국립 보건원에서 (P50 HL083800 - 03) :이 작품은 SCCOR 부여 &quot;메커니즘, 충화, 그리고 치료 AAA 질병&quot;을 지원했습니다

<ol><li> 마우스는 흡입 isoflurane 2.0 - 3.0ml / L. 함께 anesthetized 아르 </li><li> 복부는 면도와 알코올 및 betadine로 청소합니다. </li><li> 마우스는 수술 분야에 부정사 배치됩니다. </li><li> 멸균 장갑은 외과의에 의해 착용하고 있으며, 사용되는 악기는 뜨거운 비드 살균기로 소독하고 있습니다. </li><li> 긴 정중선 복부 절개가 이루어집니다. 복부 내용은 복부 대동맥을 노출 멸균 거즈로 복부 외부 철회 있습니다. </li><li> 복부 대동맥이 좌측 신장 정맥의 수준에서 분기점으로 격리됩니다. </li><li> 복부 대동맥의 지점은 노출과 10-0 봉합과 출혈도 잡았 있습니다. 분기점의 1.0cm 이내에 모든 대동맥 지점은 출혈도 잡았 있습니다. </li><li> 임시 6.0 실크 ligatures는 대동맥의 근위 및 말초 부분 주위에 배치됩니다 </li><li> aortotomy는 30 게이지 바늘로 분기점에서 생성됩니다. </li><li> 열 테이퍼 폴리에틸렌 튜브 (PE - 10)은 aortotomy를 통해 소개하고 넥타이와 보안이다. </li><li> 생리 가방을 사용하면 100 mmHg을 교정하기 위해 136cm의 높이에 걸려, 대동맥은 4.5 U / ML 타입 I 돼지의 췌장의 엘라스타제을 포함하고있는 식염수에 가득 차 있습니다. 대동맥은 일반적으로 5-15분의 엘라스타제 재관류 동안 원래 직경 150-170%에 열립니다. </li><li> 재관류의 카테 테르는 다음 제거 aortotomy이 수축을 피하기 위해 10-0 봉합사와 함께 닫힙니다. </li><li> aortotomy가 폐쇄되면 말초 묶인가 제거됩니다. </li><li> 수리 aortotomy에서 거의 또는 전혀 출혈이있다면, 근위 묶인가 제거됩니다. 확대 대동맥는 즉시 피를 채웁니다. </li><li> 창자는 복부에 반환하고, 상처는 6-0 나일론 / 폴리 프로필렌 봉합사와 두 레이어에 닫힙니다. </li><li> 0.25 % Bupivicaime 방울 (appx 절개 크기의 각 센티미터 한 방울)이 Caprofen의 상처 하나 복용량에 표시됩니다 (5mg/kg) subcutaneously 주어집니다. </li><li> 마우스가 따뜻한 지역에 위치하고 일반적으로 15 분 이내에 복구됩니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1280/fig1280.png" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 엘라스타제 유도 AAA 대표 결과.

<ol>
	<li>Anidjar, S., Salzmann, J. L., Gentric, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase-induced+experimental+aneurysms+in+rats.">Elastase-induced experimental aneurysms in rats.</a> Circulation. 82 (3), 973-973 (1990).</li><li>Pyo, R., Lee, J. K., Shipley, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+disruption+of+matrix+metalloproteinase-9+(gelatinase+B)+suppresses+development+of+experimental+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms.">Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> J Clin Invest. 105 (11), 1641-1641 (2000).</li><li>Carsten, C. G., Calton, W. C., Johanning, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase+is+not+sufficient+to+induce+experimental+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms.">Elastase is not sufficient to induce experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> J Vasc Surg. 33 (6), 1255-1255 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

이전 연구는 다른 상업 엘라스타제 준비 3 AAA 개발에 중요한 많은 - 투 - 많은 변화를 언급했습니다. 그러므로, 그것은 생산을 많이 모니터뿐만 아니라 AAAs를 유도하기 위해 준비의 능력을 문서화하기 위해 적절한 제어 그룹을 가지고 중요합니다. 흥미롭게도,이 모델에서 AAA 개발에 자화율 3를 사용하여 마우스 변형에 따라 좌우됩니다. 현재 비디오에 사용되?...

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<td>Type I porcine pancreatic elastase</td>
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<td>LEICA MZ6</td>
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<td>Leica</td>
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creation of murine experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms with elastase 

복부 대동맥의 infrarenal 세그먼트에 돼지의의 췌장 엘라스타제의 과도 intraluminal 주입은 처음 Anidjar 및 동료에 의해 ​​쥐에서 설명한 이래 복부 대동맥 동맥류 (AAA)의 가장 널리 사용되는 동물 모델이다. 개발 1 근거 기반되었습니다 엘라스틴의 중단 성격에 AAAs에서 관찰했다. 이 쥐 모델은 마우스의 infrarenal 대동맥 지역에 AAAs을 생산하도록 수정되었습니다. 2 모델은 많은 유전자 변형과 유전자 녹아웃 마우스의 출현으로 인해 AAA의 pathobiology에 광범위한 통찰력을 추가할 수 있습니다. 또한, 그것은 AAA를위한 잠재적인 치료 대리인을 테스트하기 위해 가능한 플랫폼입니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 실험실에서 사용되는 엘라스타제 주입 AAA 절차를 보여줍니다. 마우스는 isoflurane 2.5 %를 사용하여 anesthetized하고 있으며, 개복술은 멸균 조건하에 수행됩니다. 복부 aortais은 운영 stereomicroscope (Leica)의 도움을 고립. 근위 및 말초 대동맥 주위 임시 ligatures를 삽입 후, aortotomy는 30 게이지 바늘의 끝에있는 분기점에서 생성됩니다. PE - 10 폴리에틸렌 튜브의 열 테이퍼 세그먼트는 aortotomy를 통해 소개하고 안전합니다. 대동맥 루멘은 이후 생리가 포함된 형식의 I 돼지의 췌장 엘라스타제 (; 시그마 화학 (주) 4.5 U / ML)와 100mm의 HG에서 5~15분에 대한 perfused입니다. 재관류의 카테터 제거 후 aortotomy는 루멘의 수축하지 않고 수리합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase at JoVE.com

Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase

이 동영상은 복부 대동맥의 infrarenal 세그먼트에 돼지의 췌장의 엘라스타제의 과도 intraluminal 주입을 통해 생쥐의 복부 대동맥 동맥류 (AAA)을 유도하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 모델은 다수의 유전자 변형과 유전자 녹아웃 마우스의 출현으로 인해 AAA의 pathobiology에 광범위한 통찰력을 추가할 수 있습니다.

엘라스타제와 Murine 실험 복부 대동맥 동맥류의 생성

Transient intraluminal infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase into the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta is the most widely used animal model of ...

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Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase 

24.4K 조회수.  Stanford University School of Medicine. 이 동영상은 복부 대동맥의 infrarenal 세그먼트에 돼지의 췌장의 엘라스타제의 과도 intraluminal 주입을 통해 생쥐의 복부 대동맥 동맥류 (AAA)을 유도하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 모델은 다수의 유전자 변형과 유전자 녹아웃 마우스의 출현으로 인해 AAA의 pathobiology에 광범위한 통찰력을 추가할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase

Aortic Ring Assay

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Various angiogenesis assays involve the study of individual endothelial cells in culture conditions (1). The aortic ring assay is an angiogenesis model that is based on organ culture. In this assay, angiogenic vessels grow from a segment of the aorta (modified from (2)). Briefly, mouse thoracic aorta is excised, the fat layer and adventitia are removed, and rings approximately 1 mm in length are prepared. Individual rings are then embedded in a small solid dome of basement matrix extract (BME), cast inside individual wells of a 48-well plate. Angiogenic factors and inhibitors of angiogenesis can be directly added to the rings, and a mixed co-culture of aortic rings and other cell types can be employed for the study of paracrine angiogenic effects. Sprouting is observed by inspection under a stereomicroscope over a period of 6-12 days. Due to the large variation caused by the irregularities in the aortic segments, experimentation in 6-plicates is strongly advised. Neovessel outgrowth is monitored throughout the experiment and imaged using phase microscopy, and supernatants are collected for measurement of relevant angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, cell death markers and nitrite.

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Here we demonstrate an aortic ring assay that allows angiogenic potentiators and inhibitors to be directly added to aortic rings in culture. Sprouting and neovessel outgrowth can be determined by inspecting the aortic rings over a period of 6-12 days.

대동맥 링 분석

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Various angiogenesis ...

연구

생물학

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

마우스의 가로 대동맥 수축

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

분리 및 마우스 대동맥 내피 세포의 차 문화

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, especially cells in suspension such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), remains limited due to the requirement of a high cell number during sample preparation. There are a few cytospin or monolayer approaches for TEM analysis from scarce samples, but these approaches fail to get significant quantitative data from the limited number of cells. Here, an alternative and novel approach for sample preparation in TEM studies is described for rare cell populations that enables quantitative analysis.
A relatively low cell number, i.e., 10,000 HSCs, was successfully used for TEM analysis compared to the millions of cells typically used for TEM studies. In particular, Evans blue staining was performed after paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PFA-GA) fixation to visualize the tiny cell pellet, which facilitated embedding in agarose. Clusters of numerous cells were observed in ultra-thin sections. The cells had a well preserved morphology, and the ultra-structural details of the Golgi complex and several mitochondria were visible. This efficient, easy and reproducible protocol allows sample preparation from a low cell number and can be used for qualitative and quantitative TEM analysis on rare cell populations from limited biological samples.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

TEM 분석을위한 낮은 셀 번호와 샘플 준비를위한 다른 방법

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, ...

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Common murine models study small vessels such as the carotid and femoral arteries. Herein we describe an in vivo system in which both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function can be simultaneously assessed in a large vessel. We studied the infrarenal aortic response to injury in C57BL/6 mice. The aorta was injured from the left renal vein to the aortic bifurcation by 30 transmural crushes of 5-seconds duration with a cotton-tipped applicator. Morphological changes were assessed with conventional histology. Aorta wall thickness was measured from the luminal surface to the adventitia. EdU integration and counter staining with DAPI and alpha-actin was used to demonstrate VSMC proliferation. Activation of ERK1/2, a known moderator of intimal hyperplasia formation, was determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of inflammation was determined by immunohistochemistry for B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. En face sections of endothelium were visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial barrier function was determined with Evans Blue staining. Transmural injury resulted in aortic wall thickening. This injury induced VSMC proliferation, most prominently at 3 days after injury, and early activation of ERK1/2 and decreased p27kip1 expression. Injury did not result in increased B-cells, T-cells, or macrophages infiltration in the vessel wall. Injury caused partial endothelial cell denudation and loss of cell-cell contact. Injury resulted in a significant loss of endothelial barrier function, which returned to baseline after seven days. The murine transmural blunt aortic injury model provides an efficient system to simultaneously study both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function in a large vessel.

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Restenosis following cardiovascular procedures (bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stenting) is a significant problem reducing the durability of these procedures. An ideal therapy would inhibit smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation while promoting regeneration of the endothelium. We describe a model for simultaneous assessment of VSMC proliferation and endothelial function in vivo.

소뇌 대동맥 파열 상해 : 효율적<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 평활근 세포 증식과 내피 기능 모델

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell ...

Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

The liver is the largest organ in mammals. It plays an important role in glucose storage, protein secretion, metabolism and detoxification. As the executor for most of the liver functions, primary hepatocytes have limited proliferating capacity. This requires the establishment of ex vivo hepatocyte expansion models for liver physiological and pathological research. Here, we isolated murine hepatocytes by two steps of collagenase perfusion and established a 3D organoid culture as the 'mini-liver' to recapitulate cell-cell interactions and physical functions. The organoids consist of heterogeneous cell populations including progenitors and mature hepatocytes. We introduce the process in detailed to isolate and culture the murine hepatocytes or fetal hepatocyte to form organoids within 2-3 weeks and show how to passage them by mechanically pipetting up and down. In addition, we will also introduce how to digest the organoids into single cells for lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The organoids can be used for drug screens, disease modelling, and basic liver research by modeling liver biology and pathobiology.

A long-term ex vitro 3D organoid culture system was established from mouse hepatocytes. These organoids can be passaged and genetically manipulated by lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering.

뮤린 헤파토세포 오르가노이드의 설립 및 유전적 조작

The liver is the largest organ in mammals. It plays an important role in glucose storage, protein secretion, metabolism and detoxification. As the ...

Application of Passive Head Motion to Generate Defined Accelerations at the Heads of Rodents

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of exercise are poorly understood. Many physical workouts, particularly those classified as aerobic exercises such as jogging and walking, produce impulsive forces at the time of foot contact with the ground. Therefore, it was speculated that mechanical impact might be implicated in how exercise contributes to organismal homeostasis. For testing this hypothesis on the brain, a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' (hereafter referred to as PHM) system was developed that can generate vertical accelerations with controlled and defined magnitudes and modes and reproduce mechanical stimulation that might be applied to the heads of rodents during treadmill running at moderate velocities, a typical intervention to test the effects of exercise in animals. By using this system, it was demonstrated that PHM recapitulates the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, hereafter referred to as 5-HT) receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons of mice. This work provides detailed protocols for applying PHM and measuring its resultant mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads.

The present protocol describes a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' system, which reproduces mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads generated during their treadmill running at moderate velocities. It allows dissecting mechanical factors/elements from the beneficial effects of physical exercise.

설치류의 머리에서 정의된 가속도를 생성하기 위한 수동 머리 움직임의 적용

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular ...

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in the aorta and regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Mutations in genes encoding for the SMC contractile apparatus proteins are associated with aortic diseases, such as thoracic aortic aneurysms. Measuring SMC contraction in vitro is challenging, especially in a high-throughput manner, which is essential for screening patient material. Currently available methods are not suitable for this purpose. This paper presents a novel method based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). First, an explant protocol is described to isolate patient-specific human primary SMCs from aortic biopsies and patient-specific human primary dermal fibroblasts for the study of aortic aneurysms. Next, a detailed description of a new contraction method is given to measure the contractile response of these cells, including the subsequent analysis and suggestion for comparing different groups. This method can be used to study the contraction of adherent cells in the context of translational (cardiovascular) studies and patient and drug screening studies.

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

This paper describes an explant culture-based method for the isolation and culturing of primary, patient-specific human aortic smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, a novel method is presented for measuring cell contraction and subsequent analysis, which can be used to study patient-specific differences in these cells.

일차 환자 특이적 대동맥 평활근 세포 및 체외에서 반정량적 실시간 수축 측정의 분리

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in ...

Mouse Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model Induced by Perivascular Application of Elastase

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), although primarily asymptomatic, is potentially life-threatening as the rupture of AAA usually has a devastating outcome. Currently, there are several distinct experimental models of AAA, each emphasizing a different aspect in the pathogenesis of AAA. The elastase-induced AAA model is the second most used rodent AAA model. This model involves direct infusion or application of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to the infrarenal segment of the aorta. Due to technical challenges, most elastase-induced AAA model nowadays is performed with the external application rather than an intraluminal infusion of PPE. The infiltration of elastase will cause degradation of elastic lamellae in the medial layers, resulting in the loss of aortic wall integrity and subsequent dilation of the abdominal aorta. However, one disadvantage of the elastase-induced AAA model is the inevitable variation of how the surgery is performed. Specifically, the surgical technique of isolating the infrarenal segment of the aorta, the material used for aorta wrapping and PPE incubation, the enzymatic activity of PPE, and the time duration of PPE application can all be important determinants that affect the eventual AAA formation rate and aneurysm diameter. Notably, the difference in these factors from different studies on AAA can lead to reproducibility issues. This article describes a detailed surgical process of the elastase-induced AAA model through direct application of PPE to the adventitia of the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse. Following this procedure, a stable AAA formation rate of around 80% in male and female mice is achievable. The consistency and reproducibility of AAA studies using an elastase-induced AAA model can be significantly enhanced by establishing a standard surgical procedure.

The present protocol describes a standardized surgical method for the elastase-induced AAA model through the direct application of elastase to the adventitia of infrarenal abdominal aorta in mice.

엘라스타제의 혈관주위 적용에 의해 유도된 마우스 복부 대동맥류 모델

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), although primarily asymptomatic, is potentially life-threatening as the rupture of AAA usually has a devastating outcome. ...

A Calcium Phosphate-Induced Mouse Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease that occurs worldwide and is characterized by irreversible dilation of the abdominal aorta. Currently, several chemically induced murine AAA models are used, each simulating a different aspect of the pathogenesis of AAA. The calcium phosphate-induced AAA model is a rapid and cost-effective model compared to the angiotensin II- and elastase-induced AAA models. The application of CaPO4 crystals to the mouse aorta results in elastic fiber degradation, loss of smooth muscle cells, inflammation, and calcium deposition associated with aortic dilation. This article introduces a standard protocol for the CaPO4-induced AAA model. The protocol includes material preparation, the surgical application of the CaPO4&#160;to the adventitia of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, the harvesting of aortas to visualize aortic aneurysms, and histological analyses in mice.

This protocol describes a calcium phosphate-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mouse model to study the pathological features and molecular mechanisms of AAAs.

인산칼슘 유도 마우스 복부 대동맥류 모델

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease that occurs worldwide and is characterized by irreversible dilation of the ...