏った発生率を有するストレス関連精神疾患の主な特徴は、認知的柔軟性の不足である。これらの結果は、女性が男性よりもこのタイプの認知障害に対してより脆弱である可能性があることを示唆している。動物モデルにおけるこれらの技術の使用は、脳に対するストレスの影響と、それがヒトの精神疾患における認知を損なう方法に光を当てる。

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assessment of stress effects on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy shifting paradigm

ストレスは認知機能に影響を与えます。ストレスが認知機能を高めるか損なうかは、1)タイプ、強度、ストレータの持続時間を含むいくつかの要因に依存します。2)研究中の認知機能の種類;そして3)認知タスクの学習または実行に関連するストレータのタイミング。さらに、ストレスが認知機能に及ぼす影響の性差が広く文書化されている。ここでは、ストレスの変動が男性と女性のスプレイグ・ドーリーラットの認知柔軟性にどのような影響を与えるかを評価するための自動化されたオペラ戦略シフトパラダイムの適応です。具体的には、拘束ストレスは、ストレスが男女の認知能力にどのような影響を与えるかを調べるために、このオペラベースのタスクのトレーニングの前後に使用されます。この自動化されたパラダイムにおける各タスクに関連する特定の脳領域は、十分に確立されている(すなわち、内側前頭前野および眼窩前頭皮質)。これにより、パラダイムの完了時に、実験中の標的操作や、これらの領域の特定の遺伝子およびタンパク質の評価が可能になります。このパラダイムは、ストレスの後に発生するさまざまなタイプのパフォーマンスエラーを検出することを可能にし、それぞれが神経基質を定義しています。また、繰り返し拘束ストレスパラダイムの後の忍耐エラーにおける明確な性差も同定される。前臨床モデルでこれらの技術を使用すると、ストレスが脳にどのような影響を与え、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)や大うつ病性障害(MDD)などの精神疾患の認知を損なう可能性があります。

上記で概説した適応された自動化されたオペラ戦略シフトパラダイムは、繰り返し拘束ストレスが男性および女性のスプレイグ・ドーリーラットの認知に影響を与えるかどうかを判断するために使用された。代表的な行動データは、以下の 図2 に記載されています。要するに、制御と繰り返し抑制されたラットは、一連のタスクで構成されたこのオペラ戦略シフトテス?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm at JoVE.com

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

ストレスの多い生命事象は認知機能を損ない、精神疾患のリスクを高める。このプロトコルは、男性と女性のスプレイグ・ドーリーラットのパラダイムをシフトする自動化されたオペラ戦略を使用して、ストレスが認知の柔軟性にどのような影響を与えるかを示しています。特定の行動の根底にある特定の脳領域について議論し、結果の翻訳関連性を探求する。

オペラ戦略シフトパラダイムを用いた認知の柔軟性に対するストレス効果の評価

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

assessment-stress-effects-on-cognitive-flexibility-using-an-operant

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.2K ビュー.  Bryn Mawr College. ストレスの多い生命事象は認知機能を損ない、精神疾患のリスクを高める。このプロトコルは、男性と女性のスプレイグ・ドーリーラットのパラダイムをシフトする自動化されたオペラ戦略を使用して、ストレスが認知の柔軟性にどのような影響を与えるかを示しています。特定の行動の根底にある特定の脳領域について議論し、結果の翻訳関連性を探?...

ビデオ: Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

ラバーハンドイリュージョンパラダイムにおける客観行動測定値を得るための手段としてクロスモーダル一致タスク

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

行動学

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

無関係な刺激と行動制御：ディストラクタ - 応答パラダイムを結合することにより無視された刺激の影響を分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

注意のセットシフトタスク：マウスにおける認知の柔軟性の測定

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

事象関連電位を使用したN400上の抗精神病薬とSchizotypyの影響を調査し、セマンティック分類

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

気晴らしや中断によってワーキングメモリにおける干渉を調査するために、認知パラダイム

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

ラットの行動の柔軟性を評価するためのオペラント手順

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental settings. As music listening is a popular activity of daily life, it is of utmost importance to study the effects of music listening on psychobiological stress in an everyday, daily-life setting. Here, a study protocol is presented that allows the assessment of associations between music listening and psychobiological stress in daily life by noninvasively measuring salivary cortisol (as a marker of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis) and salivary alpha-amylase (as a marker of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)). The protocol includes advice on the study design (e.g., sampling protocol), the materials and methods (e.g., the assessment of psychobiological stress in daily life, the assessment of music listening, and the manual), the selection of participants (e.g., the approval of the institutional review board and inclusion criteria), and the statistical analyses (e.g., the multilevel approach). The representative results provide evidence for a stress-reducing effect of music listening in daily life. Particularly, specific reasons for listening to music (especially relaxation), as well as the presence of others while doing so, increase this stress-reducing effect. At the same time, music listening in daily life differentially affects the HPA axis and ANS functioning, thus emphasizing the need for a multi-dimensional assessment of stress in daily life.

A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed.

日常生活の中でPsychobiologicalストレスに聞く音楽の影響を評価します

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

ラットにおける戦略セット・シフトのための新しいバリエーション

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

偽りの記憶のイメージの効果を評価するために教室ベース Deese Roediger マクダーモット パラダイムを使用してください。

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...