우리는 해안과 열린 바다 바닷물의 낮은 산소 지역에 지속적인 연구를 지원하기위한 혁신, 브리티시 컬럼비아 기술 개발 기금과 국립 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구 협의회 (NSERC)에 대한 캐나다 재단 감사드립니다. 또한, 도스는 NSERC, 킬람와 툴라 기초 미생물 다양성과 진화에 대한 재정 지원 센터에서 장학금으로 지원했다.

1 부 : 워터 콜렉션 <ol><li> 깊이는 각 주조에 할당됩니다. </li><li> 깊이는 샘플 수와 현재 캐스팅을 위해 수집하는 전체 볼륨이 결정됩니다. </li><li> 이것은 이동 - 플로와 Niskin 병이 열려 있으며, 그들의 밸브 및 spigots이 폐쇄되는 것을 보장합니다. </li><li> CTD는 라인의 맨 아래에 읽어와 물로 낮습니다. </li><li> 캐스팅에서 채취한 깊은 깊이에 대한 병 먼저 CTD 후 라인에로드되며 이것은 라인이 제대로 브라켓에 장착되어 보장되고 나사가 강화됩니다. </li><li> 메신저가 저하되기 전에 (가장 깊은 제외한) 각 병에 첨부되어 있습니다. </li><li> 라인은 첫 번째 깊이와 다음 사이의 거리를 저하되며 한병 그런 다음로드됩니다. 그것은 20L가 여과에 대한 수집 아르 깊이에 대해, 2 12L 병 총이 떨어져 0.75 m에 대해 연속적으로로드되는 것을인지해야합니다. </li><li> 모든 병이 달린되면, 라인은 원하는 깊이에 넣어 져서 2 분 통과 허용됩니다. </li><li> 메신저가 아래로 전송되고 몇 분 모든 병 가까이를 보장하기 위해 전달 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 라인에 reeled하고 그들이 랙에에 와서 같이 병이 언로 드됩니다. </li><li> DNA와 RNA에 대한 20L 샘플을 필요로 깊이 들어, 두 Niskin 병을 수집합니다. 다른이 상자 속에 든 대형 유리병에 탈진하는 동안 한 병은, 화학 매개 변수 (아래 참조) 샘플하는 데 사용됩니다. RNA는 두 번째 Niskin에서 즉시 수집됩니다. 최초의 나머지 부분도 ~ 20L 최종 볼륨을 줄 수있는 상자 속에 든 대형 유리병에 새겨 졌던 것입니다. 저해상도 샘플 물만이 1L는 무균 Nalgene 병의 여과를 위해 별도로 설정됩니다. </li></ol> 2 부 : 가스 샘플 모음 <ol><li> 산소 샘플이 필요한 경우, 먼저 수집하고 있습니다. </li><li> 얇은 튜브의 조각은 Niskin에 첨부된 / 이동 - 플로 삽입 및 튜브의 다른 쪽 끝을은 유리 혈청 병으로 자리를 배치됩니다. </li><li> 혈청 병은 샘플 물로 3 번 씻어서하고, 기포가 존재하지 않는 등으로 가득차있다. </li><li> 50μl 수은 염화물 (HgCl 2) 샘플로 공기 방울을 소개하지 않는 방식으로 혈청 병에 추가됩니다. </li><li> 병은 고무 마개와 알루미늄 마개와 곱슬머리로 밀폐되어 있고, 다음 냉장고에서 얼음에 저장됩니다. </li></ol> 파트 3 : 영양소 샘플 모음 <ol><li> 60 CC 주사기가 샘플 물로 씻어서입니다 (0.2 μm의)가 온라인에 연결되어 일부 물이 acrodisc을 통해 밀려있다. </li><li> 폴리에틸렌 병은 (rinsing 때 병을 흔들) ~ 10 ML 여과 물을 3 번 씻어서입니다. </li><li> 필터링 샘플 물은 약 ​​병에 추가됩니다 벗어 가득. </li><li> 예제는 냉장고에 얼음에 저장됩니다. </li></ol> 4 부 : 암모니아 샘플 모음 <ol><li> 샘플 튜브가 샘플 물로 씻어서 있습니다. </li><li> 샘플 튜브가 샘플 물로 완전히 채워지게된다. </li><li> 샘플 물 5ml는 10ml의 pipet을 사용하여 밖으로 이동되며, 튜브에 물을 나머지는 폐기되고 pipet 팁에서 5ml가 샘플 튜브로 대체됩니다. </li><li> 모든 깊이에서 샘플을 수집되고 나면 작업 암모늄 시약의 7.5ml은 각 튜브에 추가됩니다. </li></ol> 제 5 부 : 휴대 열거를위한 샘플 수집 <ol><li> 5.4 ML 37 % 포름 알데히드를 포함하는 미리 표시 50 ML 팰컨 튜브 4 %의 최종 농도에 대한 위로 가득 차 있습니다. 주의 누설하지 않도록합니다. </li></ol> 파트 6 : 수소 황화물 측정 샘플 수집 <ol><li> 20 % 아연 아세테이트 (Zn (O 2 CCH 3) 2)가 포함된 사전 라벨 50 ML 팰컨 튜브가 제일 첫번째로 가득 차 있습니다. 주의 누설하지 않도록합니다. </li></ol> 7 부 : 바이오 매스 농도에 대한 소량의 수집 <ol><li> 1 리터 병은 위로 채워진다. </li></ol> 8 부 : 바이오 매스 농도에 대한 대량 수집 <ol><li> 20 리터 carboys이 채워집니다. </li></ol> 파트 9 : 대표 결과 약 12 용존산소 샘플, 32-48 가스 샘플, 16 영양 샘플, 32 암모늄 샘플, 16 황화수소 샘플, 셀 카운트 16 샘플, 6 20 리터 carboys, 16 1 리터 병에 결과를 샘플링 해수의 최종 결과 및 미생물 바이오 매스를 포함하는 4 Sterivex 0.22μm 필터는 나중에 RNA와 보존.

<ol>
	<li>Cline, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+determination+of+hydrogen+sulfide+in+natural+waters.">Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters.</a> Limnology &#38; Oceanography. 14, 454-458 (1969).</li><li>Holmes, R. M., Aminot, A., Kerouel, R., Hooker, B. A., Peterson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+precise+method+for+measuring+ammonium+in+marine+and+freshwater+ecosystems.">A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems.</a> Canadian Journal of fisheries and Aquatic Science. 56, 1801-1808 (1999).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

전반적으로,이 샘플링 이러한 유형의에 필요한 준비와 계획의 큰 거래이므로 여행 모든 걸 정리 해 줘서 나중에 주문하고 하루 만에 물건을 얻기 위해서는 예산 이일 전에. 일반적으로, 소금물은 연동 펌프와 접촉하거나 필드 장비를 수송하는 데 사용되는 알루미늄 Zarges 상자에 오게하지 않습니다. 존중과 장비를 취급하고 오실 오랫동안 잘 수행합니다.

<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>20L Carboys</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>02-960-15</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3/8" Tygon</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>06429-36</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterivex filters</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>SVG010RS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Prefilter Housing Unit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>AMD</td>
<td>501200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Luer Fitting</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>31507-27</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1/4" Tygon tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>06429-24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1/4" Tygon tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>06429-24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1/4" Tygon tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>06429-24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50ml Plastic tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass Serum Bottles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Glass Sample Collection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Septa and aluminum caps for glass serum bottles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hand Crimper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20-200ul Pipette and Tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ammonium Sample Collection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30ml Plastic Bottles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nutrient Collection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acrodisc Filters</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5 ml Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nitrite Sample Collection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37% Formaldehyde</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For cell count samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20% Zinc Acetate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For sulfide samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mercuric Chloride</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For gas samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>milliQ water</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ammonium Working Reagent</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Borate buffer, sodium sulfite, orthophaladialdehyde</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sulfanilamide</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5g into 450ml water and 50ml HCl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>N-(1-naphthy)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride solution</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.5g into 500ml water</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

seawater sampling and collection

이 동영상은 문서 해안 해양 물 샘플을 수집 및 바이오 매스 농도, 핵산 정화, 세포 풍부, 영양 및 추적 가스 분석 등 다양한 어플 리케이션을위한 스트림을 처리하는 방법을. 오늘의 데모 샘플 사니치 후미에 HMS 존 스트 리클 랜드 운영의 갑판에서 수집되었다. 다목적 윈치 및 케이블 시스템 데릭 A - 프레임, Niskin와 함께 사용하거나 이동 - 플로 물 샘플링 병입니다. 전도도, 온도 및 깊이 (CTD) 센서도 기본 물의 질량을 샘플하는 데 사용됩니다. outgassing 최소화하려면, 추적 가스 샘플 먼저 수집하고 있습니다. 그런 다음, 영양분, 물 화학, 세포 카운트가 결정됩니다. 마지막으로, 바닷물은 바이오 매스 여과를 위해 수집됩니다. 단일 캐스트에 대한 설정 및 수집 시간은 215m 최대 깊이에 ~ 1.5 시간입니다. 따라서 6 시간 총 일반적으로 여기에서 설명한 컬렉션 시리즈를 완료하는 데 필요합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Seawater Sampling and Collection at JoVE.com

Seawater Sampling and Collection

이 동영상은 문서 해안 해양 물 샘플을 수집 및 바이오 매스 농도, 핵산 정화, 세포 풍부, 영양 및 추적 가스 분석 등 다양한 어플 리케이션을위한 스트림을 처리하는 방법을.

해수 샘플링 및 수집

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.9K 조회수.  University of British Columbia - UBC. 이 동영상은 문서 해안 해양 물 샘플을 수집 및 바이오 매스 농도, 핵산 정화, 세포 풍부, 영양 및 추적 가스 분석 등 다양한 어플 리케이션을위한 스트림을 처리하는 방법을.

비디오: Seawater Sampling and Collection

Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain quality. F. graminearum also causes stalk and ear rots of maize and is a producer of mycotoxins such as the trichothecenes that contaminate grain and are harmful to humans and livestock (Goswami and Kistler, 2004).

The fungus produces two types of spores. Ascospores, the propagules resulting from sexual reproduction, are the main source of primary infection.  These spores are forcibly discharged from mature perithecia and dispersed by wind (Francl et al 1999). Secondary infections are mainly caused by macroconidia which are produced by asexual means on the plant surface. To study the developmental processes of ascospores in this fungus, a procedure for their collection in large quantity under sterile conditions was required. Our protocol was filmed in order to generate the highest level of information for understanding and reproducibility; crucial aspects when full genome gene expression profiles are generated and interpreted. In particular, the variability of ascospore germination and biological activity are dependent on the prior manipulation of the material. The use of video for documenting every step in ascospore production is proposed in order to increase standardization, complying with the increasingly stringent requirements for microarray analysis. The procedure requires only standard laboratory equipment. Steps are shown to prevent contamination and favor time synchronization of ascospores.

To study the developmental processes of ascospores in Gibberella zeae, a procedure for collection under sterile conditions is filmed in order to generate the highest level of information for protocol description. This should facilitate the reproducibility of the experiment, a crucial aspect when full genome expression profile tests are implemented.

Microarray 실험에 대한 Gibberella zeae Ascospore 생산 및 수집.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain ...

연구

생물학

Collection and Cryopreservation of Hamster Oocytes and Mouse Embryos

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse embryos could be frozen and stored at -196 &deg;C and, a few years later, Parkening et al. 3 reported the birth of live offspring resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cryopreserved oocytes. Since then, the use of cryopreservation techniques has rapidly spread to become an essential component in the practice of human and animal assisted reproduction and in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Currently, there are two main methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos: slow freezing and vitrification. A wide variety of approaches have been used to try to improve both techniques and millions of animals and thousands of children have been born from cryopreserved embryos. However, important shortcomings associated to cryopreservation still have to be overcome, since ice-crystal formation, solution effects and osmotic shock seem to cause several cryoinjuries in post-thawed oocytes and embryos. Slow freezing with programmable freezers has the advantage of using low concentrations of cryoprotectants, which are usually associated with chemical toxicity and osmotic shock, but their ability to avoid ice-crystal formation at low concentrations is limited. Slow freezing also induces supercooling effects that must be avoided using manual or automatic seeding 4. In the vitrification process, high concentrations of cryoprotectants inhibit the formation of ice-crystals and lead to the formation of a glasslike vitrified state in which water is solidified, but not expanded. However, due to the toxicity of cyroprotectants at the concentrations used, oocytes/embryos can only be exposed to the cryoprotectant solution for a very short period of time and in a minimum volume solution, before submerging the samples directly in liquid nitrogen 5. In the last decade, vitrification has become more popular because it is a very quick method in which no expensive equipment (programmable freezer) is required. However, slow freezing continues to be the most widely used method for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. In this video-article we show, step-by-step, how to collect and slowly freeze hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

In this video-article we present a step-by-step demonstration on how to collect and cryopreserve hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

수집 및 햄스터 Oocytes 및 마우스 태아의 Cryopreservation

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse ...

Large Volume (20L+) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column. Two 20L samples can be filtered simultaneously using a single pump unit equipped with four rotating heads. Filtration is done in the field on extended trips, or immediately upon return for day trips. It is important to record the amount of water passing through each sterivex filter unit. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use. This procedure will take approximately 5 hours plus an additional hour for clean up.

Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents large volume (&ge;20 L) filtration of microbial biomass, ranging between 0.22&mu;m and 2.7&mu;m in diameter, from the water column.

대량 연안 해수 샘플 (20L +) 여과

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, ...

Small Volume (1-3L) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column. The protocol is an extension of the large volume sampling protocol described earlier, with one major difference: here, there is no pre-filtration step, so all size classes of biomass are collected down to the 0.22 &mu;m filter cut-off. Samples collected this way are ideal for nucleic acid analysis. The set-up, filtration, and clean-up steps each take about 20-30 minutes. If using two peristaltic pumps simultaneously, up to 8 samples may be filtered at the same time. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use.

Small Volume 1-3L Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column.

연안 해수 샘플을 소량 (1 - 3L)은 여과

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s ...

Diagnostic Necropsy and Selected Tissue and Sample Collection in Rats and Mice

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal colony. Proper collection of tissues for further histological processing can impact the quality of testing results. This article describes the conduct of a basic gross examination including identification of heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen, as well as how to collect those organs. Additionally four of the more difficult tissue/sample collection techniques are demonstrated. Lung collection and perfusion can be particularly challenging as the tissue needs to be properly inflated with a fixative in order for inside of the tissue to fix properly and to enable thorough histologic evaluation. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to remove the lung and inflate it with fixative in order to achieve optimal fixation of the tissue within 24 hours. Brain collection can be similarly challenging as the tissue is soft and easily damaged. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to expose and remove the brain from the skull with minimal damage to the tissue. The mesenteric lymph node is a good sample type in which to detect many common infectious agents as enteric viruses persist longer in the lymph node than they are shed in feces. This article demonstrates the step by step procedure for locating and aseptically removing the mesenteric lymph node. Finally, identification of infectious agents of the respiratory tract may be performed by bacterial culture or PCR testing of nasal and/or bronchial fluid aspirates taken at necropsy. This procedure describes obtaining and preparing the respiratory aspirate sample for bacterial culture and PCR testing.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a basic postmortem examination of a mouse or rat, and the collection of basic organs, as well as more challenging sample types from for histological, microbiological, and PCR evaluation.

진단 검시와 고양이와 마우스의 선택 조직 및 샘플 수집

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal ...

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves&#039; Muntjac Deer

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

마우스 및 꿰 문착 사슴 우유 수집 방법

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...

Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3. However, the use of guinea pigs currently represents a relatively narrow area of research and descriptive data on specific methodology is correspondingly scarce. The anatomical features of guinea pigs are slightly different from other rodent models, hence modulation of sampling techniques to accommodate for species-specific differences, e.g., compared to mice and rats, are necessary to obtain sufficient and high quality samples. As both long and short term in vivo studies often require repeated blood sampling the choice of technique should be well considered in order to reduce stress and discomfort in the animals but also to ensure survival as well as compliance with requirements of sample size and accessibility. Venous blood samples can be obtained at a number of sites in guinea pigs e.g., the saphenous and jugular veins, each technique containing both advantages and disadvantages4,5. Here, we present four different blood sampling techniques for either conscious or anaesthetized guinea pigs. The procedures are all non-terminal procedures provided that sample volumes and number of samples do not exceed guidelines for blood collection in laboratory animals6. All the described methods have been thoroughly tested and applied for repeated in vivo blood sampling in studies within our research facility.

Though a known model, the guinea pig currently represents a niche in experimental animal sciences and limited data is available on the execution of most procedures. Here we present four different approaches to non-terminal in vivo blood sampling techniques in either conscious or anaesthetized guinea pigs.

기니 돼지의 비 터미널 혈액 샘플링 기법

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3. However, the use of guinea pigs currently ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

쥐의 측면 꼬리 정맥에서 혈액을 샘플링

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Collection and Identification of Pollen from Honey Bee Colonies

Researchers often collect and analyze corbicular pollen from honey bees to identify the plant sources on which they forage for pollen or to estimate pesticide exposure of bees via pollen. Described herein is an effective pollen-trapping method for collecting corbicular pollen from honey bees returning to their hives. This collection method results in large quantities of corbicular pollen that can be used for research purposes. Honey bees collect pollen from many plant species, but typically visit one species during each collection trip. Therefore, each corbicular pollen pellet predominantly represents one plant species, and each pollen pellet can be described by color. This allows the sorting of samples of corbicular pollen by color to segregate plant sources. Researchers can further classify corbicular pollen by analyzing the morphology of acetolyzed pollen grains for taxonomic identification. These methods are commonly used in studies related to pollinators such as pollination efficiency, pollinator foraging dynamics, diet quality, and diversity. Detailed methodologies are presented for collecting corbicular pollen using pollen traps, sorting pollen by color, and acetolyzing pollen grains. Also presented are results pertaining to the frequency of pellet colors and taxa of corbicular pollen collected from honey bees in five different cropping systems.

We describe methods for collecting corbicular pollen from honey bees as well as protocols for color sorting, acetolysis, and microscope slide preparation of pollen for taxonomic identification. In addition, we present pellet color and taxonomic diversity of corbicular pollen collected from five cropping systems using pollen traps.

꿀벌 식민지에서 꽃가루의 수집 및 식별

Researchers often collect and analyze corbicular pollen from honey bees to identify the plant sources on which they forage for pollen or to estimate ...

Cryo-Electron Tomography Remote Data Collection and Subtomogram Averaging

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) has been gaining momentum in recent years, especially since the introduction of direct electron detectors, improved automated acquisition strategies, preparative techniques that expand the possibilities of what the electron microscope can image at high-resolution using cryo-ET and new subtomogram averaging software. Additionally, data acquisition has become increasingly streamlined, making it more accessible to many users. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has further accelerated remote cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data collection, especially for single-particle cryo-EM, in many facilities globally, providing uninterrupted user access to state-of-the-art instruments during the pandemic. With the recent advances in Tomo5 (software for 3D electron tomography), remote cryo-ET data collection has become robust and easy to handle from anywhere in the world. This article aims to provide a detailed walk-through, starting from the data collection setup in the tomography software for the process of a (remote) cryo-ET data collection session with detailed troubleshooting. The (remote) data collection protocol is further complemented with the workflow for structure determination at near-atomic resolution by subtomogram averaging with emClarity, using apoferritin as an example.

The present protocol describes high-resolution cryo-electron tomography remote data acquisition using Tomo5 and subsequent data processing and subtomogram averaging using emClarity. Apoferritin is used as an example to illustrate detailed step-by-step processes to achieve a cryo-ET structure at 2.86 &#197; resolution.

초저온 전자 단층 촬영 원격 데이터 수집 및 서브 단층 촬영 평균화

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) has been gaining momentum in recent years, especially since the introduction of direct electron detectors, improved ...