本研究は、韓国規格研究所が出資する「化学・放射線測定基準の確立」、助成番号KRISS-2020-GP2020-0003、「生物材料と医療収束のための測定基準と技術の開発」によって支援されました。また、科学・ICT省、韓国国立研究財団(NRF-2019M3A9F3065868)、厚生省(MOHW)、韓国保健産業開発研究所(KHIDI、HI20C0558)、貿易産業エネルギー省(MOTIE)、韓国工業技術研究所(KEIT)、韓国評価研究所20009350も支援しました。ORCID ID(ヒーミンユー:0000-0002-5951-2137;ドゥッジンカン:0000-0002-5924-9674;Seilキム: 0000-0003-3465-7118;ジュウン・リー: 0000-0002-2495-1439;ジナ・リー:0000-0002-3661-3701)。チャン・ウー・パークの実験支援に感謝します。

1. 細菌細胞培養と ラクトバチルス 細胞フリー上清(LCFS)の調製
注:ステップ1.2 - 1.9は嫌気性の部屋で行われます。
<ol><li>L-システインを含むMRS寒天プレートとブロスを準備し、オートクレーブで殺菌します。</li>
	<li>20 ppm酸素で37 °Cで維持されたH2 嫌気性チャンバーにMRS寒天プレートをプレインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>乳酸菌の細菌ストックを解凍し、細菌培養物で寒天板を接種する(図1A(i))。 </li>
	<li>細菌を37°CでH2 嫌気室で2~3日間培養し、単一の細菌コロニーが得られるまで20ppmの酸素をインキュベートする。</li>
	<li>ハンガト型の無神経培養チューブを洗浄し、乾燥させます。121°Cで15分間培養管をオートクレーブします。</li>
	<li>その後、37°CでH2 嫌気性チャンバーにチューブをインキュベートし、酸素を除去するために20ppmの酸素を除去します。</li>
	<li>MRSスープの2〜3mLをチューブに入れる。ブチルゴム栓でチューブを密封し、キャップをねじ込みます。</li>
	<li>ループを持つ単一コロニーを取得し、1x PBSの500 μLで1.5 mL培養チューブに入れ.(図1A(ii) )</li>
	<li>1 mL シリンジを使用してコロニーを中断します (図 1A (iii))。これを行うには、チューブ蓋の中央に1mLシリンジの針を挿入し、浮遊コロニーを吸引し、それをMRSブロス培地に再懸濁させる。(図1A(iv))</li>
	<li>MRSブロス培地を2日間(37°C、5%CO2、200rpm)のシェーカーインキュベーターでインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>分光光度計を使用して光学密度(OD)を測定し、OD620 の吸光度が2.0に達するまで細菌の成長曲線を監視します。</li>
	<li>15分間1,000 x g で遠心分離して、細菌ペレットと調整された培地を分離します。1x PBSで採取した細菌ペレットを洗浄し、10%の胎児ウシ血清を補充したRPMI 1640の4mLで再懸濁します。培地に抗生物質を含まないでください。</li>
	<li>細菌ペレットをRPMIに保持し、37°Cで4時間、100rpmの速度で5%CO2でシェーカーインキュベーターでインキュベートします。</li>
	<li>プロバイオティクス上清の調製のために、4°Cで15分間、1000 x gで遠心分離を介して細菌ペレットを除去する。 0.22 μmフィルターを使用して回収した上清を滅菌フィルターし、使用するまで−80°Cで保存します。</li>
</ol>2. スフェロイドの生成
<ol><li>
大腸癌細胞株の準備
	<ol>
<li>DLD-1、HT-29、及びWiDr細胞株を70〜80%の合流まで単層として増殖させ、5%CO2インキュベーターで37°Cでプレートをインキュベートする(成長培地:10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)および1%ペニシリンストレプマイシンを含むRPMI。</li>
		<li>100mmペトリ皿で増殖した細胞の場合は、4 mLの1x PBSでプレートを2回洗浄します。0.25%トリプシン-EDTAの1 mLを加え、5%CO2インキュベーターで37°Cで2分間ペトリ皿をインキュベートし、細胞を解体します。</li>
		<li>インキュベーション後、顕微鏡下で細胞解離を確認し、5 mLの成長培地でトリプシン-EDTAを中和します。</li>
		<li>解約した細胞を15 mLの円錐形チューブに移し、遠心分離機を300xgで3分間移動します。</li>
		<li>上清を捨て、3 mLの成長培地で穏やかに再び再び停止します。</li>
		<li>トリパンブルーで細胞を数え、ヘモサイトメーターを使用して生存可能な細胞を決定します。(図1B(i)</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
スフェロイド形成
	<ol>
<li>15 mL円錐形チューブで、2.1.5から細胞を希釈して1〜2 x 105細胞/mLを得る(図1B(ii) </li>
		<li>細胞懸濁液に0.6%メチルセルロースの最終濃度を加え、希釈した細胞を滅菌貯蔵所に移します。 注:細胞株ごとに、必要なメチルセルロースの量を滴定し、それに応じて決定する必要があります。</li>
		<li>マルチチャンネルピペットを使用して、超低い取り付け96ウェルの丸底マイクロプレートの各ウェルに200 μLの細胞を分配します。(図1B(iii)</li>
		<li>プレートを37°Cで24〜36時間5%CO2 インキュベーターでインキュベートします。</li>
		<li>24~36時間後、プレートを光学顕微鏡で観察し、回転楕円体形成を確実に行います。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. LCFSによる3次元大腸癌細胞の治療
<ol><li>手順 2 および 3 で説明されているように、回転楕円体を生成します。</li>
	<li>LCFS処理を行う前に、凍結したLCFSを室温(RT)で10〜20分間解凍します。</li>
	<li>LCFSストックソリューションを成長培地に接種します。成長培地で25%、12.5%、6%に連続希釈(すなわち、LCFSは25%=150μLの成長培地+LCFSの50 μL)。</li>
	<li>インキュベーターからスフェロイドを含む細胞培養プレートを取り出し、200 μLピペットを使用して各ウェルからできるだけ多くの成長培地を取り出します。</li>
	<li>細胞にLCFSを含む成長培地を加え、24〜48時間5%CO2インキュベーターで37°Cでインキュベートします。 注:使用されるボリュームは、プレートサイズによって次のように異なります: 6ウェル細胞培養プレートの場合は2 mL;96ウェル細胞培養プレート用200μL。</li>
</ol>4. スフェロイドの細胞生存率
<ol><li>8 - 10 LCFS治療大腸癌スフェロイドを不透明壁のマルチウェルプレートに準備する(細胞生存アッセイはLCFS治療後48時間実施される)。</li>
	<li>細胞生存率試薬( 材料表を参照)を一晩4°Cで解凍します。</li>
	<li>細胞生存率試薬を使用前に室温に平衡化する。</li>
	<li>アッセイを行う前に、スフェロイドから成長培地の50%を取り除く。</li>
	<li>各ウェルに100μLの細胞生存率試薬を加えます。 注:使用する容積は、プレートサイズによって次のように異なります: 96ウェル細胞培養プレートの場合は100 μLです。</li>
	<li>試薬を5分間激しく混ぜて細胞のリシスを促進する。</li>
	<li>30分間のインキュベート – 37 °Cで2時間。</li>
	<li>発光を記録します。</li>
</ol>5. スフェロイドの定量リアルタイムポリメラーゼ連鎖反応解析
<ol><li>各条件に対して、2 mLチューブに10~15個のスフェロイドを用意し、遠心分離機を400 x gで3分間用意します。</li>
	<li>上清を捨て、氷冷1x PBSの1mLでスフェロイドを2回洗います。 注:遠心分離を避け、回転楕円体を落ち着かせてください。</li>
	<li>1x PBSをできるだけ吸引し、市販のキットを用いてRNAを分離した。</li>
	<li>メーカーのプロトコルに従って市販のキットを使用して、1 μgのRNAからcDNAを合成します。</li>
	<li>マスター ミックスを準備して、すべてのサンプルを三重で実行します ( 表 1 および 表 2を参照)。</li>
	<li>テンプレートマスターミックスの20 μLで各qPCRプレートウェルに増幅を行います。</li>
	<li>反応をよく混ぜて、必要に応じてスピンします。</li>
	<li>機器メーカーの推奨事項に従ってサンプルを実行します (表 3)。</li>
</ol>6. スフェロイドからのウェスタンブロッティング
注:スフェロイドを収集する場合は、200 μLピペットを使用し、その構造を乱さないように先端の端をカットします。
<ol><li>各条件に対して、2 mL チューブに 30 ~ 40 個のスフェロイドを用意します。</li>
	<li>チューブを氷の上に置き、回転楕円体を2 mLチューブの底まで下ろします。</li>
	<li>上清を捨て、1 mL氷冷1x PBSでスフェロイドを2回洗う 注:遠心分離を避け、回転楕円体を落ち着かせてください。</li>
	<li>1x PBSをできるだけ吸い込み、プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(10スフェロイド=30μLのRIPAバッファー)でRIPAバッファーを追加します。</li>
	<li>上下にピペットを使用して細胞をライセし、30 sの30 sで10サイクル氷の上で超音波処理を行います。</li>
	<li>タンパク質を遠心分離して、15000xgで4°Cで15分間にリセートする。</li>
	<li>各細胞のリセートに対するタンパク質濃度を決定します。</li>
	<li>積み込む前に、各細胞のライセートを100°Cのサンプルバッファーで10分間沸騰させます。</li>
	<li>SDS-PAGEゲルのウェルに等量のタンパク質をロードし、100 Vで1〜2時間ゲルを実行します。</li>
	<li>ゲルからPVDF膜にタンパク質を移します。</li>
	<li>転写後、ブロックバッファー(5%スキムミルク+Tween-20でTBS)を使用して、室温で1時間膜をブロックします。</li>
	<li>一次抗体の1:1,000希釈液で膜をインキュベートする (表4)1x TBSTで、一晩で5%BSAバッファーを一晩で5%BSAバッファーで。</li>
	<li>膜をTBSTで3回洗浄し、洗浄ごとに15分ずつ洗浄します。</li>
	<li>2時間の室温でブロッキングバッファーに二次抗体の1:2,500希釈を用いて膜をインキュベートする( 材料表を参照)。</li>
	<li>膜をTBSTで3回洗浄し、洗浄ごとに15分ずつ洗浄します。</li>
	<li>化学発光基質を用いてHRP検出用膜を準備します。</li>
	<li>化学発光画像を取得します。</li>
</ol>7. ヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)は、スフェロイドの染色
<ol><li>ステップ4.1で説明したように5-10スフェロイドを準備し、37°Cおよび5%CO2でインキュベーターにスフェロイドを置く。</li>
	<li>1mg/mLのPI 1:100を1x PBSで希釈します。</li>
	<li>96ウェルプレートの各ウェルから培地の50%を取り除きます。</li>
	<li>各ウェルに100 μLのPI溶液を加え、37°Cのインキュベーターに井戸を、10~15分間5%CO2 に入れる。</li>
	<li>1x PBS で PI 溶液を洗い流します。</li>
	<li>200 μL の成長培地を加え、蛍光顕微鏡を用いて画像を撮ります。イメージJを用いて蛍光強度を解析し、回転楕円体の生存率カウントを取得します。</li>
</ol>8. スフェロイドのFACS分析
<ol><li>前述のとおり、回転楕円体を生成します。</li>
	<li>各条件について、FACSチューブに30~40個のスフェロイドを用意し、遠心分離機を400xgおよびRTで3分間用意します。</li>
	<li>上清を吸引し、スフェロイドを1x PBSの3mLで洗浄し、400xgで遠心分離機を4°Cで3分間洗浄する。</li>
	<li>上清を吸引し、0.25%トリプシン-EDTAの200 μLを加え、RTで2-3分間インキュベートします。 メモ:インキュベーション時間は、スフェロイドサイズとセルタイプに依存します。</li>
	<li>FACSバッファーを1 mL追加し、200 μLピペットを使用してスフェロイドを優しく解約します。</li>
	<li>解約細胞を400xgで遠心分離し、4°Cで3分間遠心する。 注: FACS バッファ = 1x PBS + 2.5% FBS、0.22 μm のトップ フィルタを使用してフィルタリング。</li>
	<li>上清を捨て、7-AAD/アネキシンV試薬(7AAD(5 μL)、アネキシンV(5 μL)/サンプルを加えます。</li>
	<li>細胞を穏やかに渦を起させ、暗闇の中でRTで13〜30分間インキュベートする。</li>
	<li>500 μL の FACS バッファーを追加し、円錐ポリスチレン試験管を使用して細胞をフィルター処理して、凝集細胞を除去します。</li>
	<li>遠心分離機は400xgで、4°Cで3分間。</li>
	<li>各チューブに500 μLのアネキシンV結合バッファーを追加し、再中断します。</li>
	<li>フローサイトメーターを使用して分析します。</li>
</ol>

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R., Skardal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+patient-derived+3D+mesothelioma+tumor+organoids+facilitate+patient-centric+therapeutic+screening.">In vitro patient-derived 3D mesothelioma tumor organoids facilitate patient-centric therapeutic screening.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 2886 (2018).</li><li>Lv, D., Hu, Z., Lu, L., Lu, H., Xu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+cell+culture:+A+powerful+tool+in+tumor+research+and+drug+discovery.">Three-dimensional cell culture: A powerful tool in tumor research and drug discovery.</a> Oncology Letters. 14 (6), 6999-7010 (2017).</li><li>Thirumala, S., Gimble, J., Devireddy, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylcellulose+Based+Thermally+Reversible+Hydrogel+System+for+Tissue+Engineering+Applications.">Methylcellulose Based Thermally Reversible Hydrogel System for Tissue Engineering Applications.</a> Cells. 2 (3), 460-475 (2013).</li><li>Chandrashekran, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylcellulose+as+a+scaffold+in+the+culture+of+liver-organoids+for+the+potential+of+treating+acute+liver+failure.">Methylcellulose as a scaffold in the culture of liver-organoids for the potential of treating acute liver failure.</a> Cell and Gene Therapy Insights. 4 (11), 1087-1103 (2018).</li><li>Lee, W., Park, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+patterned+stem+cell+differentiation+using+thermo-responsive+methylcellulose+hydrogel+molds.">3D patterned stem cell differentiation using thermo-responsive methylcellulose hydrogel molds.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Fan, H., Demirci, U., Chen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+organoid+models:+Leaping+forward+in+cancer+research.">Emerging organoid models: Leaping forward in cancer research.</a> Journal of Hematology and Oncology. 12 (1), 1-10 (2019).</li><li>Drost, J., Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoids+in+cancer+research.">Organoids in cancer research.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 18 (7), 407-418 (2018).</li><li>Liou, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Metabolic+Pathway+for+Activation+of+Dietary+Glucosinolates+by+a+Human+Gut+Symbiont.">A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont.</a> Cell. 180 (4), 717-728 (2020).</li><li>Sherwin, E., Bordenstein, S. R., Quinn, J. L., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiota+and+the+social+brain.">Microbiota and the social brain.</a> Science. 366 (6465), 2016 (2019).</li><li>Honda, K., Littman, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microbiota+in+adaptive+immune+homeostasis+and+disease.">The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease.</a> Nature. 535 (7610), 75-84 (2016).</li><li>B&#225;rcena, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Healthspan+and+lifespan+extension+by+fecal+microbiota+transplantation+into+progeroid+mice.">Healthspan and lifespan extension by fecal microbiota transplantation into progeroid mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 25 (8), 1234-1242 (2019).</li><li>Michalovich, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+and+disease+severity+magnify+disturbed+microbiome-immune+interactions+in+asthma+patients.">Obesity and disease severity magnify disturbed microbiome-immune interactions in asthma patients.</a> Nature Communications. 10, 5711 (2019).</li><li>Ansaldo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Akkermansia+muciniphila+induces+intestinal+adaptive+immune+responses+during+homeostasis.">Akkermansia muciniphila induces intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis.</a> Science. 364 (6446), 1179-1184 (2019).</li></ol>

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隣接する細胞および細胞外マトリックス(ECM)を含む組織微小環境は、組織発生の基本であり、細胞増殖および組織発達13の制御において極めて重要である。しかし、2D培養物には、細胞間相互作用の中断、細胞形態の変化、細胞外環境、および分割14のアプローチなど、いくつかの欠点がある。3D細胞培養システムは、生体内の効果をより良く再現するために...

プロバイオティクスは、免疫恒常性および宿主エネルギー代謝を改善する腸内で最も有利な微生物である1.乳酸菌およびビフィズス菌からのプロバイオティクスは腸内で見つかったその種の最も先進的な 2,3.これまでの調査では、ラクトバチルスは大腸癌を含むいくつかの癌に対して阻害および抗増殖効果を有することが示されている。また、プロバイオティクスは炎症性腸疾患、クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎5,6を予防する。しかし, プロバイオティクスを用いたほとんどの研究は、2 次元で行われました (2D) 固体表面上で成長している単層.
人工培養システムは、がん細胞にとって自然ではない環境特性を欠いています。この制限を克服するために、3次元(3D)培養システムが7,8に開発されている。3Dにおける癌細胞は、細胞生存率、増殖、形態、細胞細胞通信、薬物感受性、および生体内関連性9,10などの基本的な生物学的機構の点で改善を示す。さらに、スフェロイドは、多細胞型の大腸癌から作製され、細胞間相互作用および細胞外マトリックス(ECM)11に依存する。我々の以前の研究は、ラクトバチルス発酵を用いて産生されたプロバイオティクス無細胞上清(CFS)が大腸癌(CRC)細胞12の3D培養に抗癌効果を示したことを報告した。我々は、CFSが3Dスフェロイド12に対するプロバイオティクス効果をテストするための適切な代替戦略であることを提案した。
ここでは、プロバイオティクス無細胞上清(CFS)の治療効果を複数の3D大腸癌模倣システムに対する分析のために、多細胞型の3D大腸癌に対応できるアプローチを提示する。この方法は、インビトロで関連プロバイオティクスと抗癌効果の分析のための手段を提供します。.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td> 
			10% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels, 15-well, 15 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>4561036</td>
			<td>Pkg of 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Applied Biosystems MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4311971</td>
			<td>100 covers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x transfer buffer</td>
			<td>Intron</td>
			<td>IBS-BT031A</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Tris-Glycine (W/SDS)</td>
			<td>Intron</td>
			<td>IBS-BT014</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axygen 2.0 mL MaxyClear Snaplock Microcentrifuge Tube, Polypropylene, Clear, Nonsterile, 500 Tubes/Pack, 10 Packs/Case</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>SCT-200-C</td>
			<td>500 Tubes/Pack, 10 Packs/Case</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Difco Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Difco Lactobacilli MRS Broth</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>DF0881-17-5</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTiter-Glo 3D Cell viability assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G9681</td>
			<td>100&#956;l/assay in 96-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11697498001</td>
			<td>vial of 20 tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X without calcium and magnesium, PH 7.4 &#177; 0.1</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMD Millipore Immobilon-P PVDF Transfer Membranes</td>
			<td>fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td>26.5cm x 3.75m roll; Pore Size: 0.45um</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube, with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>25/Pack, 500/Case</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, US origin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit, 25 x 20 &#181;l rxns #1708890</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>1708890</td>
			<td>25 x 20 &#181;L rxns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>1725121</td>
			<td>5 x 1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactobacillus fermentum</td>
			<td>Korean Collection for Type Cultures</td>
			<td>KCTC 3112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6852-25G</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl Cellulose (3500-5600mPa&#183;s, 2% in Water at 20&#176;C)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>M0185</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate with Barcode, 0.1 mL</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4346906</td>
			<td>20 plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex-GS Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 &#181;m, mixed cellulose esters, 33 mm, ethylene oxide sterilized</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGS033SB</td>
			<td>250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with 7-AAD</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>640934</td>
			<td>100 tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Introgen</td>
			<td>P1304MP</td>
			<td>100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA Lysis and Extraction Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89901</td>
			<td>250 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit (250)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74106</td>
			<td>250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-119</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Materials/Equipment/Software</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti - p-I&#954;B&#945; (B-9)</td>
			<td>Santa cruze</td>
			<td>sc-8404</td>
			<td>200 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-BclxL (H-5)</td>
			<td>Santa cruze</td>
			<td>sc-8392</td>
			<td>200 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-PARP 1 (C2-10)</td>
			<td>Santa cruze</td>
			<td>sc-53643</td>
			<td>50 &#181;l ascites</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#946;-actin (C4)</td>
			<td>Santa cruze</td>
			<td>sc-47778</td>
			<td>200 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSVerse</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>San Diego, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synergy HTX Multi-Mode Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>BioT</td>
			<td>S1LFA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher</td>
			<td>HERAcell 150i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube 15 ml</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube 50 ml</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Costar Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS7007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Costar Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 50 mL Reagent Reservoirs, 5/Bag, Sterile</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>AMQAF1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EnSpire Multimode Reader</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Enspire 2300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research Plus Multi Channel Pipette, 8-channel</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3122000051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo software</td>
			<td>TreeStar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ashland, OR, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>115-035-062</td>
			<td>1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>111-035-144</td>
			<td>2.0 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 5</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inc., San Diego, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS 4000 mini</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubated shaker</td>
			<td>Lab companion</td>
			<td>SIF-6000R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi Gauge Ver. 3.0,</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical density (OD)LAMBDA UV/Vis Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Waltham, MA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase-contrast microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPL microcentrifuge tube 1.5mL</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>60015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPL Multi Channel Reservoirs, 12-Chs, PS, Sterile</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>21012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR system</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Waltham, MA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibra-Cell Ultrasonic Liquid Processors</td>
			<td>SONICS-vibra cell</td>
			<td>VC 505</td>
			<td>500 Watt ultrasonic processor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vinyl Anaerobic Chamber</td>
			<td>COY LAB PRODUCTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating cell death using cell-free supernatant of probiotics in three-dimensional spheroid cultures of colorectal cancer cells

本稿は、 乳酸菌 発酵細胞培養物 の上清を用いた多細胞型癌細胞の三次元(3D)スフェロイドにおける癌細胞死亡を評価するプロトコルを、プロバイオティクス培養物と考える。 ラクトバチルス 細胞遊離上清(LCFS)をテストするための3D培養物の使用は、特に L.発酵 が腸内で抗癌効果を生み出すことができるため、2D単層での試験よりも優れた選択肢です。 L.発酵 物上清は、3D培養条件で複数の大腸癌(CRC)細胞に対する抗増殖効果の増加を有することを同定した。興味深いことに、これらの効果は培養モデルと強く関連し 、L.発酵 が癌細胞死を誘導する顕著な能力を示した。安定したスフェロイドは、以下に示すプロトコルを用いて多様なCRC(大腸癌細胞)から生成された。3Dスフェロイドを生成するこのプロトコルは、時間の節約とコスト効率が高いです。このシステムは、複数のタイプのCRCスフェロイドにおけるLCFSの抗癌効果を容易に調べる開発された。予想通り、LCFSで処理されたCRCスフェロイドは、実験中に細胞死を強く誘導し、qRT-PCR、ウェスタンブロッティング、およびFACS分析によって分析された特定のアポトーシス分子マーカーを発現した。したがって、この方法は、細胞の生存率を探索し、抗癌薬の有効性を評価するために有用である。

多様な大腸癌細胞株からスフェロイドを得るプロトコルについて述べています。メチルセルロースによる補充は、スフェロイドを生成するために必要とされた。また、LCFS調製の方法を提示し、プロバイオティクスと大腸癌の相関関係を研究するモデルを提示する。スフェロイド形成およびLCFS調製プロトコルは、図1A,Bに概略的に示される。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells

ここでは、ラクトバチルス細胞遊離上清(LCFS)の抗癌効果を理解する方法が提示されている。大腸癌細胞株は、3D培養でLCFSで治療した場合の細胞死を示す。スキャフォールドの生成過程はスキャフォールドに応じて最適化でき、提示される解析方法は、関係するシグナル伝達経路を評価するのに有用である。

大腸癌細胞の3次元スフェロイド培養におけるプロバイオティクスの細胞遊離上清を用いた細胞死の評価

This manuscript describes a protocol to evaluate cancer cell deaths in three dimensional (3D) spheroids of multicellular types of cancer cells using ...

evaluating-cell-death-using-cell-free-supernatant-probiotics-three

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

5.4K ビュー.  Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). ここでは、ラクトバチルス細胞遊離上清(LCFS)の抗癌効果を理解する方法が提示されている。大腸癌細胞株は、3D培養でLCFSで治療した場合の細胞死を示す。スキャフォールドの生成過程はスキャフォールドに応じて最適化でき、提示される解析方法は、関係するシグナル伝達経路を評価するのに有用である。

ビデオ: Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery of the next generation of novel drug targets. It is becoming apparent that more complex models of cancer are required to fully appreciate the contributing factors that drive tumorigenesis in vivo and increase the efficacy of novel therapies that make the transition from pre-clinical models to clinical trials.
Here we present a methodology for generating uniform and reproducible tumor spheroids that can be subjected to siRNA functional screening. These spheroids display many characteristics that are found in solid tumors that are not present in traditional two-dimension culture. We show that several commonly used breast cancer cell lines are amenable to this protocol. Furthermore, we provide proof-of-principle data utilizing the breast cancer cell line BT474, confirming their dependency on amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 and mutation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) when grown as tumor spheroids. Finally, we are able to further investigate and confirm the spatial impact of these dependencies using immunohistochemistry.

Identifying novel drug targets that transition from pre-clinical testing to human trials is a scientific priority. To that end, here we describe a functional genomics approach for examining the impact of gene depletion on cancer cell line spheroids, which more appropriately model human cancers in vivo.

癌細胞スフェロイド培養における潜在的に新規薬剤標的を同定するためのスクリーニング機能ゲノミクスを利用

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

がん研究

Preparation and Metabolic Assay of 3-dimensional Spheroid Co-cultures of Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts

Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated cancer associated fibroblasts are a key component of the tumor stroma that interact with cancer cells and support their growth and survival. Models that recapitulate the interaction of cancer cells and activated fibroblasts are important tools for studying the stromal biology and for development of antitumor agents. Here, a method is described for the rapid generation of robust 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and activated pancreatic fibroblasts that can be used for subsequent biological studies. Additionally, described is the use of 3D spheroids in carrying out functional metabolic assays to probe cellular bioenergetics pathways using an extracellular flux analyzer paired with a spheroid microplate. Pancreatic cancer cells (Patu8902) and activated pancreatic fibroblast cells (PS1) were co-cultured and magnetized using a biocompatible nanoparticle assembly. Magnetized cells were rapidly bioprinted using magnetic drives in a 96 well format, in growth media to generate spheroids with a diameter ranging between 400-600 &#181;m within 5-7 days of culture. Functional metabolic assays using Patu8902-PS1 spheroids were then carried out using the extracellular flux technology to probe cellular energetic pathways. The method herein is simple, allows consistent generation of cancer cell-fibroblast spheroid co-cultures and can be potentially adapted to other cancer cell types upon optimization of the current described methodology.

Here, a method is described for the preparation of 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and fibroblasts, followed by measurement of metabolic functions using an extracellular flux analyzer.

準備と膵臓癌細胞と線維芽細胞の共培養を 3 次元回転楕円体の代謝アッセイ

Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated ...

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. Traditional 3D assays such as the Boyden Chamber require that cells are displaced from the original culture location and moved to a new environment. Not only does this disrupt the cellular processes that are intrinsic to the microenvironment, but it often results in a loss of cells. These problems are especially challenging when dealing with cells that are either rare, or extremely sensitive to their microenvironment. Here, we describe the development of a 3D invasion assay that avoids both concerns. In this assay, cells are plated within a small well and an ECM matrix containing a chemoattractant is laid atop the cells. This requires no cell displacement, and allows the cells to invade upwards into the matrix. In this assay, cell invasion as well as cell morphology can be assessed within the collagen gel. Using this assay, we characterize the invasive capacity of rare and sensitive cells; the hybrid cells resulting from fusion between breast cancer cells MCF7 and mesenchymal/multipotent stem/stroma cells (MSCs).

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

This protocol describes an inverted vertical invasion assay that could be used to quantify the migration and invasion capabilities of cells in a three-dimensional setting while preserving the cell microenvironment. This assay is suitable for rare and/or sensitive cells.

上に移動: シンプルかつ柔軟なIn Vitro三次元侵略試金のプロトコル

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. ...

Fully Human Tumor-based Matrix in Three-dimensional Spheroid Invasion Assay

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor microenvironment. To obtain more reliable in vitro results, several three-dimensional (3D) cell culture assays have been introduced. These assays allow cancer cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. This interaction affects cell behavior, such as proliferation and invasion, as well as cell morphology. Additionally, this interaction could induce or suppress the expression of several pro- and anti-tumorigenic molecules. Spheroid invasion assay was developed to provide a suitable 3D in vitro method to study cancer cell invasion. Currently, animal-derived matrices, such as mouse sarcoma-derived matrix (MSDM) and rat tail type I collagen, are mainly used in the spheroid invasion assays. Taking into consideration the differences between the human tumor microenvironment and animal-derived matrices, a human myoma-derived matrix (HMDM) was developed from benign uterus leiomyoma tissue. It has been shown that HMDM induces migration and invasion of carcinoma cells better than MSDM. This protocol provided a simple, reproducible, and reliable 3D human tumor-based spheroid invasion assay using the HMDM/fibrin matrix. It also includes detailed instructions on imaging and analysis. The spheroids grow in a U-shaped ultra-low attachment plate within the HMDM/fibrin matrix and invade through it. The invasion is daily imaged, measured, and analyzed using ilastik and Fiji ImageJ software. The assay platform was demonstrated using human laryngeal primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, the protocol is suitable also for other solid cancer cell lines.

Tumor microenvironment is an essential part of cancer growth and invasion. To mimic carcinoma progression, a biologically relevant human matrix is needed. This protocol introduces an improvement for the in vitro three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay by applying a human leiomyoma-based matrix. The protocol also introduces a computer-based cell invasion analysis.

三次元スフェロイド浸潤アッセイにおける完全ヒト腫瘍ベースマトリクス

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor ...

Assessing Cell Viability and Death in 3D Spheroid Cultures of Cancer Cells

Three-dimensional spheroids of cancer cells are important tools for both cancer drug screens and for gaining mechanistic insight into cancer cell biology. The power of this preparation lies in its ability to mimic many aspects of the in vivo conditions of tumors while being fast, cheap, and versatile enough to allow relatively high-throughput screening. The spheroid culture conditions can recapitulate the physico-chemical gradients in a tumor, including the increasing extracellular acidity, increased lactate, and decreasing glucose and oxygen availability, from the spheroid periphery to its core. Also, the mechanical properties and cell-cell interactions of in vivo tumors are in part mimicked by this model. The specific properties and consequently the optimal growth conditions, of 3D spheroids, differ widely between different types of cancer cells. Furthermore, the assessment of cell viability and death in 3D spheroids requires methods that differ in part from those employed for 2D cultures. Here we describe several protocols for preparing 3D spheroids of cancer cells, and for using such cultures to assess cell viability and death in the context of evaluating the efficacy of anticancer drugs.

Here, we present several simple methods for evaluating viability and death in 3D cancer cell spheroids, which mimic the physico-chemical gradients of in vivo tumors much better than the 2D culture. The spheroid model, therefore, allows evaluation of the cancer drug efficacy with improved translation to in vivo conditions.

癌細胞の3Dスフェロイド培養における細胞生存率と死の評価

Three-dimensional spheroids of cancer cells are important tools for both cancer drug screens and for gaining mechanistic insight into cancer cell biology. ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident stem cells are relatively quiescent with niche restraints in adult tissues, they enter the cell cycle in anchor-free three-dimensional (3D) culture and undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, giving rise to both stem and progenitor cells. The latter proliferate rapidly and are the major cell population at various stages of lineage commitment, forming heterogeneous spheroids. Using primary normal human prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC), a spheroid-based, label-retention assay was developed that permits the identification and functional isolation of the spheroid-initiating stem cells at a single cell resolution.
HPrEC or cell lines are two-dimensionally (2D) cultured with BrdU for 10 days to permit its incorporation into the DNA of all dividing cells, including self-renewing stem cells. Wash out commences upon transfer to the 3D culture for 5 days, during which stem cells self-renew through asymmetric division and initiate spheroid formation. While relatively quiescent daughter stem cells retain BrdU-labeled parental DNA, the daughter progenitors rapidly proliferate, losing the BrdU label. BrdU can be substituted with CFSE or Far Red pro-dyes, which permit live stem cell isolation by FACS. Stem cell characteristics are confirmed by in vitro spheroid formation, in vivo tissue regeneration assays, and by documenting their symmetric/asymmetric cell divisions. The isolated label-retaining stem cells can be rigorously interrogated by downstream molecular and biologic studies, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, single cell capture, metabolic activity, proteome profiling, immunocytochemistry, organoid formation, and in vivo tissue regeneration. Importantly, this marker-free functional stem cell isolation approach identifies stem-like cells from fresh cancer specimens and cancer cell lines from multiple organs, suggesting wide applicability. It can be used to identify cancer stem-like cell biomarkers, screen pharmaceuticals targeting cancer stem-like cells, and discover novel therapeutic targets in cancers.

Using human primary prostate epithelial cells, we report a novel biomarker-free method of functional characterization of stem-like cells by a spheroid-based label-retention assay. A step-by-step protocol is described for BrdU, CFSE, or Far Red 2D cell labeling; three-dimensional spheroid formation; label-retaining stem-like cell identification by immunocytochemistry; and isolation by FACS.

3次元スフェロイド培養からの幹様細胞の分離

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Detection of Cell-Free DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Cancer Patients

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis as well as for the treatment selection and its response in cancer patients. The current gold standard method for detecting tumor mutations involves a genetic test of tumor DNA by means of tumor biopsies. However, this invasive method is difficult to be performed repeatedly as a follow-up test of the tumor mutational repertoire. Liquid biopsy is a new and emerging technique for detecting tumor mutations as an easy-to-use and non-invasive biopsy approach.
Cancer cells multiply rapidly. In parallel, numerous cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Debris from these cells are released into a patient&#8217;s circulatory system, together with finely fragmented DNA pieces, called cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, which carry tumor DNA mutations. Therefore, for identifying cfDNA based biomarkers using liquid biopsy technique, blood samples are collected from the cancer patients, followed by the separation of plasma and buffy coat. Next, plasma is processed for the isolation of cfDNA, and the respective buffy coat is processed for the isolation of a patient&#39;s genomic DNA. Both nucleic acid samples are then checked for their quantity and quality; and analyzed for mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
In this manuscript, we present a detailed protocol for liquid biopsy, including blood collection, plasma, and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

In this paper we present a detailed protocol for non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, including blood collection, plasma and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

がん患者の血漿サンプルにおける無細胞DNAの検出

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis ...

A Three-dimensional Model of Spheroids to Study Colon Cancer Stem Cells

Colorectal cancers are characterized by heterogeneity and a hierarchical organization comprising a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor development, maintenance, and resistance to drugs. A better understanding of CSC properties for their specific targeting is, therefore, a pre-requisite for effective therapy. However, there is a paucity of suitable preclinical models for in-depth investigations. Although in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cancer cell lines provide valuable insights into tumor biology, they do not replicate the phenotypic and genetic tumor heterogeneity. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) models address and reproduce near-physiological cancer complexity and cell heterogeneity. The aim of this work was to design a robust and reproducible 3D culture system to study CSC biology. The present methodology describes the development and optimization of conditions to generate 3D spheroids, which are homogenous in size, from Caco2 colon adenocarcinoma cells, a model that can be used for long-term culture. Importantly, within the spheroids, the cells which were organized around lumen-like structures, were characterized by differential cell proliferation patterns and by the presence of CSCs expressing a panel of markers. These results provide the first proof-of-concept for the appropriateness of this 3D approach to study cell heterogeneity and CSC biology, including the response to chemotherapy.

This protocol presents a novel, robust, and reproducible culture system to generate and grow three-dimensional spheroids from Caco2 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The results provide the first proof-of-concept for the appropriateness of this approach to study cancer stem cell biology, including the response to chemotherapy.

大腸癌幹細胞を研究するスフェロイドの3次元モデル

Colorectal cancers are characterized by heterogeneity and a hierarchical organization comprising a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for ...

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 15% of overall pediatric cancer deaths. The native tumor tissue is a complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment involving layers of cancerous and non-cancerous cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides physical and biological support and contributes to disease progression, patient prognosis, and therapeutic response.
This paper describes a protocol for assembling a 3D scaffold-based system to mimic the neuroblastoma microenvironment using neuroblastoma cell lines and collagen-based scaffolds. The scaffolds are supplemented with either nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), naturally found at high concentrations in the bone and bone marrow, the most common metastatic sites of neuroblastoma. The 3D porous structure of these scaffolds allows neuroblastoma cell attachment, proliferation and migration, and the formation of cell clusters. In this 3D matrix, the cell response to therapeutics is more reflective of the in vivo situation.
The scaffold-based culture system can maintain higher cell densities than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Therefore, optimization protocols for initial seeding cell numbers are dependent on the desired experimental timeframes. The model is monitored by assessing cell growth via DNA quantification, cell viability via metabolic assays, and cell distribution within the scaffolds via histological staining.
This model&#39;s applications include the assessment of gene and protein expression profiles as well as cytotoxicity testing using conventional drugs and miRNAs. The 3D culture system allows for the precise manipulation of cell and ECM components, creating an environment more physiologically similar to native tumor tissue. Therefore, this 3D in vitro model will advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and improve the correlation between results obtained in vitro, in vivo in&#160;animal models, and human subjects.

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds

This paper lists the steps required to seed neuroblastoma cell lines on previously described three-dimensional collagen-based scaffolds, maintain cell growth for a predetermined timeframe, and retrieve scaffolds for several cell growth and cell behavior analyses and downstream applications, adaptable to satisfy a range of experimental aims.

コラーゲンベースの足場を用いた神経芽細胞腫の3次元 in vitro 生体模倣モデル

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 15% of overall pediatric cancer deaths. The native tumor tissue is a ...

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver cancer, rationalize its rank as the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Preclinical models need to be adapted to recapitulate the human conditions to select the best therapeutic candidates for clinical development and aid the delivery of personalized medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroid models show promise as an emerging in vitro alternative to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Here, we describe a 3D tumor spheroid&#160;model which exploits the ability of individual cells to aggregate when maintained in hanging droplets, and is more representative of an in vivo environment than standard monolayers. Furthermore, 3D spheroids can be produced by combining homotypic or heterotypic cells, more reflective of the cellular heterogeneity in vivo, potentially enabling the study of environmental interactions that can influence progression and treatment responses. The current research optimized the cell density to form 3D homotypic and heterotypic tumor spheroids by immobilizing cell suspensions on the lids of standard 10 cm3 Petri dishes. Longitudinal analysis was performed to generate growth curves for homotypic versus heterotypic tumor/fibroblasts spheroids. Finally, the proliferative impact of fibroblasts (COS7 cells) and liver myofibroblasts (LX2) on homotypic tumor (Hep3B) spheroids was investigated. A seeding density of 3,000 cells (in 20 &#181;L media) successfully yielded Huh7/COS7 heterotypic spheroids, which displayed a steady increase in size up to culture day 8, followed by growth retardation. This finding was corroborated using Hep3B homotypic spheroids cultured in LX2 (human hepatic stellate cell line) conditioned medium (CM). LX2 CM triggered the proliferation of Hep3B spheroids compared to control tumor spheroids. In conclusion, this protocol has shown that 3D tumor spheroids can be used as a simple, economical, and prescreen in vitro tool to study tumor-stromal interactions more comprehensively.

Comprehensive in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the relevant human disease are lacking. The current study presents three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid creation and culture, a reliable in vitro tool to study the tumor-stromal interaction in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

肝細胞癌における腫瘍間質相互作用を調べる三次元スフェロイドモデル

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver ...