우리는 우리의 연구는 실시되지 않았습니다 대상없이 MRI를 기술자에게 특별한 감사와 아동 병원 보스톤 (CHB)에서 어린이와 가족, 모든 직원 참여 감사드립니다. 우리는 참여 아놀드 씨흐 특히 감사 및 비디오 촬영하는 동안 도움말 및 CHB 월섬에서 작업 관리자 패트리샤 데빈 수 있습니다. MR 이미지 수집 및 분석의 경험을 공유하기위한 MIT의 Athinoula A. Martinos 이미징 센터에서 연구 및 기술 직원에게 감사합니다. 이 연구는 찰스 H. 후드 재단, 어린이 병원 보스턴 파일럿 부여 및 스위스 국립 재단 (NMR)에 의해 추진하는 사업

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

기능 및 인간의 두뇌를 연구하기 위해 MRI 구조의 출현은 비정형 뇌 구조와 기능으로 일반적인뿐만 아니라 검사의 가능성을 촉진하기 때문에 연구와 임상 목적으로 여섯 모두 큰 가능성을 가지고있다. 그러나, 젊은 연령 그룹의 MRI 연구가 소아 neuroimaging 세션을 수행할 때 주로 기술 및 실용적인 문제로 인해 어떤 성인, 청소년이나 유아의 사람에 비해 적게 다수 남아 있...

making mr imaging child's play - pediatric neuroimaging protocol, guidelines and procedure

지난 10 년 내에 인간의 지각,인지 및 행동의 신경 기초를 조사하기 위해 구조 및 기능 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)의 사용 증가가 발생했습니다<sup&gt; 1, 2</sup&gt;. 또한,이 비침습 영상 방법은 전형 및 비정형 두뇌 개발을 탐험하기 위해 임상의와 연구자를위한 도구로 성장했습니다. neuroimaging 도구와 기술의 진보는 분명 있지만, (F) 어린 소아 인구의 MRI는 비교적 드문 유적<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. 이미징 아이들이 문제의 독특한 설정과 함께 임상과 연구 팀을 제시 실용뿐만 아니라 기술적인 도전<sup&gt; 3, 2</sup&gt;. 몇 가지 이름을, 아이 참가자 동기 부여, 경계와 협력을 필요로 도전하고 있습니다. 불안은 해결되는 추가 요소 수 있습니다. 연구자 또는 임상은 MR 스캐너 환경과 시간 제한, 운동 제한, 스캐너 배경 소음과 unfamiliarity을 고려해야합니다<sup&gt; 2,4-10</sup&gt;. 젊은 연령 그룹에서 기능 및 구조 neuroimaging의 점진적 사용하지만, 더 두뇌 개발에 대한 우리의 이해에 추가할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 여러 연구 그룹은 현재 아이들이 관련된 행동 특성을 제시 잠재적으로 전에도, 발달 장애의 조기 발견을 향해 노력하고 있습니다<sup&gt; eg11</sup&gt;. 다양한 전략과 기술이 neuroimaging 세션 동안 어린 아이들의 편안하고 협력을 보장하는 수단으로보고되었습니다. 치료를 재생<sup&gt; 12</sup&gt;, 행동 방식<sup&gt; 13, 14,15, 16-18</sup&gt; 및 시뮬레이션<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; 모의 스캐너 영역의 사용<sup&gt; 20,21</sup&gt; 기본 휴식<sup&gt; 22</sup이러한 기술&gt;과 조합<sup&gt; 23</sup&gt; 모든 참가자의 준수 여부를 개선하기 위해 표시되며 따라서 MRI 데이터 품질되었습니다. 더욱 중요한 것은, 이러한 전략은 참여 가족과 아동의 편안함을 증가 증명<sup&gt; 12</sup&gt;. 임상 연습과 같은 기술의 주요 발전 중 하나는 MR 영상 세션 동안 어린이의 준수 여부를 관리하는 방법으로 진정 작용 또는 일반 마취 (GA)을 피할 수있는 가능성이<sup&gt; 19,20</sup&gt;. 현재 비디오 보고서에서, 우리는 어린이의 최신 성공 증명 지침 및 절차 소아 neuroimaging 프로토콜을 제시한다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure at JoVE.com

Making MR Imaging Child&#039;s Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

인간의 구조와 기능 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)의 사용 증가에도 불구하고, 어린 소아 인구의 연구는 도전 남아 있습니다. 우리는 어린 아이 (F) MRI를 수행하려는 임상 및 연구자에 대한 지침을 포함하여 실무에 단계별 비디오 프로토콜을 제시한다.

소아 Neuroimaging 프로토콜, 지침 및 절차 - MR 이미징 아동의 놀이 만들기

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural ...

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Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

18.0K 조회수.  Children’s Hospital Boston. 인간의 구조와 기능 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)의 사용 증가에도 불구하고, 어린 소아 인구의 연구는 도전 남아 있습니다. 우리는 어린 아이 (F) MRI를 수행하려는 임상 및 연구자에 대한 지침을 포함하여 실무에 단계별 비디오 프로토콜을 제시한다.

비디오: Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an extremely useful method, because it allows the study of the live intact brain. With appropriate preparations, this technique allows the observation of the same cortical area chronically, from minutes to months. In this video, we show a preparation for chronic in vivo imaging of the brain using two-photon microscopy. This technique was initially pioneered by Dr. Karel Svoboda, who is now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Janelia Farm. Preparations like the one shown here can be used for imaging of neocortical structure (e.g., dendritic and axonal dynamics),  to record neuronal activity using calcium-sensitive dyes, to image cortical blood flow dynamics, or for intrinsic optical imaging studies. Deep imaging of the neocortex is possible with optimal cranial window surgeries. Operating under the most sterile conditions possible to avoid infections, together with using extreme care to do not damage the dura mater during the surgery, will result in successful and long-lasting glass-covered cranial windows.


This video and protocol demonstrate how to implant a glass-covered cranial window in rodents. These preparations can be used for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging of the neocortex over time scales of months. It may also be used for other types of imaging, including optical intrinsic signal imaging.

만성 뇌 영상에 대한 Craniotomy 외과 절차

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

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Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative medicine. A non-invasive method to monitor the transplanted stem cells repeatedly in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand the mechanisms that control stem cell death and identify trophic factors and signaling pathways that improve stem cell engraftment. MR imaging has been proven to be an effective tool for the in vivo depiction of stem cells with near microscopic anatomical resolution. In order to detect stem cells with MR, the cells have to be labeled with cell specific MR contrast agents. For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), are applied, because of their high sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility. SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran, carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field inhomogeneities, that cause a decreased signal on T2-weighted MR images. This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling of stem cells with clinically applicable MR contrast agents for subsequent non-invasive in vivo tracking of the labeled cells with MR imaging.

For the evaluation of new stem cell therapies it is important to non-invasively track the injected cells in vivo. This video will show you how to label human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells with iron oxide based contrast agents in vivo for subsequent MR imaging in vivo.

이런 산화물로 hESCs과 hMSCs을 라벨링하는 MR 영상과 생체내 추적 비침습에 대한 Nanoparticles

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

Making Patch-pipettes and Sharp Electrodes with a Programmable Puller

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades. Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries using a programmable puller. Such instruments heat the capillary using either a metal filament or a laser and draw out the glass using gravity, a motor or both. Pipettes for patch-clamp recording are formed using only heat and gravity, while sharp electrodes for intracellular recording use a combination of heat, gravity, and a motor. The procedure used to make intracellular recording pipettes is similar to that used to make injection needles for a variety of applications, including cRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes. In general, capillary glass &lt;1.2 mm in diameter is used to make pipettes for patch clamp recording, while narrower glass is used for intracellular recording (outer diameter = 1.0 mm). For each tool, the puller is programmed slightly differently. This video shows how to make both kinds of recording pipettes using pre-established puller programs.

This video shows how to use a programmable puller to make patch pipettes and sharp electrodes for electrophysiology. The same procedure can be used to make a variety of glass tools, including injection needles.

프로그래밍 풀러와 패치 - pipettes와 샤프 전극을 만들기

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades.  Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries ...

Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1. To achieve this goal 6-10 systematic sections should be probed covering the entire structure. Typically this involves processing 1/5 sections which leaves a significant amount of material unprocessed. In order to maximize the material, we propose an inexpensive method for preserving fixed tissue as part of a long-term storage research plan. As tissue is sliced and processed for the desired stain or antibody, alternate sections should be systematically placed in antigen preserve at -20&deg;C for future processing. Using 24-well plates, sections can be placed in order for future retrieval. Using this method, tissue can be stored and processed for immunohistochemistry over the course of years.

Brain banking and systematic sampling of biological material provides the basis for unbiased stereology and maximizes the potential data obtained from each specimen.

브레인 은행 : 귀하의 연구 표본의 대부분을 만들기

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1.  To ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol for bioluminescent optical imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice reported in this manuscript provides a rapid in vivo assay of the upregulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in response to the Gua Sha procedure. HO-1 has long been known to provide cytoprotection against oxidative stress. The upregulation of HO-1, assessed by the bioluminescence output, is thought to represent an antioxidative response to circulating hemoglobin products released by Gua Sha. Gua Sha was administered by repeated strokes of a smooth spoon edge over lubricated skin on the back or other targeted body part of the transgenic mouse until petechiae (splinter hemorrhages) or ecchymosis (bruises) indicative of extravasation of blood from subcutaneous capillaries was observed. After Gua Sha, bioluminescence imaging sessions were carried out daily for several days to follow the dynamics of HO-1 expression in multiple internal organs.

Gua Sha, traditional Chinese therapeutic skin scraping, causes subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation. We report a protocol of bioluminescence imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice to demonstrate that Gua Sha upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in multiple organs.

규아 샤 프로 시저에 헴 Oxygenase - 1 Upregulation의 Bioluminescence 이미징

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol ...

Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2 described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3.

This is a method for generating gynogenetic diploid zebrafish embryos (embryos whose only genetic contribution comes from the mother) by blocking the second meiotic division immediately after fertilization with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm. EP embryos are not fully homozygous due to recombination during the first meiotic division, however they are homozygous at all loci that have not been separated from their centromere by recombination.

초기 압력에 의해 Gynogenetic의 Diploid의 Zebrafish 만들기

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from ...

Preparation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells for the Purpose of Calcium Imaging, Cell Injury Measurements, and Adenoviral Infection

The pancreatic acinar cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic duct. It is also the site for the initiation of pancreatitis. Here we describe how acinar cells are isolated from whole pancreas tissue and intracellular calcium signals are measured. In addition, we describe the techniques of transfecting these cells with adenoviral constructs, and subsequently measuring the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of cell injury, during conditions that induce acinar cell injury in vitro. These techniques provide a powerful tool to characterize acinar cell physiology and pathology.

We describe a reproducible method of preparing mouse pancreatic acinar cells from a mouse for the purpose of examining acinar cell calcium signals and cellular injury with physiologically and pathologically relevant stimuli. A method for adenoviral infection of these cells is also provided.

칼슘 이미징의 목적, 세포 상해 측정 및 아데노 바이러스 감염 췌장 포상 세포의 준비

The pancreatic acinar  cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary  role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into ...

Optimized Protocol for Retinal Wholemount Preparation for Imaging and Immunohistochemistry

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ring-supported hydrophilized PTFE membrane to provide structural support to both living and fixed tissue during immunohistochemical processing, which allows for the use of a variety of protocols that would otherwise cause damage to the tissue. First, this is demonstrated with bolus loading of fluorescent markers into living retinal tissue. This method allows for quick visualization of targeted structures, while the membrane support maintains tissue integrity during the injection and allows for easy transfer of the preparation for further imaging or processing.
Second, a procedure for antibody staining in tissue fixed with carbodiimide is described. Though paraformaldehyde fixation is more common, carbodiimide fixation provides a superior substrate for the visualization of synaptic proteins. A limitation of carbodiimide is that the resulting fixed tissue is relatively fragile; however, this is overcome with the use of the supporting membrane. Retinal tissue is used to demonstrate these techniques, but they may be applied to any fragile tissue.

The protocol described here is for structural assessment of a wholemount retinal preparation. This includes descriptions of tissue dissection, mounting onto a hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane insert, bolus loading with fluorescent markers, and a comparison of fixation with carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular and synaptic components.

이미징 및 면역 조직 화학에 대한 망막 Wholemount 준비를 위해 최적화 된 프로토콜

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

드로소필라의 온도 선호도 행동과 Circadian 리듬의 설계 및 분석

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium covering most of our body, and epidermal appendages such as the hair follicles and sweat glands. The epidermis undergoes regeneration throughout life and in response to injury. This is enabled by K14-expressing basal epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations that are tightly regulated by multiple regulatory mechanisms active within the epidermis and between epidermis and dermis. This article describes a simple method to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize K14 protein expression patterns, Ki67 labeled proliferating cells, Nile Red labeled sebocytes, and DAPI nuclear labeling at single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment and quantification of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines. The CUBIC protocol is the best method available to date to investigate molecular and cellular interactions in full thickness skin biopsies at single cell resolution.

This report describes a CUBIC protocol to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize protein expression patterns, proliferating cells, and sebocytes at the single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines.

CUBIC 프로토콜 전체 마운트 피부 준비 단일 셀 해상도에서 단백질 발현을 시각화합니다

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...