We thank Ms Shuo Tian for the digital technology support. This study was supported by the Wu Jieping Foundation (Grant No. 320.6750.18456).

This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University in Hohhot, China. The parents of all children included in this study provided signed and informed consent. In the study, we used the Actigraph GT3X+ device which is referred to as an accelerometer hereafter.
1. General aspects of method development
<ol>
	<li>Obtain accelerometers to evaluate PA. The accelerometer is a small (3.3 cm x 4.6 cm x 1.5 cm, 19 g), watch-like unobtrusive de...

<ol>
	<li>Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+the+health+benefits+of+physical+activity+and+fitness+in+school-aged+children+and+youth.">Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth.</a> The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7 (1), 1-16 (2010).</li><li>Biddle, S., Asare, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+and+mental+health+in+children+and+adolescents:+a+review+of+reviews.">Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (11), 886-895 (2011).</li><li>Donnelly, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity,+fitness,+cognitive+function,+and+academic+achievement+in+children:+a+systematic+review.">Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (6), 1197-1222 (2016).</li><li>Tremblay, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+Matrix+2.0+Research+Team.+Global+Matrix+2.0:+report+card+grades+on+the+physical+activity+of+children+and+youth+comparing+38+countries.">Global Matrix 2.0 Research Team. Global Matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries.</a> Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13, 343-366 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Z., Chen, P., Zhuang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+Chinese+children+and+youth's+energy+expenditure+using+ActiGraph+accelerometers:+a+calibration+and+cross-validation+study.">Predicting Chinese children and youth's energy expenditure using ActiGraph accelerometers: a calibration and cross-validation study.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 84, 56-63 (2013).</li><li>Composing and Editorial Board of Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+Activity+Guidelines+for+Chinese+(2021).">Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021).</a> Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 43 (1), 5-6 (2022).</li><li>Kokko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+sports+club+participation+contribute+to+physical+activity+among+children+and+adolescents?+A+comparison+across+six+European+countries.">Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raw+and+count+data+comparability+of+hip-worn+ActiGraph+GT3X++and+link+accelerometers.">Raw and count data comparability of hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ and link accelerometers.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50 (5), 1103-1112 (2018).</li><li>Clevenger, K. A., Pfeiffer, K. A., Montoye, A. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmented+sedentary+time+and+physical+activity+patterns+throughout+the+week+from+wrist-worn+ActiGraph+GT3X++accelerometers+among+children+7-12+years+old.">Segmented sedentary time and physical activity patterns throughout the week from wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers among children 7-12 years old.</a> Journal of Sport and Health Science. 9 (2), 179-188 (2020).</li><li>Zelener, J., Schneider, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adolescents+and+self-reported+physical+activity:+an+evaluation+of+the+modified+godin+leisure-time+exercise+questionnaire.">Adolescents and self-reported physical activity: an evaluation of the modified godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire.</a> International Journal of Exercise Science. 9 (5), 587-598 (2016).</li><li>Lagersted-Olsen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+objectively+measured+and+self-reported+time+spent+sitting.">Comparison of objectively measured and self-reported time spent sitting.</a> International Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (6), 534 (2014).</li><li>Nie, M. 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As shown in Table 1, children in the Sports group exhibited a significantly higher VPA and MVPA (64.20 &#177; 2.33 vs 57.85 &#177; 3.36, P &#60; 0.001) relative to those in the Control group. According to the findings of previous reports in both adolescents25 and young adults26, accelerometer devices represent an accurate method for the estimation of PA, relative to subjective surveys.
Bland-Altman plots demonstrated tha...

Physical activity (PA) is very important in childhood and is positively associated with physical and mental health. It is well documented that PA is associated with beneficial effects in school-going children with regards to obesity, bone health, mental wellbeing, cognitive function, and academic achievements1,2,3. However, most children in China still experience lower levels of PA than recommended for their age4; furthermore, sedentary time is known to increase with age. According to the National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance Study for Students in China, the number of students with obesity has remained significantly high over the first two decades of the 21st century5.
International PA guidelines for children and adolescents recommend at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day and vigorous physical activity (VPA) on 3 days/week6 in order to achieve health benefits. Similarly, the latest version of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021)7 highlights that accumulated sedentary behavioral time should not last for more than 60 min, based on international PA guidelines. Participation in sports clubs or school activities is a highly beneficial way by which children can meet PA guidelines8. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China. Recent studies have confirmed that regular table tennis training has a positive effect on the health-related physical fitness of children and adolescents9,10. As such, table tennis club/school-based training is a very suitable method for children to increase their levels of PA11.
It is important to consider several issues that might impede the fulfillment of the recommendations made by international PA guidelines. For example, most surveys of PA in children are based on parent-reported questionnaires12; there is a significant lack of data acquired by objective methods in China. Furthermore, the activity patterns of children are characterized by relatively short bouts of spontaneous, but intense PA13,14. This type of pattern is difficult to summarize and report by observation alone; additionally, questionnaires or parental reports are prone to error15. Secondly, children spend a significant amount of leisure time at home, for example, during the evenings and weekends, and tend to accumulate a substantial part of their daily PA in a home-based setting. It is difficult to collect or estimate leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in children outside of school hours. LTPA is essential for health and is one of the most important components of total PA16. Thirdly, the PA of children may be influenced by gender differences and parental life style8. Collectively, this information highlights the need to acquire accurate measurements of PA to evaluate overall health, its social impact, and its use in policy making. If the activity levels of specific subpopulations (e.g., children undergoing table tennis training) are not correctly estimated, it is possible that the data may even misdirect policies and public health priorities12.
As the most widely used objective measurement for PA patterns in youths, accelerometers have been recognized as the gold standard for measuring PA in children17,18,19,20. With technological improvements, actigraphic devices have progressed into cost-effective capacitive sensors. In most cases, these devices need to be attached to the right hip21, an issue that might be a potential risk factor and lowers compliance22. Over recent years, several research studies have indicated that PA data derived from devices worn at other anatomical locations can be comparable when set-up appropriately23,24.
In the present study, we aimed to develop a wrist-worn actigraphy accelerometer-based method to assess PA in children undergoing table tennis training.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Actigraph&#160;</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;GT3X+</td>
			<td>device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActiLife</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;v6.13.3</td>
			<td>software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 22.0 software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>statistical analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

physical activity measurement in children accepting table tennis training

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended guideline. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China; undertaking table tennis training in clubs can help children to elevate their levels of PA. Given that children cannot complete self-evaluated questionnaires themselves and caregiver-based observations are not suitable for children, we hypothesized that an actigraphy-based method can be an objective method to measure PA. In the present study, we describe a procedure that can be used to evaluate PA levels using an actigraphic device and software. Furthermore, since hip-worn devices are known to reduce compliance, we attempted to assess the agreement between hip-worn and wrist-worn device data. Collectively, our results indicate that these devices are suitable for measuring PA and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) levels. Together with subjective questionnaires, both hip-worn and wrist-worn devices are highly suitable for evaluating PA in Chinese children undergoing table tennis training in clubs.

Demographic data are shown in Table 1, including&#160;gender, age, height, weight, ethnicity, and dominant hand. As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between the groups with regards to gender, age, height, weight, and dominant hand. Furthermore, participants from the Sports group did not exhibit any significantly different parameters in terms of sedentary behaviors (SB; 441.05 &#177; 31.80 vs 442.25 &#177; 30.74, P = 0.904), LPA (213.10 &#177; 15.00 vs ...

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Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training

This study proposes an accelerometer-based method to objectively measure physical activity (PA) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Chinese children accepting table tennis training in clubs.

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended ...

Physical activity, PA, is very important in childhood. And the accelerometers have been recognized as the golden standard for measuring PA in children. Wrist-worn and hip-worn actigraphic Accelerometer-based measures to access PA in children undergoing table tennis training.A cost-effective and accurate with high compliance. First, the participants need to wear the actigraphic device all day long. Second, it is necessary that the parents or caregivers acknowledge their children's daily schedule information.After excluding participants who were diagnosed to have any neuro-development disorder, download and run the software for the device. Enter the duration for collecting data by clicking the select start time and entering the date and time. Click the button, Enter Subject Info, to enter the demographic information including name, gender, height, weight, date of birth, and ethnicity.Click Side and select Right. If the participants are left-handed, select the opposite side. Click Limb and select Waist.Click Dominance and select Dominant. Initialize the data collection by clicking Initialize 1 Device. Ensure that the battery is charged to more than 80%Otherwise the initialization will fail.Then initialize to record raw accelerations at a frequency of 30 hertz. Instruct the participants to wear the accelerometer on the right hip with an elastic waistband. Ensure that the accelerometer is positioned on the right mid axilla line at the level of the iliac crest.Set the same start, date and time to ensure that the data from both devices is collected at the same time. Enter the demographic information with the modifications in parameters like:Limb, Side and Dominance. And for the left-handed participants, select the opposite side.Instruct the participants to wear the accelerometer on the wrist of the non-dominant hand on a watch belt and remind the participants to wear the devices all day long;except while bathing, swimming and showering. For the raw data collected, get the data confirmed by a physician, institutional researcher, or professional coach according to the VM chart. And count and delete any unexplained extreme data.Ask the participants to wear the device all day long and ask the trainers to maintain a diary of the table tennis training schedule. Ask the parents to maintain a diary of leisure time at home and instruct the parents to collect the data of sleep, the time to bed, and the time of waking up in the diary. Take off the device from the right hip and connect it to a laptop or personal computer with a USB cable.Run the software of the device. Download the accelerometer data of the participant by clicking download and analyze the raw accelerometer data in 60 second epochs. Take off the device from the non-dominant hand connected to a laptop with a USB cable and download the data as described earlier.The accelerometer's raw acceleration outcome variables are based on vector magnitude counts. Confirm the accelerometer data of leisure time at home, according to the diary of training, leisure time and sleep. Open the scoring page of the software and on the left side of the page, select Algorithms, followed by Cut Points and MVPA.And at last, click Puyau Children 2002. Then click Calculate. Followed by Export.The scoring output will be displayed automatically, including SBs, LPAS, MPAs and MVPAs. Obtain everyday leisure time, physical activity by adding diary timing and defining leisure time and the mean vector magnitude counts. Use students'T-test to measure group differences with a P-value less than 0.05 and use a commercially-available statistical software package to conduct all statistics.The demographic data showed that participants from the sports group did not exhibit any significantly different parameters in terms of sedentary behaviors. In contrast, children in the sports group exhibited a significantly higher VPA and MVPA than those in the control group. Bland-Altman plots suggested that the agreement between hip-worn and wrist-worn accelerometer data was acceptable for MPA, VPA and MVPA.For the raw data collected, a confirmation is needed by a physician or professional coach;according to the vector magnitude chart, count and delete any unexplained and strange data. Together with subjective questionnaires, such as class behavior in school-aged children questionnaire. The method can demonstrate as a PA of children in a highly effective manner.Preliminary reports suggest that actigraphic devices can also measure sleep quality, circadian rhythm, and a rest activity rhythm in clinical practice;which is a reflection for children with a physical and a mental disorders.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

1.6K ビュー.  Inner Mongolia Medical University. 身体活動、PAは、小児期に非常に重要です。また、加速度計は、子供のPAを測定するためのゴールデンスタンダードとして認識されています。卓球トレーニングを受けている子供たちのPAにアクセスするための手首および腰装着のアクチグラフィック加速度計ベースの測定。費用対効果が高く、正確で、高いコンプライアンスを備えています。まず、参加者は一日中?...

ビデオ: Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training

This study proposes an accelerometer-based method to objectively measure physical activity (PA) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Chinese children accepting table tennis training in...

comparison of kinetic characteristics of footwork during stroke in table tennis: cross-step and chasse step

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table...

measuring cardiac autonomic nervous system (ans) activity in children

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with action observation training in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) have limb spasticity, movement disorders, and abnormal posture due to injury to the cerebral cortex motor area, resulting in inability to stand and walk normally. Therefore, alleviating limb spasticity and enhancing gross motor function in children with SCP have become important therapeutic goals.

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

measurement of fronto-limbic activity using an emotional oddball task in children with familial high risk for schizophrenia

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during...

measurement of neuromagnetic brain function in pre-school children with custom sized meg

Measurement Of Neuromagnetic Brain Function In Pre-school Children With Custom Sized MEG

The advent of MEG systems sized for young children opens important new opportunities to study brain development. The new system, together with a protocol that aligns experimental requirements with the capacities of children, can be used to study cognitive and language processes in healthy, awake children aged three to...

measurement of larval activity in the drosophila activity monitor

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Chronic infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) causes malabsorption, stunting, and wasting in the growing child. Hence, it is plausible that these infections also reduce the physical fitness of children. Here, we visualize two techniques for the diagnosis of STHs and the 20-meter shuttle run test for assessing children's physical...

measurement of chitinase activity in biological samples

Measurement of Chitinase Activity in Biological Samples

Presented here is a simple method to measure chitinase activity in biological fluids such as bronchoalveolar lavage or...

studying brain function in children using magnetoencephalography

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

This article introduces a child-friendly research protocol designed to improve data quality by reducing head movement during pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG). We familiarize families with the MEG environment, train children to remain still using an MEG simulator, and correct for residual head movement artefacts using a real-time head movement detection...

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation with action observation training for rehabilitation of children with spastic cerebral palsy

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Action Observation Training for Rehabilitation of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

design and evaluation of smart glasses for food intake and physical activity classification

Design and Evaluation of Smart Glasses for Food Intake and Physical Activity Classification

This study presents a protocol of designing and manufacturing a glasses-type wearable device that detects the patterns of food intake and other featured physical activities using load cells inserted in both hinges of the...

Combined Intervention Training for Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy 

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measurement of in vitro integration activity of hiv-1 preintegration complexes

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy.

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

activity-based training on a treadmill with spinal cord injured wistar rats

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

This protocol demonstrates our model of activity-based locomotor treadmill training for rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Included is both quadrupedal and forelimb-only groups, in addition to two distinct types of non-trained control groups. Investigators are able to assess training effects on SCI rats using this...

repeated measurement of respiratory muscle activity and ventilation in mouse models of neuromuscular disease

Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

This paper introduces a method for repeated measurements of ventilation and respiratory muscle activity in a freely behaving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model throughout disease progression with whole-body plethysmography and electromyography via an implanted telemetry...

visualization of intensity levels to reduce the gap between self-reported and directly measured physical activity

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial as a method to test the effect of a video demonstration on the intra-individual difference between self-reported and accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous physical...

simultaneous measurement of hdac1 and hdac6 activity in hela cells using uhplc-ms

Simultaneous Measurement of HDAC1 and HDAC6 Activity in HeLa Cells Using UHPLC-MS

The present method serves to identify isoform-specific inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in HeLa cells by the UHPLC-MS analysis of multiple substrates. This is an antibody-free method developed to reflect HDAC1 and HDAC6 activity in the living cell environment, in contrast to single-isoform cell-free...

in vitro measurement of &alpha;-galactosidase a and acid &alpha;-glucosidase enzyme activity

This video demonstrates the in vitro measurement of enzyme activity for &#945;-galactosidase A and acid &#945;-glucosidase in samples using synthetic 4-Methylumbelliferyl...

In Vitro Measurement of &alpha;-Galactosidase A and Acid &alpha;-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...