蛍光デキストランの色素の尾静脈に注射<ol><li>イメージ脳血管系への順序で、動物が蛍光色素を静脈内注射する必要があります。デキストランの部分は、脳血液関門を通過し、血管外に漏れるの染料を防止するため我々は、デキストランコンジュゲート色素を使用してください。 </li><li>マウスは、（誘導4％、注入時の1.5から2パーセント）イソフルランで麻酔する。 </li><li>尾は70％アルコールで消毒されています。 </li><li> 26ゲージの針で、生理食塩水に溶解したローダミンデキストランの5％v / v溶液の75〜100μlを尾のシャフトの途中、尾静脈を介して注入される。 </li><li>染料は、約2時間でローダミン染料を使用している場合はピンクオンになります尿に排泄されるまで、動物は、尾静脈注射後すぐに画像化されることがあります。 </li></ol>二光子顕微鏡を用いて血流のイメージング（画像化船の数に応じて継続時間の合計、セッションごとに30〜60分間、） <ol><li>蛍光デキストラン色素の注入に続いて、マウスが（誘導のための4％、イメージングのための1から1.5パーセント）イソフルランで麻酔です。 </li><li>マウスは、しっかりと動物を暖かく保つために熱安定化加熱パッドが含まれている顕微鏡のステージにチタン棒を、使用して接続されます。いくつかの眼軟膏は、目の潤いを保つために適用されます。 </li><li>頭蓋窓のカバーガラスを70％アルコールで洗浄される。 </li><li>ウィンドウは、焦点面に平行に配置し、4X目的で視野の中央に置かれます。 </li><li>デジタルカメラで脳表面の血管の写真を撮影するのが最善です。この写真は、日ごとに繰り返し画像形成された領域を検索するには、次のイメージングセッションで基準の画像として使用されます。 </li><li> 4X目的は、ステージを移動することなく、水浸40倍目標に置き換えられます。ビューのフィールドのデジタル画像が再び取得されます。ステージマニピュレータの座標がゼロに設定されています。 </li><li>我々は、画像取得ソフトウェアとしてscanimageを使用してください。これは、カレルヴォ（Pologrutoら、2003）の研究室でトムPologrutoとベルナルドサバティーニことで、MATLABで書かれています。レーザー、パワーメータ、フォトマルチプライヤチューブ、アンプ、など：私たちは、次のすべての他の機器の電源をオンに</li><li>撮像する適当なウィンドウの領域を簡単に最適な領域を見つけるために、低倍率でスキャンされます。一度これらは、画像が撮影さまでした地域の低倍率のスタックを同定し、そのXY座標は、アノテートされます。 </li><li>小血管や毛細血管の血流動態を記録するために我々は、関心の血管の少なくとも40ミクロ​​ンに沿ってラインスキャンを使用してください。これらのシングル&quot;スイープ&quot;持続的な一秒を少しレーザーの可能​​な限り消費電力とスキャンの座標と角度がダウン書かれているとして使用して行われます。 </li><li>イメージングセッションが終了すると、動物はそれが麻酔から回復できる暖かい部屋に移動されます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kleinfeld, D., Mitra, P. P., Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluctuations+and+stimulus-induced+changes+in+blood+flow+observed+in+individual+capillaries+in+layers+2+through+4+of+rat+neocortex.">Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci. 95, 15741-15746 (1998).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Sabatini, B. L., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScanImage:+flexible+software+for+operating+laser+scanning+microscopes.">ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes.</a> Biomed. Eng. Online. 17, 2-13 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, S., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+impact+of+cortical+microcirculation+on+synaptic+structure+and+sensory-evoked+hemodynamic+responses+in+vivo.">Imaging the impact of cortical microcirculation on synaptic structure and sensory-evoked hemodynamic responses in vivo.</a> 5, (2007).</li><li>Nishimura, N., Schaffer, C. B., Friedman, B., Lyden, P. D., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penetrating+arterioles+are+a+bottleneck+in+the+perfusion+of+neocortex.">Penetrating arterioles are a bottleneck in the perfusion of neocortex.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci. 104, 365-370 (2007).</li></ol>

皮質血流のダイナミクスは、二光子顕微鏡による齧歯類の尾静脈に注射イメージング蛍光デキストランの色素によってin vivoで研究することができます。このビデオでは、どのようにガラスで覆われた頭蓋窓の準備を通じて、マウスの新皮質における画像の血流動態にするための方法を示した。

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a method for 2-photon imaging of blood flow in the neocortex through a cranial window

生きているげっ歯類の無傷の脳内イメージを脳血管系を（大血管から毛細血管まで）と、レコードの血流の力学への能力は強力な手法です。頭蓋窓を通して、生体内での2光子顕微鏡を使用して、それは、静脈内に注射画像蛍光色素に可能です。これは、画像皮質血管系を、また、血流の測定値を得るために1つが許可されます。この技術は当初、David K​​leinfeldとヴィンフリートデンクによって開発されました。方法は、神経変性疾患で、脳の腫瘍に、または正常な脳生理学では、脳虚血中または後に血流のダイナミクスを研究するために使用することができます。例えば、それはどのように脳卒中の原因の血流の方向の変化と梗塞とその周辺の赤血球速度または磁束の変化を研究するために使用されています。ここでは、尾静脈に注入する蛍光染料を使用して生きているマウスの新皮質での画像の血流動態を2光子顕微鏡を使用する方法を示します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window at JoVE.com

A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window

皮質血流のダイナミクスは、2光子顕微鏡による齧歯類の尾静脈に注射イメージング蛍光デキストランの色素によってin vivoで研究することができます。このビデオでは、どのようにガラスで覆われた頭蓋窓の準備を通じて、マウスの新皮質における画像の血流動態に表示されます。

頭蓋窓を介して新皮質の血流の2光子イメージングのための方法

The ability to image the cerebral vasculature (from large vessels to capillaries) and record blood flow dynamics in the intact brain of living rodents is ...

a-method-for-2-photon-imaging-blood-flow-neocortex-through-cranial

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.7K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. 皮質血流のダイナミクスは、2光子顕微鏡による齧歯類の尾静脈に注射イメージング蛍光デキストランの色素によってin vivoで研究することができます。このビデオでは、どのようにガラスで覆われた頭蓋窓の準備を通じて、マウスの新皮質における画像の血流動態に表示されます。

ビデオ: A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window

Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the initiation of an immune response 1. Here, we present methods for adoptive transfer of labeled T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node as first described in 2002 2. Two-photon imaging of immune cells requires that the cells are fluorescently labeled, either by staining with a cell tracker dye or by expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate the adoptive transfer procedure of injecting cells derived from donor mice into the tail vein of a recipient animal, where they home to lymphoid organs within approximately 15-30 min. We illustrate the isolation of a lymph node and describe methods to ensure proper mounting of the excised lymph node. Other considerations such as proper oxygenation of perfused media, temperature, and laser power are discussed. Finally, we present 3D video images of naive CD4+ T cells exhibiting steady state motility at 37&deg;C.

Two-photon imaging has uncovered lymphocyte motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and durring an immune response 1. Here, we demonstrate adoptive transfer of T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node.

解剖とマウスの末梢リンパ節の2 - フォトンイメージング

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the ...

生物学

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

パイロシーケンシング：正確なジェノタイピングのための簡単​​な方法

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

In situ Imaging of the Mouse Thymus Using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development. To follow the migration of individuals in a crowd of thymocytes , we generate neonatal chimeras where less than one percent of the thymocytes are derived from a donor that is transgenic for a ubiquitously express fluorescent protein. To generate these partial hematopoetic chimeras, neonatal recipients are injected with bone marrow between 3-7 days of age. After 4-6 weeks, the mouse is sacrificed and the thymus is carefully dissected and bissected preserving the architecture of the tissue that will be imaged. The thymus is glued onto a coverslip in preparation for ex vivo imaging by TPM. During imaging the thymus is kept in DMEM without phenol red that is perfused with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and warmed to 37&deg;C. Using this approach, we can study the events required for the generation of a diverse T cell repertoire.

We present step-by-step instructions for the generation of neonatal chimeras as well as the dissection and preparation of the thymus for ex vivo imaging by 2-Photon Microscopy.

2光子顕微鏡を用いたマウスの胸腺のその場イメージングで

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development.  To follow the ...

In Vivo 2-Photon Calcium Imaging in Layer 2/3 of Mice

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution . The method consists in implanting a cranial imaging window, injecting a fluorescent calcium indicator dye that can be taken up by large numbers of neurons and finally recording the activity of neurons with time lapse calcium imaging using an in-vivo two photon microscope. Co-injection of astrocyte-specific dyes allows one to differentiate neurons from astrocytes. The technique can be performed in mice expressing fluorescent molecules in specific subpopulations of neurons to better understand the network interactions of different groups of cells.

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution .

レイヤーin vivoでの2光子カルシウムイメージングマウスの2 / 3

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons .  ...

Generation of Bone Marrow Derived Murine Dendritic Cells for Use in 2-photon Imaging

Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% CD11c high dendritic cells in culture that home to the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection and present antigen to antigen specific T cells (see video). Additionally, we use Essen Instruments Incucyte to track dendritic cell maturation, where, at day 10, the morphology of the cultured cells is typical of a mature dendritic cell and &lt;85% of cells are CD11chigh. The study of antigen presentation in peripheral lymph nodes by 2-photon imaging revealed that there are three distinct phases of dendritic cell and T cell interaction1, 2. Phase I consists of brief serial contacts between highly motile antigen specific T cells and antigen carrying dendritic cells1, 2. Phase two is marked by prolonged contacts between antigen-specific T cell and antigen bearing dendritic cells1, 2. Finally, phase III is characterized by T cells detaching from dendritic cells, regaining motility and beginning to divide1, 2. This is one example of the type of antigen-specific interactions that can be analyzed by two-photon imaging of antigen-loaded cell tracker dye-labeled dendritic cells.

Antigen presentation in secondary lymphoid organs by dendritic cells is crucial for the initiation of the T cell mediated adaptive immune response. Here we demonstrate the culture of bone marrow derived murine dendritic cells, activation, and labeling for 2-photon imaging.

2光子イメージングで使用するための骨髄由来マウス樹状細胞の世代

Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% ...

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

ラットの歩行の質的分析のための方法としてRotorodの使用

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

Dendra2 Photoswitching through the Mammary Imaging Window

In the last decade, intravital microscopy of breast tumors in mice and rats at single-cell resolution1-4 has resulted in important insights into mechanisms of metastatic behavior such as migration, invasion and intravasation of tumor cells5, 6, angiogenesis3 and immune cells response7-9. We have recently reported a technique to image orthotopic mammary carcinomas over multiple intravital imaging sessions in living mice10. For this, we have developed a Mammary Imaging Window (MIW) and optimized imaging parameters for Dendra211 photoswitching and imaging in vivo. Here, we describe the protocol for the manufacturing of MIW, insertion of the MIW on top of a tumor and imaging of the Dendra2- labeled tumor cells using a custom built imaging box. This protocol can be used to image the metastatic behavior of tumor cells in distinct microenvironments in tumors and allows for long term imaging of blood vessels, tumor cells and host cells.

Intravital photoswitching and tracking of Dendra2-labeled tumor cells through the Mammary Imaging Window is a technique which allows us to image the metastatic behavior of tumor cells in chosen tumor microenvironments over a timescale of days.

乳腺イメージングの窓からDendra2 Photoswitching

In the last decade, intravital microscopy of breast tumors in mice and rats at single-cell resolution1-4  has resulted in important insights into ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

イメージングのための簡単​​な方法シロイヌナズナ浸潤イメージング媒体としてPerfluorodecalinを使って葉

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

頭蓋間葉の細胞挙動を評価するための外植片アッセイ

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation  Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not yet been fully elucidated. A common problem encountered when studying the localization of key proteins and structures within enucleating erythroblasts by microscopy is the difficulty to observe a sufficient number of cells undergoing enucleation.&#160;We have developed a novel analysis protocol using multiparameter high-speed cell imaging in flow (Multi-Spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry), a method that combines immunofluorescent microscopy with flow cytometry, in order to identify efficiently a significant number of enucleating events, that allows to obtain measurements and perform statistical analysis.
We first describe here two in vitro erythropoiesis culture methods used in order to synchronize murine erythroblasts and increase the probability of capturing enucleation at the time of evaluation.&#160;Then, we describe in detail the staining of erythroblasts after fixation and permeabilization in order to study the localization of intracellular proteins or lipid rafts during enucleation by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry.&#160;Along with size and DNA/Ter119 staining which are used to identify the orthochromatic erythroblasts, we utilize the parameters &#8220;aspect ratio&#8221; of a cell in the bright-field channel that aids in the recognition of elongated cells and &#8220;delta centroid XY Ter119/Draq5&#8221; that allows the identification of cellular events in which the center of Ter119 staining (nascent reticulocyte) is far apart from the center of Draq5 staining (nucleus undergoing extrusion), thus indicating a cell about to enucleate.&#160;The subset of the orthochromatic erythroblast population with high delta centroid and low aspect ratio is highly enriched in enucleating cells.

The present protocol describes a novel method of identifying a population of enucleating orthochromatic erythroblasts by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry, providing a visualization of the erythroblast enucleation process.

マルチスペクトルイメージングフローサイトメトリーによる除核イベントにおけるマウス赤芽球亜集団エンリッチの同定

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not ...