강한 감각 뉴런의 속눈썹에 갇힌 화합물의 플래시 광분해

요약

갇힌 화합물의 광분해는 다양한 생리학 활성 화합물의 농도에 신속하고화된 증가의 생산 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 갇힌 캠프의 광분해와 함께 또는 dissociated 마우스 후각 감각 뉴런의 후각 전달 연구를위한 CA를 갇힌 패치 - 클램프 녹음을 얻는 방법을 보여줍니다.

초록

갇힌 화합물의 광분해는 다양한 생리학 활성 화합물 ^1의 농도에 신속하고화된 증가의 생산 수 있습니다. 갇힌 화합물은 자외선의 플래시에 의해 부러진 수있는 화학 케이지에 의해 만들어진 분자 생리학 비활성됩니다. 여기, 우리는 dissociated 마우스 후각 감각 뉴런의 후각 전달의 연구 갇힌 화합물의 광분해와 함께 패치 - 클램프 녹음을 얻는 방법을 보여줍니다. 후각 전달의 과정 (그림 1) 수용체에 바인딩 odorant는 주기적 염기 - 게이트 (CNG) 채널 ^2를 열어 캠프의 증가로 연결 후각 감각 뉴런의 속눈썹에서 열립니다. CNG 채널을 통해 CA 항목은 CA - 활성화 망할 CIA 채널을 활성화한다. 우리는 마우스 후각 상피 ³ 방법에 갇힌 CAMP ⁴ 광분해 또는 칼슘 ⁵ 갇힌하여 CNG 채널 또는 CA - 활성화 망할 CIA 채널을 활성화에서 신경을 떼어 놓다하는 방법을 보여 ^</>를 한모금. 우리는 패치 - 클램프 녹음이 전체 셀 전압 클램프 구성 ^8-11에서 전류를 측정하기 위해 이동하는 동안 우리에서 내놓다 캠프 CA에 ciliary 지역 자외선 섬광을 적용하기 위해 플래시 램프 ^6,7을 사용합니다.

프로토콜

1. Instrumentation

1. To measure the response of olfactory sensory neurons to photolysis of caged compounds we use a flash lamp in combination with a typical patch-clamp recording system including: a patch-clamp amplifier, a recording electrode and a reference electrode connected to the head-stage of a patch-clamp amplifier, a digitizer, a computer, software for data acquisition, micro-manipulators, an epifluorescence microscope, a perfusion system, an anti-vibration table and a Faraday cage (Figure 2).
2. To generate a high-intensity flash of ultraviolet (UV) light we use a Xenon flash lamp (Rapp OptoElectronic JML-C2 Flash Unit, Figure 3A) that functions by discharging a high voltage capacitor across a short-arc flash tube that is filled with Xenon gas^6-7. The light flash can be triggered manually or by the computer, using the same software that controls electrophysiological acquisition.
3. A UV short pass filter optimized for uncaging applications (270-390 nm) is inserted into an output slot of the flash lamp and a quartz fiber optic light guide is connected to the microscope (see 1.5).
4. The intensity of the light flash and therefore the extent of photolysis can be modified by changing specific parameters:
   voltage or capacitance⁶. Indeed, the light intensity is related to the energy stored in the capacitor and depends on the capacitance value and on the voltage across it, according to the standard relation 0.5 CV². One of three capacitance values can be selected on the front panel of our flash lamp (C1=1000 μF, C2=2000 μF, or C3=3000 μF) and the voltage can be varied between 100 to 385 Volts (Figure 3A), producing a stored energy ranging between 5 and 220 J. The flash duration varies from 0.5 to 1 ms at full half maximal width and depends on the selected capacitance value. Before selecting a different capacitance or setting the voltage to a lower value, it is necessary to discharge the capacitor, by selecting the discharge mode on the front panel of the flash lamp (Figure 3A).
   However the light energy is not simply proportional to the stored energy due to manyfold reasons related to the physics of gas discharges and to non-linear losses in the circuit as the electrical energy is increased⁶. To measure the energy associated to a light flash, a joulemeter, as the JM10 provided by RappOptoElectronics, can be used. Note that the energy at the exit of the quartz light guide with UV filter in place is in the range 1-15 mJ per flash, as reported in the user guide of the Rapp OptoElectronic Flash Unit.
   A photodiode assembly (Figure 3B) is provided with the flash lamp unit and can be used to estimate variations of light intensities as a function of C and V. Indeed, the output of the photodiode is proportional to the light intensity. Following the user guide instructions, the light guide is connected to the input of the photodiode assembly, while the output is connected to an oscilloscope. Figure 3C shows the peak output voltage of the photodiode in response to light flashes for the three capacitance values C1, C2, or C3, available in our flash lamp unit, versus the applied voltage. These values will change as the flash bulb becomes old. It is a good practice to regularly use the photodiode to check the deterioration of the flash bulb.
   Instead of modifying the capacitance and/or voltage on the front panel, a more precise and faster control of light intensity is obtained by placing neutral density filters into a second filter slot of the flash lamp (Figure 3A). This approach is quicker and additionally the flash duration, that depends on the selected capacitance value, is not modified. With neutral density filters ranging from 100% to 0.1 % transmission the flash intensity can be quickly modified over a large range.
5. The light flash is directed to the neuron, plated on glass-bottom dishes, through a quartz fiber optic light guide (Figure 2). The light guide is connected to the epifluorescence attachment of the inverted microscope using an adapter. A modified filter cube without excitation filter directs the UV beam to the neuron by a dichroic mirror.
6. The light is focused through a 100x oil immersion objective. The area covered by the flash is visualized by inserting the light guide into an illuminator that provides a continuous source of visible light. The image (represented in yellow in the video) is viewed on a monitor through a CCD camera connected to the microscope. The contour of the illuminated area is drawn on the monitor to localize the UV flash area for the experiments. Before delivering the UV flash, the ciliary region of the neuron is brought into the area drawn on the monitor.
7. The dimension of the spot of UV light is controlled by the objective magnification, the diameter of the light guide, and the position of the light guide at the back of the microscope. We use a 100x magnification oil immersion objective. The diameter of the circular spot is measured by directing the light from an illuminator on a micrometer slide placed on the stage of the microscope. The spot diameter in our set-up is approximately 16, 33, 50 or 105 μm for a light guide with a diameter respectively of 200, 400, 600 or 1250 μm.

2. Preparing solutions

Dissection

1. Ringer’s solution: 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (pH 7.4 adjusted with 1M NaOH).
2. Stop mix solution: Ringer’s solution with 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 0.3 mg/ml leupeptin, and 0.02 mg/ml DNaseI.
3. Zero-divalent Ringer’s solution: 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM glucose, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (pH 7.4 with 1M NaOH). Add 200 μM cysteine and 2 U/ml papain for enzymatic dissociation.
   Note: Sterile filter the solutions for dissection.

Patch-clamp recording solutions

Extracellular solutions

1. Extracellular Ringer’s solution: 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (pH 7.4 adjusted with 1M NaOH).
2. Low-Ca Ringer’s solution: 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM EGTA, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (pH 7.4 adjusted with 1M NaOH).

Intracellular solutions

Always prepare and use caged compound solutions in dim light to avoid degradation of caged compounds from ambient light. Protect containers from light using aluminum foil.

Caged cAMP:

1. Make an intracellular solution containing 145 mM KCl, 4 mM MgCl₂, 0.5 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgATP and 0.1 mM NaGTP (pH 7.4 adjusted with 1M KOH).
2. Make a stock solution dissolving caged cAMP (BCMCM-cAMP⁴) in DMSO at 50 mM. Make aliquots of 5 μl. Store up to one year at -20°C.
3. Dissolve an aliquot of the caged cAMP stock solution in the intracellular solution to obtain a final concentration of 50 μM caged cAMP. Mix using a vortex.
4. Make aliquots of 1 ml of the caged cAMP intracellular solution. Store up to two months at -20°C until use.

Caged Ca:

We prepare intracellular solutions containing 3 mM DMNP-EDTA⁵ 50% loaded with 1.5 mM Ca.

1. Make an intracellular solution containing 140 mM KCl (or CsCl), 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4 adjusted with 1M KOH or CsOH).
2. Open a vial of 5 mg DMNP-EDTA. Add 52.8 μl of a 0.1 M calcium chloride standard solution and 1 ml of intracellular solution. Mix using a vortex.
3. To avoid uncaging of caged Ca by ambient light, transfer the solution to a tube protected from light with aluminum foil. Add intracellular solution to reach a final volume of 3.5 ml. Mix using a vortex. Make aliquots of about 1 ml of the caged Ca intracellular solution and store up to two months at -20°C until use.

Notes: During experiments, protect caged compound solutions from light using aluminum foil and keep them on ice. Sterile filter the intracellular solution.

3. Dissociation of mouse olfactory sensory neurons

Animals were handled in accordance with the Italian Guidelines for the Use of Laboratory Animals (Decreto Legislativo 27/01/1992, no. 116) and European Union guidelines on animal research (No. 86/609/EEC).

1. Prepare three glass-bottom dishes coated with 10 mg/ml concanavalin-A and 10 mg/ml poly-L-lysine.
2. To prepare for the dissection, prepare 1 ml of zero-divalent Ringer’s solution. Fill two 50 mm Sylgard coated Petri dishes with Ringer’s solution and place them on ice. Also chill a papain-cysteine mix, 0.5 ml of the stop mix solution, and a syringe with a 0.22 μm filter containing about 10 ml Ringer’s solution.
3. Sacrifice a mouse by CO₂ asphyxiation followed by decapitation. Remove the skin overlying the skull, cut along the jaw lines and place the head in a Sylgard coated Petri dish.
4. Place the dish under a stereomicroscope. Using a scalpel, sagitally bisect the head along the midline. Turn half of the head with the medial side up. Carefully remove the septum to expose the turbinates (see also Cygnar et al., 2010¹³).
5. Using number 3 forceps and a scalpel remove turbinates lined with the olfactory epithelium. Transfer to a Sylgard coated Petri dish.
6. Using number 55 superfine forceps, separate the pieces of olfactory epithelium from the attached parts of turbinates. Transfer them to a tube containing 1 ml zero divalent Ringer’s solution. Add the papain and cysteine mix. Using micro-scissors, mince the epithelia and incubate at room temperature for 3 minutes. Gently mince again with micro-scissors and wait for 5 additional minutes.
7. Using a flame-polished Pasteur pipette, transfer to a tube containing 0.5 ml of the stop mix solution.
8. Centrifuge at 300 g (1500 RPM) for 5 minutes. Discard the supernatant and add about 1 ml of filtered Ringer’s solution. Gently triturate with a flame-polished Pasteur pipette.
9. Plate about 0.3 ml of the solution containing the cells in the center of the three glass-bottom dishes. Allow cells to settle for about one hour at +4°C. Add Ringer’s solution.

4. Recording

1. Prepare patch pipettes from borosilicate capillaries to obtain resistances of 3-7 MΩ when filled with intracellular solution.
2. Place one glass-bottom dish containing the dissociated olfactory sensory neurons on the stage of the inverted microscope. Perfuse with Ringer’s solution.
3. Protect a syringe containing the intracellular solution with caged compounds from light with aluminum foil and keep it refrigerated. Work in dim light to avoid degradation of caged compounds from ambient light.
4. Look for an isolated olfactory sensory neuron with intact cilia at 100x magnification. Move the stage of the microscope to position the ciliary region inside the circle drawn on the monitor to localize the previously identified UV flash area.
5. Fill a patch pipette with the intracellular solution containing the caged compound using a flexible needle. Remove bubbles from the pipette tip. Insert the pipette into the holder on the headstage of the patch-clamp amplifier. Approach the soma of the neuron using the micromanipulator and apply gentle suction to obtain a gigaohm seal. Set the voltage at -60 mV and apply additional suction to reach the whole-cell mode using standard patch-clamp techniques¹².
6. Wait for at least two minutes for the diffusion of the caged compound into the cilia.
7. On the computer start a stimulation protocol and record the response. Use a low-pass filter at 1 kHz and digitize at a sample frequency of at least 2 kHz.
8. A typical stimulation protocol clamps the voltage at a constant value and triggers the release of a UV flash from the flash lamp for photolysis of the caged compound in the ciliary region.

5. Representative results:

You should be able to produce local uncaging of caged cAMP or of caged Ca in the ciliary region of an isolated olfactory sensory neuron and record the current response in the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration.

Figure 4 shows a typical inward current elicited by a UV flash producing photolysis of caged cAMP, recorded at a voltage of -60 mV in the presence of an extracellular low Ca Ringer’s solution. In this condition the inward current is due to Na entry through CNG channels. The rising phase of the current was fast and was fitted by a single exponential function with a time constant of 3.4 ms.

Figure 5A-B show the responses of another olfactory sensory neuron in low Ca and in Ringer’s solution with 1mM Ca. The rising phase of the current at -60 mV became much slower and multiphasic (Figure 5 A-B). This is due to the action of Ca entering the cilia through CNG channels and activating a secondary Cl current¹⁰. The earlier cationic current component, due to activation of CNG, is smaller in 1mM Ca Ringer solution than in low Ca solution because of the block due to the permeating Ca ions that reduce the overall current.

Another way to reduce the increase of Ca in the cilia is to clamp the neuron at +60 mV (Figure 5 C-D). The rising phase of the response due to cAMP uncaging at +60 mV was well described by a single exponential with a time constant of 6.7 ms, indicating the presence of only one current component.

By photoreleasing Ca inside the cilia of an olfactory sensory neuron you should be able to measure a rapidly rising current. This current is carried by Cl ions. Figure 6 A shows inward currents at -50 mV induced by photorelease of caged Ca in response to UV flashes of different intensities. The rising phase of the Ca-activated Cl currents was well described by a single exponential with time constants varying between 3.8 to 5 ms (Figure 6 B).

Figure 1. Olfactory transduction in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors (OR) activating a G protein that in turns activates adenylyl cyclase (ACIII) producing an intracellular increase in cAMP. cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels allowing the entry of Na and Ca ions. The intracellular Ca increase activates Ca-activated Cl channels. Caged cAMP or caged Ca can be introduced in the cilia diffusing through a patch pipette. A flash of UV light produces photolysis of the caged compound (Modified, with permission, from Pifferi et al. 2006²).

Figure 2. The patch-clamp recording and flash photolysis system. The set-up components include a patch-clamp amplifier, a computer, a digitizer, an epifluorescence microscope, a Xenon flash lamp, a CCD camera and a monitor. Blue and violet lines indicate respectively the visible and UV light path.

Figure 3. Xenon flash lamp. (A) Light source used for flash photolysis of caged compounds. (B) Photodiode module used to evaluate the intensity of the light flash. (C) The light guide from the flash lamp was connected to the input of the photodiode and the output was visualized onto an oscilloscope. One of the three available capacitance values (C1, C2 or C3) was selected on the front panel switch of the flash lamp and the voltage was changed turning the knob on the front panel. The output voltage from the photodiode in response to different flash intensities was plotted versus the applied voltage for each capacitance value: C1 = 1000 μF, C2 = 2000 μF, or C3 = 3000 μF. A 600 μm diameter light guide was used.

Figure 4. Patch-clamp recording in response to photolysis of caged cAMP in low extracellular Ca solution. (A) Whole-cell current response induced in an isolated olfactory sensory neuron by photolysis of caged cAMP localized to the cilia. A UV flash was released at the time indicated by the arrow. The holding potential was -60 mV. (B) The current rising phase was well fitted with a single exponential function (dotted line) with a time constant of 3.4 ms.

Figure 5. Current responses induced by photolysis of caged cAMP in low Ca and in Ringer solutions. (A) An olfactory sensory neuron was bathed in Ringer solution containing 1 mM Ca or in low Ca solution at the holding potential of -60 mV. A UV flash was released at the time indicated by the arrow. (B) Current responses plotted on an expanded timescale showed a multiphasic rising phase in Ringer, while the rising phase was well fitted with a single exponential function (dotted line) with a time constant of 3.5 ms for the response recorded in low Ca solution. (C) Currents responses from the same neuron shown in (A) bathed in Ringer’s solution at the holding potential of -60 and +60 mV. (D) Current responses plotted on an expanded timescale displayed a multiphasic rising phase at -60 mV, whereas at +60 mV the rising phase was well fitted by a single exponential with a time constant of 6.7 ms (dotted line).

Figure 6. Responses to photolysis of caged Ca. (A) Whole-cell currents induced by photolysis of caged Ca at -50 mV. UV flashes were released at the time indicated by the arrow. Flash intensities were varied with neutral density filters. (B) Expanded timescale shows the rapid increase in the current after Ca photorelease. Currents were well fitted by a single exponential function (dotted lines), with time constants of 5, 4.8, 3.8 ms. (Reproduced, with permission, from Boccaccio & Menini, 2007¹⁰).

토론

패치 - 클램프 녹음과 함께 갇힌 화합물의 플래시 광분해은 생리학적으로 활성 분자 내부와 외부에서 세포 모두의 농도에 신속하고 현지 점프를 얻을 수있는 유용한 기술입니다. 갇힌 compounds1 여러 종류의 합성되었으며,이 기술이 활성화하거나 사용 가능한 갇힌 화합물 ¹¹ 일부 광분해에 의해 변조된 수있는 이온 채널을 표현 교양 세포를 포함한 세포의 다양한 유형에 적용할 수 있습니다...

자료

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
장비	회사	카탈로그 번호	댓글
현미경으로 어댑터 모듈 플래시 램프	Rapp 광전자	FlashCube 70
에어 테이블	TMC	MICRO - G 63-534
디지타이저	축삭 인 스트 루먼트	Digidata 1322A
데이터 수집 소프트웨어	축삭 인 스트 루먼트	pClamp 8
데이터 분석 소프트웨어	WaveMetrics	이고르
어댑터 모듈 미러	Rapp 광전자	M70/100
전극 홀더	축삭 인 스트 루먼트	1 - HL - U
패러데이의 새장	사용자가 만든
필터 큐브	올림포스 산	U - MWU	여기 필터를 제거
섬광등	Rapp 광전자	JML - C2
집게 뒤몽 # 55	세계 정밀 계측기	14,099
유리 모세관	세계 정밀 계측기	PG10165 - 4
유리 바닥 요리	세계 정밀 계측기	FD35 - 100
조명기	올림포스 산	하이라이트 3100
거꾸로 현미경	올림포스 산	IX70
Micromanipulators	Luigs & 노이만	SM I
Micropipette 풀러	Narishige	PP - 830
모니터	HesaVision	MTB - 01
중성 농도 필터	오메가 광학	다양
목표 100X	자이스 혈구	Fluar 440,285	자이스 혈구 또는 Olympu 중의
목표 100X	올림포스 산	UPLFLN 100XOI2	자이스 혈구 또는 올림푸스 중
광학 UV 필터 shortpass	Rapp 광전자	SP400
패치 - 클램프 증폭기	축삭 인 스트 루먼트	Axopatch 200B
포토 다이오드 조립	Rapp 광전자	PDA
석영 라이트 가이드	Rapp 광전자	다양	우리는 600 μm의 직경을 사용하여
실버 와이어	세계 정밀 계측기	AGT1025
실버 지상 펠릿	워너 악기	64-1309
크세논 아크 램프	Rapp 광전자	XBL - JML

시약	회사	카탈로그 번호
BCMCM - 갇힌 CAMP	BioLog	B016
소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)	시그마	A8806
CaCl2 표준 용액 0.1 M	Fluka	21,059
갇힌 CA : DMNP - EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산)	Invitrogen	D6814
시스테인	시그마	C9768
Concanavalin A 형 V (ConA)	시그마	C7275
CsCl	시그마	C4036
DMSO	시그마	D8418
DNAse I	시그마	D4527
EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산)	시그마	E9884
EGTA	시그마	E4378
포도당	시그마	G5767
HEPES	시그마	H3375
KCl	시그마	P3911
코이	시그마	P1767
류펩틴	시그마	L0649
MgCl2	Fluka	63,020
Papain	시그마	P3125
폴리 - L - 라이신	시그마	P1274
NaCl	시그마	S9888
NaOH	시그마	S5881
NaPyruvate	시그마	P2256