Yazarlar Hannah Zamore, Emily Saks ve Josh Searle'e Grafe laboratuvarında bu operat strateji değiştirme paradigmasını kurmadaki yardımları için teşekkür etmek istiyor. Ayrıca Analiz için MATLAB koduna yaptığı yardım için Kevin Snyder'a teşekkür etmek istiyorlar.

Yazarların açıklayacak bir şeyi yok.

Protokol, stresin bilişsel işlev üzerindeki etkilerinin nasıl ölçüldük olduğunu gösterir. Özellikle, bilişsel esnekliği ölçen kemirgenlerde değiştirilmiş bir strateji değiştirme paradigması kullanılır (insanlarda Wisconsin Kart Sıralama Görevine benzer)1. Bilişsel esneklik, bilişsel işleme stratejilerini ortamdaki yeni koşullarla yüzleşmeye uyarlama yeteneğini gösterir ve normal günlük işleyiş için çok önemlidir2. Bilişsel esneklik ?...

İnsanlarda, stresli yaşam olayları bilişsel işlevi bozabilir (yani bilişsel esneklik1), bilişsel işleme stratejilerini ortamdaki yeni koşullarla yüzleşmeye uyarlama yeteneğini gösterir2. Bilişteki bozukluk, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ve Majör Depresif Bozukluk (MDD)3,4gibi birçok psikiyatrik bozukluğu çökeltir ve şiddetlendirir. Bu bozukluklar kadınlarda iki kat daha yaygındır5,6,7,8, ancak bu eşitsizliğin biyolojik temeli bilinmemektedir. İnsanlarda yönetici işleyişinin yönleri, bilişsel esnekliğin bir göstergesi olan Wisconsin Kart Sıralama Görevi kullanılarak değerlendirilebilir2. Bu görevdeki performans TSSB9 ve MDD10olan hastalarda bozulur, ancak bu değişikliğin sinirsel temeli sadece beyin görüntüleme ile incelenebilir11.
Stresin beyni nasıl etkilediğini anlamadaki gelişmeler, hayvan modellerinin, özellikle kemirgenlerin kullanımıyla yapılmıştır. Strese bağlı hastalıklarda bilişsel esneklik etkilendiği için kemirgenlerde incelemek son derece alakalı bir fenotiptir. Bugüne kadar, çoğu stres nörobiyoloji literatürü alternatif bir bilişsel esneklik paradigması kullanmıştır (bazen kazma görevi olarak adlandırılır)12,13,14,15. Bu görev kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiş olsa da, kemirgenleri eğitmek için deneyci tarafından daha fazla zaman ve çaba gerektirir. Burada uyarlanmış ve tanımlanmış, çeşitli stres modelleri kullanan erkek ve dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanlarında bilişsel esnekliği değerlendirmek için iyi kurulmuş bir otomatik set değiştirme protokolü16 , 17,18. Prosedür, deneyci tarafından minimum gözetim gerektirir ve birden fazla sıçanın aynı anda test edilmesine izin verir. Ek olarak, bu otomatik görevin diğer sürümlerinden farklıolarak 19Bu paradigmanın adaptasyonu sadece 3 günlük eğitim gerektirir ve verimli bir programlanmış veri analizi içerir.
Stresin bilişsel işlevi geliştirip geliştirmediği veya bozup bozmadığı, stresörün türüne, yoğunluğuna ve süresine ve bilişsel bir görevin öğrenilip yürütülmesiyle ilgili olarak stresörün zamanlamasına bağlıdır20,21. Bu nedenle, protokol hem operant eğitimden önce hem de sonra stres prosedürlerini içerir. Ayrıca stres çalışmalarından elde edilen temsili sonuçları da inceler. Ek olarak, set kaydırmanın belirli yönlerinin altında kalan beyin bölgeleri iyi belirlenmiştir2,16,22; bu nedenle, rapor ayrıca stres ve strateji değiştirme prosedürleri sırasında veya sonrasında belirli beyin bölgelerinin nasıl hedefleneceğini ve değerlendirileceğini de açıklar.
Bilişsel esneklikteki cinsiyet farklılıklarını doğrudan inceleme konusunda sınırlı araştırma yapıldı18,23.  Protokol, 1) hem erkek hem de dişi sıçanların deneysel paradigmaya nasıl dahil edildirılacağını, daha sonra 2) özgürce bisiklete binen kadınlarda prosedürlerden önce ve sırasında östrous döngülerini izlemeyi açıklar. Önceki çalışmalar, operant eğitimden önceki stresin sıçanlarda bilişsel esneklikte cinsiyete özgü eksikliklere yol açabileceğini belirtmiştir17. Özellikle, dişi sıçanlar stres sonrası bilişsel esneklikte bozulmalar sergilerken, stres sonrası erkek sıçanlarda bilişsel esneklik artar17. İlginçtir ki, insanlarda cinsiyete bağlı bir insidansa sahip olan strese bağlı psikiyatrik bozuklukların önemli bir özelliği bilişsel esneksizliktir. Bu sonuçlar, kadınların bu tür bilişsel bozukluklara karşı erkeklerden daha savunmasız olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu tekniklerin hayvan modellerinde kullanılması, stresin beyin üzerindeki etkilerine ve insanlarda psikiyatrik bozukluklarda bilişi nasıl bozduğuna ışık tutacaktır.

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			<td>15648-990</td>
			<td>To clean trays in set shifting boxes between rats</td>
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			<td>Many different parts for the chamber set up and software to work with it; we also wrote a separate code for set shifting, available upon request.</td>
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assessment of stress effects on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy shifting paradigm

Stres bilişsel işlevi etkiler. Stresin bilişsel işlevi geliştirip geliştirmediği veya bozup bozmadığı, 1) tipi, yoğunluğu ve stresörün süresi de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli faktörlere bağlıdır; 2) çalışma altındaki bilişsel işlev türü; ve 3) bilişsel görevin öğrenilir veya yürütülmesi ile ilgili olarak stresörün zamanlaması. Ayrıca, stresin bilişsel işlev üzerindeki etkileri arasındaki cinsiyet farklılıkları yaygın olarak belgelenmiştir. Burada, stresteki değişimlerin erkek ve dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanlarında bilişsel esnekliği nasıl etkilediğini değerlendirmek için otomatik bir operant strateji değiştirme paradigmasının bir uyarlaması açıklanmıştır. Özellikle, kısıtlama stresi, stresin her iki cinsiyette de bilişsel performansı nasıl etkilediğini incelemek için bu operant tabanlı görevde eğitimden önce veya sonra kullanılır. Bu otomatik paradigmadaki her görevle ilişkili belirli beyin alanları iyi belirlenmiştir (yani, medial prefrontal korteks ve orbitofrontal korteks). Bu, deney sırasında hedeflenen manipülasyonlara veya paradigmanın tamamlanmasından sonra bu bölgelerdeki belirli genlerin ve proteinlerin değerlendirilmesine izin verir. Bu paradigma ayrıca stres sonrası meydana gelen ve her biri sinirsel substratları tanımlayan farklı performans hatalarının tespit edilmesine izin verir. Ayrıca tekrarlanan bir kısıtlama stres paradigması sonrası perseveratif hatalarda belirgin cinsiyet farklılıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu tekniklerin preklinik bir modelde kullanılması, stresin beyni nasıl etkilediğini ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) ve yaygınlıkta belirgin cinsiyet farklılıkları gösteren majör depresif bozukluk (MDD) gibi psikiyatrik bozukluklarda bilişi nasıl bozar ortaya çıkarabilir.

Yukarıda özetlenen uyarlanmış otomatik operant strateji değiştirme paradigması, tekrarlanan kısıtlama stresinin erkek ve dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanlarında bilişi etkileyip etkilemediğine karar vermek için kullanılmıştır. Temsili davranışsal veriler aşağıdaki Şekil 2'de açıklanmıştır. Kısacası, kontrol ve sürekli kısıtlanan sıçanlar, bir dizi görevden oluşan bu operant strateji değiştirme testini gerçekleştirdi: yan ayrımcılık, yan tersine çevirm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm at JoVE.com

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Stresli yaşam olayları bilişsel işlevi bozarak psikiyatrik bozukluk riskini artırır. Bu protokol, erkek ve dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanlarında paradigmayı değiştiren otomatik bir strateji kullanarak stresin bilişsel esnekliği nasıl etkilediğini göstermektedir. Belirli davranışların altında kalan belirli beyin bölgeleri tartışılır ve sonuçların çevirisel ilgisi araştırılır.

Operant Strateji Değiştirme Paradigması Kullanılarak Bilişsel Esneklik Üzerindeki Stres Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

assessment-stress-effects-on-cognitive-flexibility-using-an-operant

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.2K Görüntüleme.  Bryn Mawr College. Stresli yaşam olayları bilişsel işlevi bozarak psikiyatrik bozukluk riskini artırır. Bu protokol, erkek ve dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanlarında paradigmayı değiştiren otomatik bir strateji kullanarak stresin bilişsel esnekliği nasıl etkilediğini göstermektedir. Belirli davranışların altında kalan belirli beyin bölgeleri tartışılır ve sonuçların çevirisel ilgisi araştırılır.

Video: Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Kauçuk El Illusion Paradigma bir Amaç Davranış Tedbir Alınması Aracı Olarak Crossmodal Congruency Görev

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Davranış

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Dikkat Seti Değişen Görev: Farelerde Bilişsel Esneklik bir ölçün

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Olay-İlişkili Potansiyeller ve Semantik Kategorizasyon kullanma N400 üzerinde Antipsikotikler ve şizotipinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

Bir Bilişsel Paradigma Dikkatiniz ve kopukluklar tarafından çalışma hafızasındaki Girişim Araştırma

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Sıçanlar Davranış Esneklik değerlendirilmesi için Edimsel Prosedürleri

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental settings. As music listening is a popular activity of daily life, it is of utmost importance to study the effects of music listening on psychobiological stress in an everyday, daily-life setting. Here, a study protocol is presented that allows the assessment of associations between music listening and psychobiological stress in daily life by noninvasively measuring salivary cortisol (as a marker of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis) and salivary alpha-amylase (as a marker of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)). The protocol includes advice on the study design (e.g., sampling protocol), the materials and methods (e.g., the assessment of psychobiological stress in daily life, the assessment of music listening, and the manual), the selection of participants (e.g., the approval of the institutional review board and inclusion criteria), and the statistical analyses (e.g., the multilevel approach). The representative results provide evidence for a stress-reducing effect of music listening in daily life. Particularly, specific reasons for listening to music (especially relaxation), as well as the presence of others while doing so, increase this stress-reducing effect. At the same time, music listening in daily life differentially affects the HPA axis and ANS functioning, thus emphasizing the need for a multi-dimensional assessment of stress in daily life.

A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed.

Günlük Yaşamda Psikobiyolojik Stres Dinleme Müzik Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

Strateji için yeni varyasyonlar Sıçan Set değiştiren

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

Göz izleme sırasında görsel olarak yer alan dil anlama: Esneklik ve sınırlamalar ortaya çıkarılması görsel bağlam etkileri

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

Sahte anılar görüntüleri etkilerini değerlendirmek için bir sınıf tabanlı Deese Roediger McDermott paradigması kullanarak

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to improve adolescents' and adults' emotion regulation. These studies instruct adolescents and adults to use visual imagery or language to create distance from the self before engaging in self-regulation tasks and when thinking about past and future events. For example, adults are asked to recall past, negative emotional experiences from either a first-person perspective (no distance) or a third-person perspective (self-distanced). These studies show that a self-distanced perspective allows adults to cope more adaptively when recalling negative feelings. However, the self-distancing paradigm used with adults was not developmentally appropriate for young children. This modified self-distancing paradigm involves instructing children to think about their thoughts, feelings, and actions from different perspectives that vary in their distance from the self while completing a self-regulation task. The paradigm involves randomly assigning children to use one of three perspectives: self-immersed, third-person, or exemplar. In the self-immersed condition, children are asked to think about themselves using the first-person perspective (e.g., "How am I feeling?") and no distance is created from the self. In the third-person condition, children are asked to create distance from the self by using the third-person perspective (e.g., "How is [child's name] feeling?"). In the exemplar condition, the greatest distance from the self is created by asking children to pretend to be a media character and to think about that character's thoughts and feelings (e.g., "How is Batman feeling?"). Studies using the self-distancing paradigm with 4-6-year-olds have found that as the amount of distance from the self increases (self-immersed &lt; third-person &lt; exemplar), children perform better on self-regulation tasks. These findings suggest that the strategies implemented in the self-distancing protocol may be useful to include in self-regulation interventions for young children.

An experimental paradigm was created to measure the effects of self-distancing in young children (4-6-year-olds). Self-distancing is a process through which individuals adopt a less egocentric perspective. This paradigm has been used to examine the effects of self-distancing on young children&#39;s self-regulation.

Genç çocuklarda kendini mesafe etkilerini ölçmek için deneysel paradigma

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to ...