We thank the nurses (appearing on film) for supporting the neonates. 
We thank J. Hagoort, MA, linguist, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children&#8217;s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for reading and correcting the manuscript.

참고 :이 프로토콜은 로컬 인간의 연구 윤리위원회의 지침을 따른다. 1. 일반 고려 사항 참고 : 장비, 데이터 저장 및 안전에 관한 일반 사항은 토론에서 해결된다. <ol><li> 주파수 (설명 참조)의 밴드와 다중 트랜스 듀서와 고해상도 실시간 모바일 2D 초음파 기기를 이용하여 화상을 얻기. 일반적으로 7.5-8.5 MHz의 주파수 프로브를 사용하여 좋은 품질의 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> CUS 시험 2. 준비 <ol><li> 그러한 채혈 같은 또 다른 과정과 일치하지 않도록 CUS 시험 예약. </li><li> 이러한 신생아 개별화 발달 관리 및 평가 프로그램 (6)의 원칙에 따라 그와 같은 전략을 사용하여 검사하는 동안 신생아를 보건 의료 노동자 또는 부모가 지원할 수 있는지 확인 및 / 또는 편안함 &lt;/ SUP&gt;. </li></ol> 전방 Fontanel를 통해 3. 시험 <ol><li> 인큐베이터 또는 침대 함께 초음파 기계를 설치합니다. </li><li> 프로브와 피부 사이 좋은 접촉을 보장하기 위해 프로브 변환기 젤을 적용합니다. 사용하기 전에 젤을 따뜻하게 고려하십시오. </li><li> B-모드에서 볼록 프로브 전방 fontanel을 통해 영상을 시작합니다. 신생아의 우측으로 턴 프로브 마커 fontanel 중간에 프로브를 배치. 뇌의 왼쪽이어서 모니터 오른쪽에 표시된다. 주 : 전방 fontanel 통해 이미징는 3 번 위치에 신생아 수행 될 수있다. 연구 목적으로 그 표준 헤드 위치를 위해 노력하는 것이 필요할 수있다. <ol><li> 적어도 관상 다섯 다섯 시상면에서 기록 이미지. 제 화상의 윤곽을 포함하는 뇌, 섹터를 채우기 화상을 생성하는 깊이 이득 및 이득 보상 시간 설정을 조정 피하기너무 밝거나 어두운 이미지를 보내고 근처 깊은 구조에서 반사 사이의 균형을 목표로. </li><li> 관상면 참고 : 완벽하게 대칭 이미지를 얻기 위해보십시오. 전두엽 볼록 근처 병변이 의심되는 경우 하나의 반구가 더 나은 세부 사항 (그림 1)에 표시 될 수 있도록, 특정 경사 관상 섹션을 기록하는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 관상 전두엽 이미지의 경우, 각 프로브가 전달은 후각 열구의 수준에서, 측뇌실의 정면 뿔에 앞쪽 전두엽을 시각화합니다. </li><li> Monro는 수준, 각도 측면 심실, cavum septi pellucidi, 뇌량, 고랑 cinguli의 정면 뿔을 묘사하는 TELA의 choroidea에 관상 섹션 전방을 시각화하는 프로브에서 관상 이미지하십시오. 기저핵의 일부의 에코을합니다. </li><li> 시상의 수준에서 관상 화상의 경우, 각 프로브는 거꾸로 늦은 동정을 행RAL 균열, 세 번째 뇌실과 측두엽의 지붕에 TELA의 choroidea. 기저핵과 관련하여 시상 ​​(특히 ventrolateral 핵)의 에코을합니다. pulvinar에서 해당 네트워크 부상 그냥 심방 앞에 여분의 관상 부분에 가시화 될 수도 있습니다. </li><li> 심방의 차원에서 이미지의 관상, 맥락막 신경총 레벨 측뇌실 시각화. 측두엽과 소뇌 반구를 확인합니다. 맥락총에 비해 뇌실 주위 백질의 에코을합니다. 미숙아 신생아의 심방에 위 및 측면 정상 에코의 영역과 광 방사선을 비교. </li><li> 관상 두정 후두 이미지의 경우, 두정 후두 고랑의 수준에 프로브 뒤로 각도는 두정엽과 후두엽을 식별합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 시상면 <ol><li> 신생아의 얼굴쪽으로 향하게 프로브에 마커로 프로브를 90 ° 회전합니다. 목즉 뇌의 앞쪽 부분이 모니터의 좌측에 표시한다. 다음과 같은 구조의 수준에서 기록 이미지 (그림 2). </li><li> midsagittal 이미지의 경우, 뇌량, cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), 세 번째와 네 번째 뇌실, vermis, 치스 테르 나디 라티 나 마그나, 뇌교와 중뇌를 시각화. 7 interpositi cavum Vergae의 존재와 cavum의 벨리을합니다. </li><li> 하나 gangliothalamic 난형를 통해 시상 이미지 (예를 들어, 오른쪽)의 경우, 뇌실를 통해 시상 뷰의 프로브 옆으로 각도. 맥락총를 확인하고 시상 및 기저핵의 에코를 확인합니다. 시상면의 스캔 측 적절 텍스트 도구로 표시해야합니다. </li><li> 섬엽을 통해 시상 편협한 이미지, 각도 프로브 더 측면하십시오. 횡 방향 균열 및 frontal-, temporal-, parietal-과 후두엽을 확인합니다. </li><li> t 반복 시상 이미지그 반대쪽 (즉, 왼쪽). </li></ol></li><li> 컬러 도플러 <ol><li> 색 도플러를 이용하여 볼록 프로브 전방 fontanel을 통해 영상을 계속합니다. 대뇌 동맥과 정맥의 흐름 속도를 평가하고 도출 된 지표를 얻는 것이 좋습니다. 참고 : - 끝 이완기 속도 / 최대 수축기 속도 저항 지수 (RI)는 최대 수축기 속도로 정의된다. RI는 각 독립적이며, 절대 속도 값은 8-10되지 않습니다. RI는 다른 구경의 동맥에서 유사하지 않다. 같은 선박의 동일한 위치에 수행 한 경우 직렬 측정에만 유용하다. </li></ol></li><li> 다음 선박 (그림 3)의 관상면에서 기록 이미지 : <ol><li> 소뇌 수준 횡 부비동 시각화. 하나 또는 아무것도 횡 부비동이 가시화되지 않는 경우, 펄스 반복 주파수 (PRF)를 낮출. 여전히 하나 또는 가로 부비동의 없음 다음의 경우전방 fontanel을 통해 식별 될 수 있고, 유상 돌기 fontanel 통해 시각화 고주파 선형 프로브를 사용하여 (섹션 4.4.2 참조). </li><li> 경동맥 동맥, 중뇌 동맥 윌리스의 원을 시각화하고 측뇌실의 정면 뿔의 수준에서 뇌동맥을 전방. 좌우 전방 뇌동맥을 구별하는 것은 종종 도전적이지만, 일반적으로 불필요하다. 동맥의 선조체 촛대를 확인합니다. </li><li> 각 프로브는 뒤로 인접한 경정맥과 기저 동맥을 시각화합니다. </li><li> 더 뒤로 각도는 내부 뇌와 thalamostriate 혈관을 시각화한다. </li></ol></li><li> 한 전방 대뇌 동맥 (그림 4)의 시상면에 이미지를 기록합니다. (일반적으로 뇌량의 제누 아래)이 선박의 특정 부분에서 유속 및 RI를 평가합니다. 근처를 내부 대뇌 정맥의 중간 선 속도가 될 수 있습니다쉽게 측정. </li><li> 전방 fontanel에서 관상 평면 내에 선형 고주파 프로브를 이용하여, 우수한 시상 동을 식별. 이것이 실패 할 경우에 fontanel 프로브 가해진 압력의 양을 감소시킨다. 참고 : 선형 프로브가 표면 구조 (수막, 지주막과 경막 하 공간, 피질)의 상세한 시각화에 사용할 수 있습니다. 접선 혈관은 지주막 하 공간에 있습니다. 이상적으로는, 이전 단계에서 설명한 바와 같이 도플러 이미징은 신생아의 제 CUS 검사 중에 수행한다. 추적 검사 중 일부 단계는 생략 될 수있다. 의심 대뇌 혈전증 sinovenous 도플러 촬상 경우 단계 3.3.5.1, 3.3.7 및 4.4.2에서 수행되어야 바와 같이. </li></ol></li></ol> 대체 음향 창을 통해 4. 시험 <ol><li> 다음, 다른 음향 창을 통해 검사를 계속합니다. </li><li> (POS lambdoid을 통해 이미지를 기록하는 고려terior) 볼록 프로브 (도 5)를 사용 fontanel. 후방 fontanel은 시상과 lambdoid 봉합 3,11의 교차점에 위치하고 있습니다. 측와위로 신생아를 배치하여 후방 fontanel 스루 화상. 참고 : 만족스러운 이미지는 앙와위 3 유아와 시상 봉합의 후방 측면을 통해 얻을 수있다 많은 미숙아에서. <ol><li> 시상 뷰 후방 fontanel의 중간으로 프로브를 위치. 각도 약간 중간 선 오프 프로브가 뇌실의 몸과 후두 경적을 식별합니다. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 프로브 약 90 °를 돌립니다. 측뇌실의 후두 뿔을 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> (그림 6) 귀 위에 볼록 또는 선형 프로브를 사용하여 측면 (시간) 창을 통해 이미지를 기록하는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 필요한 경우, 수 있도록 측방 창을 통해 화상을 얻기뇌간 (12)의 상세보기. 귀 앞에 수평으로 위의 약간 프로브를 놓습니다. 대뇌 꽃자루가 가시화 될 때까지 프로브를 이동합니다. 참고 : 다른 구조를 식별 할 수있는 제 3 뇌실, 수로 및 측두엽 있습니다. 색 도플러를 사용하여, 윌리스의 원이 가시화 될 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 유양 돌기 fontanel을 통해 기록 이미지 (그림 7). 유양 돌기 fontanel는 시간적, 정수리와 뒤통수 뼈 (4)의 교차점에, 귀 뒤에 있습니다. 측와위 (3)에 배치하여 신생아 유양동 fontanel 스루 화상. 참고 : 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지를 얻을 때 우리의 경험에 의하면, 신생아는 종종 불편의 징후를 표시합니다. 따라서, 전방 fontanel 및 기타 음향 창문을 통해 영상화 한 후이 작업을 수행하는 가장 좋은 것입니다. 우리는이 불편 함이 PULS 청각 반응의 메커니즘에 의해 발생 될 수 있다는 가설무선 주파수 에너지 (13)의 말이지. <ol><li> 볼록 프로브를 사용하여 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 귀에 프로브 병렬 배치합니다. 소뇌 반구, vermis, 세 번째와 네 번째 뇌실, 뇌교 및 치스 테르 나디 라티 나 마그나를 식별하기 위해 앞뒤로 프로브를 쓸어. 작은 preterms에서 반대편 소뇌 반구 잘 묘사 할 수있다. </li><li> 선형 프로브를 사용하여 유양 돌기의 fontanel을 통해 이미지. (중 하나)의 횡 부비동은 전방 fontanel을 통해 식별 할 수없는 경우, 유상 돌기 fontanel 통해 시각화 고주파 선형 프로브를 사용한다. 관상보기를 얻기 위해 귓불에 프로브 병렬 배치합니다. <ol><li> 소뇌 반구와 네 번째 뇌실을 확인합니다. 컬러 도플러를 사용하여, 횡 방향 및 S 자형 동, 동과 사자 tentorial 정맥을 식별. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 난원 매그넘 (14)를 통해 후두의 추가 시각화를 생각해 보자. </li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography. , (2010).</li><li>Gray, P. H., Griffin, E. A., Drumm, J. E., Fitzgerald, D. E., Duignan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+Wave+Doppler+Ultrasound+in+Evaluation+of+Cerebral+Blood-Flow+in+Neonates.">Continuous Wave Doppler Ultrasound in Evaluation of Cerebral Blood-Flow in Neonates.</a> Archives of Disease in Childhood. 58 (9), 677-681 (1983).</li><li>Seibert, J. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+Blood-Flow+Velocity+in+the+Human+Newborn+-+the+Value+of+Its+Determination.">Cerebral Blood-Flow Velocity in the Human Newborn - the Value of Its Determination.</a> Pediatrics. 70 (1), 147-152 (1982).</li><li>Correa, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posterior+fontanelle+sonography:+An+acoustic+window+into+the+neonatal+brain.">Posterior fontanelle sonography: An acoustic window into the neonatal brain.</a> American Journal of Neuroradiology. 25 (7), 1274-1282 (2004).</li><li>Helmke, K., Winkler, P., Kock, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+examination+of+the+brain+stem+area+in+infants.+An+echographic+and+anatomic+analysis.">Sonographic examination of the brain stem area in infants. An echographic and anatomic analysis.</a> Pediatric Radiology. 17 (1), 1-6 (1987).</li><li>Elder, J. A., Chou, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+response+to+pulsed+radiofrequency+energy.">Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy.</a> Bioelectromagnetics. , S162-S173 (2003).</li><li>Brennan, C. M., Taylor, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+imaging+of+the+posterior+fossa+utilizing+the+foramen+magnum.">Sonographic imaging of the posterior fossa utilizing the foramen magnum.</a> Pediatric Radiology. 40 (8), 1411-1416 (2010).</li><li>Rutherford, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+white+matter+diseases+of+prematurity.">Magnetic resonance imaging of white matter diseases of prematurity.</a> Neuroradiology. 52 (6), 505-521 (2010).</li><li>Wezel-Meijler, G., Steggerda, S. J., Leijser, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cranial+Ultrasonography+in+Neonates:+Role+and+Limitations.">Cranial Ultrasonography in Neonates: Role and Limitations.</a> Seminars in Perinatology. 34 (1), 28-38 (2010).</li><li>Leijser, L. M., de Vries, L. S., Cowan, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+cerebral+ultrasound+effectively+in+the+newborn+infant.">Using cerebral ultrasound effectively in the newborn infant.</a> Early Human Development. 82 (12), 827-835 (2006).</li><li>Houston, L. E., Odibo, A. O., Macones, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+obstetrical+ultrasound:+a+review.">The safety of obstetrical ultrasound: a review.</a> Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13), 1204-1212 (2009).</li><li>Torloni, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+ultrasonography+in+pregnancy:+WHO+systematic+review+of+the+literature+and+meta-analysis.">Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.</a> Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology. 33 (5), 599-608 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 설명하고 신생아 도플러 CUS에 대한 최첨단 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 숙련 된 손,이 안전, 시리얼 침대 옆 신생아의 뇌 영상을위한 훌륭한 도구입니다. 많은 NICUs에서 설명 된 가능성이 최적으로 사용되지 않습니다. 도플러 연구를 추가하면 두개 내 동맥과 정맥의 개통의 심사 수 있습니다. 유속 및 평가 지표를 얻을 수있다. 도플러 CUS 뇌졸중이 이전에 치료 개입을 가능 부비동 각도...

Since its clinical introduction in the late 1970&#8217;s cranial ultrasound (CUS) has been widely used for detecting congenital anomalies and acquired brain lesions during the neonatal period. In many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), CUS has become indispensable in the care for critically ill neonates. Major advantages are its relatively low cost and the fact that it can be performed at bedside, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows for serial imaging. Another technique often used for neuroimaging in critically ill neonates is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides excellent image quality, but its clinical use in NICU&#8217;s is currently limited because of logistic and safety issues1. 
Over time, quality of CUS has drastically improved, with advancing technique leading to higher resolution, faster image processing and digital display and back-up. Important brain structures can be adequately visualized using optimal settings. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. This approach is less suitable for evaluation of infratentorial structures because they are located far away from the transducer and the highly echoic tentorium impedes their assessment. Use of high-frequency linear transducers through alternative acoustic windows and adapted settings also provides access to these brain regions. Examples of these supplemental acoustic windows are the lambdoid (posterior), mastoid and lateral (temporal) fontanels. So far, however, only few NICUs use these additional acoustic windows routinely2-5. Doppler techniques can be used for screening patency of intracranial vessels. Flow velocities and indices in cerebral arteries can also be obtained. Some manufacturers now provide hardware to visualize flow around 2 cm/sec (Raets, et al., unpublished data). Small vessels are well displayed: medullary trunks and channels, subependymal veins tributing to the thalamostriate veins, and perforator arteries. 
We present our approach of neonatal CUS, focusing on the use of different transducers, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. Neonatologists and radiologists use this approach in daily clinical practice but is also suitable for research purposes. In the practical part of the video we demonstrate bedside use in the NICU.

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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MyLab 70</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Esaote (Genoa, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Ultrasound system</td>
		</tr>
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state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

7 - 기술 된 프로토콜에 따라 만든 영상의 예는 그림 1에 제시되어있다. 이미지는 관찰자 신중 경험에 의해 해석되어야한다. 대칭 영상은 전방 fontanel (그림 1)를 통한 관상 이미지의 적절한 해석이 필요하다. 의심되는 병변은 전방 fontanel 이외의 음향 창을 통해 모두 관상 (MID) 시상면 또는 시각화 시각화한다. 뇌내의 혈관 시각화 (도 3, 4, 6 및 <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

신생아의 예술 두개골 초음파 이미징의 주

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

state-of-the-art-cranial-ultrasound-imaging-in-neonates

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.9K 조회수.  Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique. 

비디오: State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.

A dual-mode imaging system was developed for non-contact assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function.

피부 조직 산소와 혈관 기능의 듀얼 모드 영상

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health ...

연구

의학

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

Murine Echocardiography 및 초음파 이미징

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

쥐 모델에서 Transcranial 집중 초음파를 사용하여 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 MRI를 유도 장애

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

자기 공명 영상, 체적 계산의 Tomography 및 초음파를 이용한 유방암의 뼈 전이의 누드 쥐 모델에서 Angiogenesis의 멀티 모달 이미징

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers patients only modest benefits, as most patients do not survive more than five years following diagnosis due to glioma relapse 1,2. The discovery of cancer stem cells in human brain tumors holds promise for having an enormous impact on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for glioma 3. Cancer stem cells are defined by their ability both to self-renew and to differentiate, and are thought to be the only cells in a tumor that have the capacity to initiate new tumors 4. Glioma relapse following radiation therapy is thought to arise from resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to therapy 5-10. In vivo, GSCs are shown to reside in a perivascular niche that is important for maintaining their stem cell-like characteristics 11-14. Central to the organization of the GSC niche are vascular endothelial cells 12. Existing evidence suggests that GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells are important for tumor development, and identify GSCs and their interaction with endothelial cells as important therapeutic targets for glioma. The presence of GSCs is determined experimentally by their capability to initiate new tumors upon orthotopic transplantation 15. This is typically achieved by injecting a specific number of GBM cells isolated from human tumors into the brains of severely immuno-deficient mice, or of mouse GBM cells into the brains of congenic host mice. Assays for tumor growth are then performed following sufficient time to allow GSCs among the injected GBM cells to give rise to new tumors-typically several weeks or months. Hence, existing assays do not allow examination of the important pathological process of tumor initiation from single GSCs in vivo. Consequently, essential insights into the specific roles of GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells in the early stages of tumor initiation are lacking. Such insights are critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies for glioma, and will have great implications for preventing glioma relapse in patients. Here we have adapted the PoRTS cranial window procedure 16and in vivo two-photon microscopy to allow visualization of tumor initiation from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse. Our technique will pave the way for future efforts to elucidate the key signaling mechanisms between GSCs and vascular endothelial cells during glioma initiation.

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

By combining a polished and reinforced thin-skull (PoRTS) cranial window and glioblastoma (GBM) cell injection, we can observe glioma initiation and growth from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse longitudinally.

이미징 Glioma 개시<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 연마하고 강화 얇은 두개골 두개골 창을 통해

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

근골격계 초음파 이미징의 소설 응용 프로그램

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7, including several species of farmed cervids8-19, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves&#039; Muntjac Deer

Transabdominal ultrasound is described as an effective, noninvasive means for assessing reproductive status in Reeves' muntjac deer. These methods can be used to achieve early pregnancy diagnosis and to evaluate fetal viability. Future applications of this technique include estimation of gestational age and effects of maternal disease on fetal development.

리브스의 문작 사슴에서 임신 진단을 위한 복부 초음파

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

마우스 다이어프램 기능의 진단 초음파 이미징

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

조산 신생아 경피 미세 영상

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

흉부 및 복 부 대동맥 동맥 류 크기를 결정 하는 쥐에서의 초음파 이미징

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

Methods Article

신생아의 예술 두개골 초음파 이미징의 주