We thank Ms Shuo Tian for the digital technology support. This study was supported by the Wu Jieping Foundation (Grant No. 320.6750.18456).

This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University in Hohhot, China. The parents of all children included in this study provided signed and informed consent. In the study, we used the Actigraph GT3X+ device which is referred to as an accelerometer hereafter.
1. General aspects of method development
<ol>
	<li>Obtain accelerometers to evaluate PA. The accelerometer is a small (3.3 cm x 4.6 cm x 1.5 cm, 19 g), watch-like unobtrusive de...

<ol>
	<li>Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+the+health+benefits+of+physical+activity+and+fitness+in+school-aged+children+and+youth.">Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth.</a> The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7 (1), 1-16 (2010).</li><li>Biddle, S., Asare, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+and+mental+health+in+children+and+adolescents:+a+review+of+reviews.">Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (11), 886-895 (2011).</li><li>Donnelly, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity,+fitness,+cognitive+function,+and+academic+achievement+in+children:+a+systematic+review.">Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (6), 1197-1222 (2016).</li><li>Tremblay, M. 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Global Matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries.</a> Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13, 343-366 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, Z., Chen, P., Zhuang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+Chinese+children+and+youth's+energy+expenditure+using+ActiGraph+accelerometers:+a+calibration+and+cross-validation+study.">Predicting Chinese children and youth's energy expenditure using ActiGraph accelerometers: a calibration and cross-validation study.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 84, 56-63 (2013).</li><li>Composing and Editorial Board of Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+Activity+Guidelines+for+Chinese+(2021).">Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021).</a> Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 43 (1), 5-6 (2022).</li><li>Kokko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+sports+club+participation+contribute+to+physical+activity+among+children+and+adolescents?+A+comparison+across+six+European+countries.">Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? 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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parental+physical+activity+is+associated+with+objectively+measured+physical+activity+in+young+children+in+a+sex-specific+manner:+the+GECKO+Drenthe+cohort.">Parental physical activity is associated with objectively measured physical activity in young children in a sex-specific manner: the GECKO Drenthe cohort.</a> BMC Public Health. 18 (1), 1033 (2018).</li><li>Salli, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Taylor, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+correlates+of+physical+activity+of+children+and+adolescents.">A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 32 (5), 963-975 (2000).</li><li>Vanderloo, L. M., Di Cristofaro, N. A., Proudfoot, N. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raw+and+count+data+comparability+of+hip-worn+ActiGraph+GT3X++and+link+accelerometers.">Raw and count data comparability of hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ and link accelerometers.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50 (5), 1103-1112 (2018).</li><li>Clevenger, K. A., Pfeiffer, K. A., Montoye, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-generational+comparability+of+hip-+and+wrist-worn+ActiGraph+GT3X+,+wGT3X-BT,+and+GT9X+accelerometers+during+free-living+in+adults.">Cross-generational comparability of hip- and wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+, wGT3X-BT, and GT9X accelerometers during free-living in adults.</a> Journal of Sports Science. 38 (24), 2794-2802 (2020).</li><li>Wyszy&#324;ska, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+and+body+composition+in+preschool+children+with+different+levels+of+Actigraphy-derived+physical+activity-A+cross-sectional+study.">Obesity and body composition in preschool children with different levels of Actigraphy-derived physical activity-A cross-sectional study.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (4), 1210 (2020).</li><li>McLellan, G., Arthur, R., Buchan, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wear+compliance,+sedentary+behaviour+and+activity+in+free-living+children+from+hip-and+wrist-mounted+ActiGraph+GT3X++accelerometers.">Wear compliance, sedentary behaviour and activity in free-living children from hip-and wrist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers.</a> Journal of Sports Science. 36 (21), 2424-2430 (2018).</li><li>Rhudy, M. B., Dresibach, S. B., Moran, M. D., Ruggiero, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

As shown in Table 1, children in the Sports group exhibited a significantly higher VPA and MVPA (64.20 &#177; 2.33 vs 57.85 &#177; 3.36, P &#60; 0.001) relative to those in the Control group. According to the findings of previous reports in both adolescents25 and young adults26, accelerometer devices represent an accurate method for the estimation of PA, relative to subjective surveys.
Bland-Altman plots demonstrated tha...

Physical activity (PA) is very important in childhood and is positively associated with physical and mental health. It is well documented that PA is associated with beneficial effects in school-going children with regards to obesity, bone health, mental wellbeing, cognitive function, and academic achievements1,2,3. However, most children in China still experience lower levels of PA than recommended for their age4; furthermore, sedentary time is known to increase with age. According to the National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance Study for Students in China, the number of students with obesity has remained significantly high over the first two decades of the 21st century5.
International PA guidelines for children and adolescents recommend at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day and vigorous physical activity (VPA) on 3 days/week6 in order to achieve health benefits. Similarly, the latest version of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021)7 highlights that accumulated sedentary behavioral time should not last for more than 60 min, based on international PA guidelines. Participation in sports clubs or school activities is a highly beneficial way by which children can meet PA guidelines8. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China. Recent studies have confirmed that regular table tennis training has a positive effect on the health-related physical fitness of children and adolescents9,10. As such, table tennis club/school-based training is a very suitable method for children to increase their levels of PA11.
It is important to consider several issues that might impede the fulfillment of the recommendations made by international PA guidelines. For example, most surveys of PA in children are based on parent-reported questionnaires12; there is a significant lack of data acquired by objective methods in China. Furthermore, the activity patterns of children are characterized by relatively short bouts of spontaneous, but intense PA13,14. This type of pattern is difficult to summarize and report by observation alone; additionally, questionnaires or parental reports are prone to error15. Secondly, children spend a significant amount of leisure time at home, for example, during the evenings and weekends, and tend to accumulate a substantial part of their daily PA in a home-based setting. It is difficult to collect or estimate leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in children outside of school hours. LTPA is essential for health and is one of the most important components of total PA16. Thirdly, the PA of children may be influenced by gender differences and parental life style8. Collectively, this information highlights the need to acquire accurate measurements of PA to evaluate overall health, its social impact, and its use in policy making. If the activity levels of specific subpopulations (e.g., children undergoing table tennis training) are not correctly estimated, it is possible that the data may even misdirect policies and public health priorities12.
As the most widely used objective measurement for PA patterns in youths, accelerometers have been recognized as the gold standard for measuring PA in children17,18,19,20. With technological improvements, actigraphic devices have progressed into cost-effective capacitive sensors. In most cases, these devices need to be attached to the right hip21, an issue that might be a potential risk factor and lowers compliance22. Over recent years, several research studies have indicated that PA data derived from devices worn at other anatomical locations can be comparable when set-up appropriately23,24.
In the present study, we aimed to develop a wrist-worn actigraphy accelerometer-based method to assess PA in children undergoing table tennis training.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Actigraph&#160;</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;GT3X+</td>
			<td>device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActiLife</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>&#160;v6.13.3</td>
			<td>software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 22.0 software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>statistical analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

physical activity measurement in children accepting table tennis training

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended guideline. Table tennis is a compound and technically difficult game that is popular in China; undertaking table tennis training in clubs can help children to elevate their levels of PA. Given that children cannot complete self-evaluated questionnaires themselves and caregiver-based observations are not suitable for children, we hypothesized that an actigraphy-based method can be an objective method to measure PA. In the present study, we describe a procedure that can be used to evaluate PA levels using an actigraphic device and software. Furthermore, since hip-worn devices are known to reduce compliance, we attempted to assess the agreement between hip-worn and wrist-worn device data. Collectively, our results indicate that these devices are suitable for measuring PA and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) levels. Together with subjective questionnaires, both hip-worn and wrist-worn devices are highly suitable for evaluating PA in Chinese children undergoing table tennis training in clubs.

Demographic data are shown in Table 1, including&#160;gender, age, height, weight, ethnicity, and dominant hand. As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between the groups with regards to gender, age, height, weight, and dominant hand. Furthermore, participants from the Sports group did not exhibit any significantly different parameters in terms of sedentary behaviors (SB; 441.05 &#177; 31.80 vs 442.25 &#177; 30.74, P = 0.904), LPA (213.10 &#177; 15.00 vs ...

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Physical Activity Measurement in Children Accepting Table Tennis Training

This study proposes an accelerometer-based method to objectively measure physical activity (PA) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Chinese children accepting table tennis training in clubs.

An increasing body of evidence now shows that the majority of children in China experience lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the recommended ...

Physical activity, PA, is very important in childhood. And the accelerometers have been recognized as the golden standard for measuring PA in children. Wrist-worn and hip-worn actigraphic Accelerometer-based measures to access PA in children undergoing table tennis training.A cost-effective and accurate with high compliance. First, the participants need to wear the actigraphic device all day long. Second, it is necessary that the parents or caregivers acknowledge their children's daily schedule information.After excluding participants who were diagnosed to have any neuro-development disorder, download and run the software for the device. Enter the duration for collecting data by clicking the select start time and entering the date and time. Click the button, Enter Subject Info, to enter the demographic information including name, gender, height, weight, date of birth, and ethnicity.Click Side and select Right. If the participants are left-handed, select the opposite side. Click Limb and select Waist.Click Dominance and select Dominant. Initialize the data collection by clicking Initialize 1 Device. Ensure that the battery is charged to more than 80%Otherwise the initialization will fail.Then initialize to record raw accelerations at a frequency of 30 hertz. Instruct the participants to wear the accelerometer on the right hip with an elastic waistband. Ensure that the accelerometer is positioned on the right mid axilla line at the level of the iliac crest.Set the same start, date and time to ensure that the data from both devices is collected at the same time. Enter the demographic information with the modifications in parameters like:Limb, Side and Dominance. And for the left-handed participants, select the opposite side.Instruct the participants to wear the accelerometer on the wrist of the non-dominant hand on a watch belt and remind the participants to wear the devices all day long;except while bathing, swimming and showering. For the raw data collected, get the data confirmed by a physician, institutional researcher, or professional coach according to the VM chart. And count and delete any unexplained extreme data.Ask the participants to wear the device all day long and ask the trainers to maintain a diary of the table tennis training schedule. Ask the parents to maintain a diary of leisure time at home and instruct the parents to collect the data of sleep, the time to bed, and the time of waking up in the diary. Take off the device from the right hip and connect it to a laptop or personal computer with a USB cable.Run the software of the device. Download the accelerometer data of the participant by clicking download and analyze the raw accelerometer data in 60 second epochs. Take off the device from the non-dominant hand connected to a laptop with a USB cable and download the data as described earlier.The accelerometer's raw acceleration outcome variables are based on vector magnitude counts. Confirm the accelerometer data of leisure time at home, according to the diary of training, leisure time and sleep. Open the scoring page of the software and on the left side of the page, select Algorithms, followed by Cut Points and MVPA.And at last, click Puyau Children 2002. Then click Calculate. Followed by Export.The scoring output will be displayed automatically, including SBs, LPAS, MPAs and MVPAs. Obtain everyday leisure time, physical activity by adding diary timing and defining leisure time and the mean vector magnitude counts. Use students'T-test to measure group differences with a P-value less than 0.05 and use a commercially-available statistical software package to conduct all statistics.The demographic data showed that participants from the sports group did not exhibit any significantly different parameters in terms of sedentary behaviors. In contrast, children in the sports group exhibited a significantly higher VPA and MVPA than those in the control group. Bland-Altman plots suggested that the agreement between hip-worn and wrist-worn accelerometer data was acceptable for MPA, VPA and MVPA.For the raw data collected, a confirmation is needed by a physician or professional coach;according to the vector magnitude chart, count and delete any unexplained and strange data. Together with subjective questionnaires, such as class behavior in school-aged children questionnaire. The method can demonstrate as a PA of children in a highly effective manner.Preliminary reports suggest that actigraphic devices can also measure sleep quality, circadian rhythm, and a rest activity rhythm in clinical practice;which is a reflection for children with a physical and a mental disorders.

physical-activity-measurement-children-accepting-table-tennis

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

1.6K visualizações.  Inner Mongolia Medical University. A atividade física, PA, é muito importante na infância. E os acelerômetros foram reconhecidos como o padrão ouro para medir a AF em crianças. Medidas baseadas em acelerômetro actigráfico usado no pulso e no quadril para acessar a AF em crianças submetidas a treinamento de tênis de mesa.Um custo-benefício e preciso com alta conformidade. Primeiro, os participantes precisam usar o dispositivo actigráfico durante todo o dia. Em segundo lugar, é necessário que os pais ou cuid...