저자는 그라페 실험실에서 패러다임을 이동하는이 오페라 전략을 수립하는 데 도움을 준 한나 자모어, 에밀리 삭스, 조쉬 시얼에게 감사드립니다. 그들은 또한 분석을 위한 MATLAB 코드에 대한 그의 도움에 대해 케빈 스나이더에게 감사드립니다.

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

프로토콜인지 기능에 스트레스의 영향을 측정 하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 특히, 패러다임을 이동하는 수정된 조작 전략은 설치류에 사용되며, 이는 인지 유연성을 측정하는 데 사용됩니다(인간의 위스콘신 카드 정렬 작업과 유사)1. 인지 유연성은 환경에서 새로운 조건에 직면하기 위해 인지 처리 전략을 적응시키는 기능을 나타내며 정상적인 일일 기능2에매우 ?...

인간에서 스트레스가 많은 삶의 이벤트는 인지 기능(즉, 인지 유연성1)을손상시킬 수 있으며, 이는 환경에서 새로운 조건에 직면하기 위해 인지 처리 전략을 조정하는 능력을 나타낸다2. 인지의 장애는 외상 후 스트레스 장애(PTSD) 및 주요 우울 장애(MDD)3,4와같은 많은 정신 질환을 침전시키고 악화시다. 이무질서는 여성5,6,7,8에서두 번 널리 퍼져 있습니다, 그러나 이 격차에 대한 생물학 기초는 알려지지 않았습니다. 인간에서 집행 기능의 측면은 위스콘신 카드 정렬 작업, 인지 유연성의 데모를 사용하여 평가 할 수있다2. 이 작업의 성능은 PTSD9 및 MDD10환자에서 손상되지만, 이러한 변화의 신경 기초는 뇌 이미징11에의해서만 검사될 수 있다.
스트레스가 뇌에 미치는 영향을 이해하는 발전은 동물 모델, 특히 설치류의 사용을 통해 이루어졌습니다. 인지 유연성은 스트레스 관련 질병에 영향을, 그것은 설치류에서 검사 하는 매우 관련 된 표현형. 현재까지, 대부분의 스트레스 신경 생물학 문학은 대체 인지 유연성 패러다임 (때로는 파고 작업이라고도 함)12,13,14,15를사용했다. 이 작업은 광범위하게 심사되었지만, 설치류를 훈련하기 위해 실험자가 더 많은 시간과 노력이 필요합니다. 여기에 적응하고 설명된 다양한 스트레스 모델17,18을 사용하여 남성과 여성 스프라그 Dawley 쥐의 인지 유연성을 평가하기 위한 잘 확립된 자동 설정 이동프로토콜(16)이있다. 이 절차는 실험자의 최소한의 감독이 필요하며 여러 마리의 쥐를 동시에 테스트할 수 있습니다. 또한 이 자동화 된 작업(19)의다른 버전과 달리이 패러다임의 적응은 3 일의 교육만 필요하며 효율적인 프로그래밍 된 데이터 분석을 포함합니다.
스트레스가 인지 기능을 향상시키거나 손상시키는지 여부는 스트레스의 유형, 강도 및 지속 시간뿐만 아니라 인지작업(20,21)을학습하거나 실행하는 것과 관련하여 스트레스의 타이밍에 따라 달라집니다. 따라서 프로토콜은 작동 훈련 전후에 스트레스 절차를 통합합니다. 또한 스트레스 연구의 대표적인 결과를 검사합니다. 또한, 세트 시프트의 특정 측면의 근본적인 뇌 영역은 잘 확립되어있다 2,16,22; 따라서, 보고서는 또한 스트레스 및 전략 이동 절차 도중 또는 후에 특정 두뇌 지구를 표적으로 하고 평가하는 방법을 설명합니다.
인지유연성(18,23)에서성차이를 직접 검사하는 데 대한 연구가 제한되어 있다.  프로토콜은 1) 실험 패러다임에 남성과 여성 쥐를 통합하는 방법을 설명, 다음 2) 자유롭게 사이클링 여성의 절차 전후와 동안 에스트라스트 사이클을 추적. 이전 연구는 오페라 훈련 전에 스트레스는 쥐에 인지 유연성에 섹스 특정 적자로 이어질 수 있음을 나타냈다17. 특히, 여성 쥐는 스트레스 후 인지 유연성에 장애를 전시, 인지 유연성 스트레스 후 남성 쥐에서 향상 하는 반면17. 흥미롭게도, 인간에 있는 성 편향된 부각이 있는 긴장 관련 정신 장애의 중요한 특징은, 인식융통성입니다. 이러한 결과 제안 여성 남성 보다 인지 장애의이 유형에 더 취약 할 수 있습니다. 동물 모델에서 이러한 기술의 사용은 뇌에 스트레스의 효과와 어떻게 인간에서 정신 장애에 인식 손상에 빛을 발산 할 것 이다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3 inch glass pipette eye droppers</td><td>Amazon</td><td>4306-30-012LC</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Wipes</td><td>VWR</td><td>15648-990</td><td>To clean trays in set shifting boxes between rats</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-SP-conjugated AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Mouse lgG (H+L), minimal cross reaction to bovine, chicken, goat, guinea pig, hamster, horse, human, rabbit, sheep serum proteins</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>715-065-150</td><td>All other DAB protocol staining materials are standard buffers/DAB and are not specified here, as this is not the main focus of the methods paper</td></tr><tr><td>C-fos mouse monoclonal primary antibody</td><td>AbCam</td><td>ab208942</td><td>To stain neural activation in brain areas after set shifting</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Food Pellets</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>F0021</td><td>For set shifting boxes (dispenser for reward)</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Leica DM4 B Microscope and associated imaging software</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Lots of different parts for the microscope and work station, for imaging lavage and/or cfos</td></tr><tr><td>MatLab</td><td></td><td></td><td>Software; code to help analyze set shifting data, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Med-PC Software Suite</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>SOF-736</td><td>Software; uses codes to operate operant chambers</td></tr><tr><td>Operant Chambers</td><td>Med PC</td><td>MED-008-B2</td><td>Many different parts for the chamber set up and software to work with it; we also wrote a separate code for set shifting, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Rat Bedding</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.7097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Chow</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.2014.15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restraint Devices</td><td>Bryn Mawr College</td><td>Made by our shop</td><td>For stress exposure; specifications available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Scribbles 3d fabric paint</td><td>Amazon</td><td>54139</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague Dawley Rats</td><td>Envigo</td><td></td><td>At least D65 Males and Females</td></tr><tr><td>VWR Superfrost Plus Micro Slide</td><td>VWR</td><td>48311-703</td><td>For vaginal lavage and/or brain slices/staining for c-fos</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of stress effects on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy shifting paradigm

스트레스는 인지 기능에 영향을 미칩니다. 스트레스 향상 또는 인지 기능 손상 여부 여러 요인에 따라 달라 집니다., 포함 하 여 1) 유형, 강도, 그리고 스트레스의 기간; 2) 연구 하에 인지 기능의 종류; 및 3) 인지 작업을 학습하거나 실행하는 것에 관한 스트레스의 타이밍. 또한, 인지 기능에 스트레스의 효과 사이 섹스 차이 널리 문서화 되었습니다. 여기에 설명된 것은 스트레스의 변화가 남성과 여성 스프라그 Dawley 쥐의 인지 유연성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 평가하기 위해 패러다임을 이동하는 자동화 된 조작 전략의 적응입니다. 특히, 구속 스트레스는 스트레스가 남녀 모두인지 성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해이 작동 기반 작업에서 훈련 전이나 후에 사용됩니다. 이 자동화된 패러다임의 각 작업과 관련된 특정 뇌 영역은 잘 확립되어 있다(즉, 내측 전두엽 피질 및 궤도 피질). 이것은 패러다임의 완료시 이 지구에 있는 특정 유전자 및 단백질의 실험 또는 평가 도중 표적으로 한 조작을 허용합니다. 이 패러다임은 또한 신경 기판을 정의한 각각의 스트레스 후에 발생하는 다양한 유형의 성능 오류를 감지할 수 있게 합니다. 또한 확인된 반복 구속 스트레스 패러다임 후 인내 오류에 뚜렷한 성다름이 있습니다. 전임상 모델에서 이러한 기술의 사용은 스트레스가 뇌에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 알 수 있으며 외상 후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD) 및 주요 우울 장애 (MDD)와 같은 정신 장애의 인식이 손상되는 방법을 밝힐 수 있으며 유병률에서 표시된 성 차이를 표시합니다.

위에서 설명한 적응된 자동 작동 전략 이동 패러다임은 반복되는 구속 스트레스가 남성과 여성 스프라그 Dawley 쥐의 인식에 영향을 미치는지 여부를 결정하는 데 사용되었습니다. 대표 행동 데이터는 아래 그림 2에 설명되어 있습니다. 요컨대, 제어 및 반복적으로 절제 된 쥐는 측면 차별, 측면 반전 및 가벼운 차별과 같은 일련의 작업으로 구성된이 작동 전략 이동 테스트를 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm at JoVE.com

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

스트레스가 많은 삶의 사건은 인지 기능을 손상시켜 정신 장애의 위험을 증가시다. 이 프로토콜은 스트레스가 남성과 여성 스프라그 Dawley 쥐의 패러다임을 이동하는 자동화 된 조작 전략을 사용하여 인지 유연성에 미치는 영향을 보여줍니다. 특정 행동의 기본 특정 뇌 영역논의, 결과의 번역 관련성을 탐구.

패러다임을 바꾸는 오페라 전략을 사용하여 인지 유연성에 대한 스트레스 영향 평가

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

assessment-stress-effects-on-cognitive-flexibility-using-an-operant

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.2K 조회수.  Bryn Mawr College. 스트레스가 많은 삶의 사건은 인지 기능을 손상시켜 정신 장애의 위험을 증가시다. 이 프로토콜은 스트레스가 남성과 여성 스프라그 Dawley 쥐의 패러다임을 이동하는 자동화 된 조작 전략을 사용하여 인지 유연성에 미치는 영향을 보여줍니다. 특정 행동의 기본 특정 뇌 영역논의, 결과의 번역 관련성을 탐구.

비디오: Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

고무 손 환상 패러다임에서 목표 행동 측정을 확보하는 수단으로 Crossmodal 일치 성은 작업

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

연구

행동분석학

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

주의력 설정 쉬프트 작업 : 마우스의인지 적 유연성의 측정

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

쥐의 행동 유연성을 평가하기위한 조작 적 절차

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

마우스에 대한 조작 적 인트라 / 여분의 차원을 설정 교대 작업

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

전략의 새로운 변형 쥐에 세트-이동

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

만성 스트레스는 마우스의 Y-미로 장벽 작업에서 노력과 관련된 선택 행동을 변화시합니다.

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>설치류 모델에서 생리학 및 신경생물학에 대한 구속 스트레스의 영향

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the restraint stress procedure. Restraint stress has been used for decades to investigate changes in physiology, genetics, neurobiology, immunology, and other systems impacted by stress. Due to the ease of performing the procedure, low cost, and numerous modifications to scale for the intensity and duration of stress exposure, a vast literature of studies has used restraint stress in mice and rats. As one example, this study presents previously published data showing the impact of restraint stress in transgenic mice on plasma corticosterone levels and optogenetically-induced norepinephrine release. Acute restraint stress increased plasma corticosterone levels, yet this effect was blunted in mice following repeat restraint stress. However, stimulated norepinephrine release in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was increased only in the repeat restraint stress group. These data highlight important considerations of restraint parameters on dependent measures. Additional descriptions of restraint stress in rats are also included for comparison. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the restraint (e.g., acute vs. chronic) and characteristics of the animal subjects (strain, sex, age) are discussed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>생쥐와 쥐에 스트레스를 유발하기 위한 억제

This article covers the procedures to induce stress responses using physical restraint stress in mice and rats. Additional considerations that should be observed when selecting and using restraint stress in rodent models are discussed.

생쥐와 쥐에 스트레스를 유발하기 위한 억제

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the ...

패러다임을 바꾸는 오페라 전략을 사용하여 인지 유연성에 대한 스트레스 영향 평가

요약

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이 비디오의 챕터

고무 손 환상 패러다임에서 목표 행동 측정을 확보하는 수단으로 Crossmodal 일치 성은 작업

관련이없는 자극과 행동 제어 : Distractor를 - 응답 패러다임을 바인딩을 통해 무시 자극의 영향을 분석

주의력 설정 쉬프트 작업 : 마우스의인지 적 유연성의 측정

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

쥐의 행동 유연성을 평가하기위한 조작 적 절차

마우스에 대한 조작 적 인트라 / 여분의 차원을 설정 교대 작업

전략의 새로운 변형 쥐에 세트-이동

만성 스트레스는 마우스의 Y-미로 장벽 작업에서 노력과 관련된 선택 행동을 변화시합니다.

생쥐와 쥐에 스트레스를 유발하기 위한 억제

생쥐와 쥐에 스트레스를 유발하기 위한 억제