저자는 그들의 지원과 방향에 대한 스크립스 연구소의 박사 Sheng 딩과 북경 대학의 박사 Hongkui Deng 감사하고 싶습니다.

1. MEF 피더 플레이트의 준비 <ol><li> culturing의 ES 세포 전에 하루의 해동 한 병을 조사 E14.5 CF - 1 MEF의 피더 세포 (ES 세포를 해동하는 방법에 대한 절차를 참조). </li><li> 10000 세포의 밀도에 플레이트 MEF 피더 셀 / 물론 12 잘 플레이트 인치 37 ° C와 5% CO 2 밤새 세포를 품어. MEF 세포 미디어 : DMEM 10 % ES - PBS, 1X 및 1X 글루타민이 아닌 필수 아미노산과 보충. </li></ol> 2. 마우스 ES 세포 자기 갱신의 유지 관리 <ol><li> 트립신을 사용하여 ES 세포를 분리합니다. / 잘 성장 미디어에 이전에 준비 MEF 피더 플레이트 (마네의 멤은 15 % KSR, 4 MM의 L - 글루타민, 0.1 MM 아닌 필수 아미노산과 1X BME와 보충)에 50,000의 세포 밀도에 씨앗 세포가 SC1과 보충 원하는 농도에서 (우리는 100 nm의, 300 NM, 1 μm의 사용). 우리는 또한 1,000 μ / 평범한의 ML과 보충했습니다 잘 긍정적인 컨트롤을 추가했습니다. 37 ° C와 5% CO 2 밤새 세포를 품어. </li><li> 문화 37 세포 ° C와 5% 각 구절에서 3~4일에 대한 CO 2. 새로고침 미디어마다 48시간. </li><li> 패시지 세포 초기 시딩 밀도로 유사한 밀도를 유지하는 트립신과 1시 10분에서 1시 15분까지. 5 구절 후, 세포가 immunocytochemistry를 사용하는 전형적인 pluripotency 마커의 표현에 대한 검사 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. Pluripotency 마커 Immunocytochemical 시험 <ol><li> 세포에게 PBS로 가볍게 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 실온에서 20 분 정착액 500 μl와 세포를 수정. </li><li> 세포에게 PBS로 가볍게 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 상온에 한 시간 동안 500 μl 차단 버퍼가 아닌 특정 바인딩을 차단합니다. </li><li> 특정 차 항체 250 μl (1:500, 1:2000, 1:500, 1:500 그리고 우리가 다음 dilutions에서 Nanog, Sox2, SSEA1, 그리고 Oct4를 사용)으로 세포를 품어 </li><li> 세포에게 PBS로 가볍게 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> (우리가 1 1:2000과 동키의 알렉사 플루어 ® 488과 안티 - 토끼 복합에서 알렉사 플루어와 안티 - 마우스 복합 ® 555 당나귀를 사용하여 빛으로부터 멀리 보관, 상온에서 두 시간 동안 이차 항체 250 μl와 세포를 품어 : 2000). </li><li> 세포에게 PBS로 가볍게 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 마지막으로 씻어 DAPI를 (최종 농도가 1 μg / ML) 추가하고 핵을 시각화하기 위해 5 분 알을 품다. </li><li> 형광 현미경으로 세포를 분석합니다. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 : 1. 형태 결과 : 마우스 ES 세포 (ESC R1)가 undifferentiated 상태에서 자기 갱신을 유지하기 위해 난생 또는 SC1 중의 면전에서 MEF 피더 세포에서 성장했다. 두 번째 통로 후, 차별화는 평범한 또는 SC1 (대조군)하지 않고 세포에서 관찰 될 수있는 5 구절 후 본질적으로 아무런 undifferentiated 식민지는 관찰되지 않았습니다. 난생 (긍정적인 제어) 처리 식민지는 5 세포 통로를 통해 undifferentiated 상태에 있었다. 300 NM 또는 100 nm의의 농도에서 SC1로 치료 세포도 다섯 구절 후 undifferentiated 남아 그러나, 세포는 네 번째 통로 후 1 μm의 SC1 경험이 세포 죽음으로 취급. (애플 리케이션 노트 그림 2) 표 1은 형태학의 관찰을 요약한 것입니다. 2. Pluripotency 마커 표현 5 구절에 대한 유지 마우스 ES 세포는 SSEA1, Oct4, Nanog와 Sox2에 대한 고정 및 immunocytochemistry에 의해 조사되었다. 마커 표현이 평범한 유지 세포와 유사했다. (애플 리케이션 노트의 그림 3과 4) <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1550/1550fig2a.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1 : 난생 또는 SC1 유지 세포의 형태론 비교. 형태에 차이는 관찰되지 않았습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1550/1550fig2c.jpg" alt="그림 2 및 3" /> 그림 2와 그림 3 : Nanog, SSEA1, Sox2, 그리고 SC1 또는 평범한 (애플 리케이션 노트의 그림 4) 유지 ES 세포의 Oct4 염색법. SC1 유지 전지는 평범한 유지 세포와 유사한 pluripotency 표시자 표현을 보여줍니다. 표 1 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 대조군 </td><td> 평범한 긍정적인 제어 </td><td> SC1 1uM </td><td> SC1 300 NM </td><td> SC1 100 NM </td></tr><tr><td> 첫째 패시지 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td></tr><tr><td> 둘째 패시지 </td><td> 어떤 차별 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 셀 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td></tr><tr><td> 셋째 패시지 </td><td> 차별화된 세포의 대부분 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td></tr><tr><td> 넷째 패시지 </td><td> 아무 ESC 식민지 없음 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 세포 죽음은 관찰 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td></tr><tr><td> 다섯째 패시지 </td><td> 차별 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 세포 죽음은 관찰 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td><td> 일반 ES 세포 형태 </td></tr></tbody></table>

<ol>
	<li>Williams, R. L., Hilton, D. J., Pease, S., Willson, T. A., Stewart, C. L., Gearing, D. P., Wagner, E. F., Metcalf, D., Nicola, N. A., Gough, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloid+leukaemia+inhibitory+factor+maintains+the+developmental+potential+of+embryonic+stem+cells.">Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells.</a> Nature. 336, 684-687 (1988).</li><li>Ying, Q. L., Wray, J., Nichols, J., Batlle-Morera, L., Doble, B., Woodgett, J., Cohen, P., Smith, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ground+state+of+embryonic+stem+cell+self-renewal.">The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal.</a> Nature. 453, 519-523 (2008).</li><li>Chen, S., Do, J. T., Zhang, Q., Yao, S., Yan, F., Peters, E. C., Scholer, H. R., Schultz, P. G., Ding, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-renewal+of+embryonic+stem+cells+by+a+small+molecule.">Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by a small molecule.</a> Proc. Natl. Acat. Sci. USA. 103, 17266-17271 (2006).</li></ol>

이 문서의 저자는이 문서에서 사용되는 시약 및 악기를 생산 Stemgent 고용하고 있습니다.

작은 분자 SC1은 마우스 ES 세포에서 undifferentiated 상태와 자기 갱신을 유지하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 안된 세포 라인에 사용하기 전에, 그러나, 그것은 최적의 농도를 결정하기 위해 titrated해야합니다. 예를 들어, 마우스 ES 세포 라인 ESC R1 세 농도를​​ 테스트. 100 nm의 300 나노미터 농도가 마우스 ES 세포를 유지 수 있었던 것은, 그러나, 1 μm의 농도가 독성이되었다. SC1 또한 피더 무료 조건에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

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		<div>
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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>SC1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>ESG1107</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SSEA-1 antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Santa Cruz</td>
<td>21702</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Nanog antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abcam</td>
<td>ab21603</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Sox2 antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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the use of sc1 (pluripotin) to support mesc self-renewal in the absence of lif

마우스 배아 줄기 (ES) 세포는 통상 자기 갱신을 유지하기 위해 백혈병 억제 팩터 (난생)와 양식입니다.<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; 그러나, 난생는 고가이며 LIF/JAK/STAT3 경로의 활성화가 절대적으로 자동 갱신 상태를 유지하기 위해 필요하지 않습니다.<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt; SC1 작은 분자는 평범한하는 경제적인 대안이있을 수 있습니다. SC1 라스 - GAP 및 ERK1의 이중 억제를 통해 기능을 수행합니다.<sup&gt; 3</sup행동의 메커니즘&gt; 그림은 자기 갱신의 근본적인 분자 메커니즘을 연구하기위한 유용한 도구합니다. 여기 SC1의 존재에 culturing 마우스 ES 세포에 대한 절차를 설명하고 그들이 난생의 부재에서 자기 갱신을 유지할 수 있는지 보여줍니다. SC1과 교양 세포는 평범한와 유지 세포에 비해 유사한 형태를 보였다. 모두 다섯 구절 후 일반적인 마우스의 형태를 ES 전시. 전형적인 pluripotency 마커의 표현은 (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, 그리고 SSEA1) SC1의 존재에서 다섯 구절 후 관찰되었다. 또한, SC1은 마우스 ES 세포에 대해서는 명백한 독성을 발생하지 않습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF at JoVE.com

The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

SC1 라스 - GAP 및 ERK1의 이중 억제를 통해 기능을 수행합니다. 우리는 난생의 부재에서 마우스 ES 세포 자기 갱신을 지원 SC1의 기능을 테스트하고 SC1은 마우스 ES 세포 배양의 자기 갱신을 유지할 수 있는지 보여주었다.

난생의 부재에서 자기 갱신 mESC를 지원하기 위해 SC1 (Pluripotin)의 사용

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.1 However, LIF is expensive and ...

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The use of SC1 (Pluripotin) to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

10.4K 조회수.  Stemgent. SC1 라스 - GAP 및 ERK1의 이중 억제를 통해 기능을 수행합니다. 우리는 난생의 부재에서 마우스 ES 세포 자기 갱신을 지원 SC1의 기능을 테스트하고 SC1은 마우스 ES 세포 배양의 자기 갱신을 유지할 수 있는지 보여주었다.

비디오: The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect protease activity uses casein labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as the substrate.
Protease activity results in the cleavage of the FITC-labeled casein substrate into smaller fragments, which do not precipitate under acidic conditions. After incubation of the protease sample and substrate, the reaction is acidified with the addition of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The mixture is then centrifuged with the undigested substrate forming a pellet and the smaller, acid soluble fragments remaining in solution. The supernatant is neutralized and the fluorescence of the FITC-labeled fragments is measured.
The described kit procedure detects the trypsin protease control at a concentration of approximately 0.5 &mu;g/ml (5 ng of trypsin added to the assay). This sensitivity can be increased with a longer incubation time, up to 24 hours. The assay is performed in microcentrifuge tubes and procedures are provided for fluorescence detection using either cuvettes or multiwell plates.

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit is designed for the measurement of protease activity using fluorometry. It is also suitable for detection of trace amounts of protease contamination. The method is based on the proteolytic hydroysis of a proprietary formulation of a FITC-labeled casein substrate.

단백 분해 효소의 활동을 확인하는 프로 테아제 형광 검출 키트의 사용

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect ...

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생물학

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life activities. Its high prevalence in general population and the severe limitations it causes, point out the necessity to find new efficient strategies to treat it. Together with the cognitive-behavioral treatments, relaxation represents a useful approach for the treatment of GAD, but it has the limitation that it is hard to be learned. The INTREPID project is aimed to implement a new instrument to treat anxiety-related disorders and to test its clinical efficacy in reducing anxiety-related symptoms. The innovation of this approach is the combination of virtual reality and biofeedback, so that the first one is directly modified by the output of the second one. In this way, the patient is made aware of his or her reactions through the modification of some features of the VR environment in real time. Using mental exercises the patient learns to control these physiological parameters and using the feedback provided by the virtual environment is able to gauge his or her success. The supplemental use of portable devices, such as PDA or smart-phones, allows the patient to perform at home, individually and autonomously, the same exercises experienced in therapist's office. The goal is to anchor the learned protocol in a real life context, so enhancing the patients' ability to deal with their symptoms. The expected result is a better and faster learning of relaxation techniques, and thus an increased effectiveness of the treatment if compared with traditional clinical protocols.

The Project on Virtual Reality Intelligent Multi-sensor System for the Treatment of Anxiety-related Disorders (INTREPID) is aimed at developing a multi-sensor context-aware virtual reality system for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.

임상 가상 현실의 생체 자기 제어의 사용 인트 리피드 프로젝트

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

Ionising 방사선에 대한 응답으로 γH2AX Foci의 부량

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Pluripotency and self-renewal are two defining characteristics of embryonic stem cells (ES cells). Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism will greatly facilitate the use of ES cells for developmental biology studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine (reviewed in 1,2).
To expedite the identification and characterization of novel regulators of ES cell maintenance and self-renewal, we developed a fluorescence reporter-based assay to quantitatively measure the self-renewal status in mouse ES cells using the Oct4GiP cells 3. The Oct4GiP cells express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the Oct4 gene promoter region 4,5. Oct4 is required for ES cell self-renewal, and is highly expressed in ES cells and quickly down-regulated during differentiation 6,7. As a result, GFP expression and fluorescence in the reporter cells correlates faithfully with the ES cell identity 5, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis can be used to closely monitor the self-renewal status of the cells at the single cell level 3,8.
Coupled with RNAi, the Oct4GiP reporter assay can be used to quickly identify and study regulators of ES cell maintenance and self-renewal 3,8. Compared to other methods for assaying self-renewal, it is more convenient, sensitive, quantitative, and of lower cost. It can be carried out in 96- or 384-well plates for large-scale studies such as high-throughput screens or genetic epistasis analysis. Finally, by using other lineage-specific reporter ES cell lines, the assay we describe here can also be modified to study fate specification during ES cell differentiation.

We describe a fluorescence reporter assay to quickly identify and characterize genes that regulate mouse embryonic stem cell maintenance and self-renewal.

마우스 배아 줄기 세포 유지 보수 및 자체 갱신을 조절 유전자를 공부하는 Oct4GiP 리포터 분석

Pluripotency and self-renewal are two defining characteristics of embryonic stem cells (ES cells). Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism will ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

미생물 시스템 생물학의 Chemostats의 사용

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo.

RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to identify significantly and differentially expressed transcription factors in Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- subpopulations of mouse EMLcells. These transcription factors might play important roles in determining the switch between self-renewing Lin-CD34+ and partially differentiated Lin-CD34- cells.

RNA 시퀀싱 분석하여 EML 조혈 전구체 세포의자가 재생 (self-renewal)과 분화를 조절하는 중요한 요소의 식별

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as ...

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors have been widely used to measure extracellular signaling in real-time. Most of their use has been limited to brain slices and neuronal cell cultures. Recently, this technology has been applied to the whole organs. Advances in sensor design have made &#160;possible the measuring of&#160;cell signaling in blood-perfused in vivo kidneys. The present protocols list the steps needed to measure ATP and H2O2 signaling in the rat kidney interstitium. Two separate sensor designs are used for the ex vivo and in vivo protocols. Both types of sensor&#160;are coated with&#160;a thin enzymatic biolayer on top of a permselectivity layer to give fast responding, sensitive and selective biosensors. The permselectivity layer protects the signal from the interferents in biological tissue, and the enzymatic layer utilizes&#160;the sequential catalytic reaction of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase in the presence of ATP to produce H2O2. The set of sensors used for the ex vivo studies further detected analyte by oxidation of H2O2 on a platinum/iridium (Pt-Ir) wire electrode. The sensors for the&#160;in vivo studies are instead based on the reduction of H2O2 on a mediator coated gold electrode designed for blood-perfused tissue. Final concentration changes&#160;are detected by real-time amperometry followed by calibration to known concentrations of analyte. Additionally, the specificity of the amperometric signal can be confirmed by the addition of enzymes such as catalase and apyrase that break down H2O2 and ATP correspondingly. These sensors also rely heavily on accurate calibrations before and after each experiment. The following two protocols establish the study of real-time detection of ATP and H2O2 in kidney tissues, and can be further modified to extend the described method for use in other biological preparations or whole organs.

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors enable real-time measurements of extracellular cell signaling in biologically-relevant concentrations. The following protocols extend the applications of biosensors to the ex vivo and in vivo detection of ATP and H2O2 in the kidney.

효소 바이오 센서의 사용은 내인성 ATP 또는 H를 정량화하기<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 신장에

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors have been widely used to measure extracellular signaling in real-time. Most of their use has been limited to brain ...

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

Modulation of renal epithelial ion transport allows organisms to maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis in the face of varying external conditions. The Drosophila&#160;melanogaster Malpighian (renal) tubule offers an unparalleled opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms of epithelial ion transport, due to the powerful genetics of this organism and the accessibility of its renal tubules to physiological study. Here, we describe the use of the Ramsay assay to measure fluid secretion rates from isolated fly renal tubules, with the use of ion-specific electrodes to measure sodium and potassium concentrations in the secreted fluid. This assay allows study of transepithelial fluid and ion fluxes of ~20 tubules at a time, without the need to transfer the secreted fluid to a separate apparatus to measure ion concentrations. Genetically distinct tubules can be analyzed to assess the role of specific genes in transport processes. Additionally, the bathing saline can be modified to examine the effects of its chemical characteristics, or drugs or hormones added. In summary, this technique allows the molecular characterization of basic mechanisms of epithelial ion transport in the Drosophila tubule, as well as regulation of these transport mechanisms.

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

This protocol describes the use of the Ramsay assay to measure fluid secretion rates from isolated Malpighian (renal) tubules from Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, the use of ion-specific electrodes to measure sodium and potassium concentrations in the secreted fluid, allowing calculation of transepithelial ion flux, is described.

램지 분석의 사용은 유체 분비 및 이온 플럭스 요금을 측정하는<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; Malpighian하는 Tubule

Modulation of renal epithelial ion transport allows organisms to maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis in the face of varying external conditions. The ...

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

세포 - 세포 연락이없는 두 세포 유형의 삽입 공동 배양 시스템 개발

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt ...

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent probes are particularly useful in determining the bio-distribution of administered large molecules, where the addition of a small-molecule fluorescent label is unlikely to affect the kinetics or bio-distribution of the compound. A variety of methods exist to examine bio-distribution that vary significantly in the amount of effort required and whether the resulting measurements are fully quantitative, but using multiple methods in conjunction can provide a rapid and effective system for analyzing bio-distributions.
Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a method that can be used to quickly compare the relative concentrations of fluorescent molecules within tissues and between multiple types of tissues or treatment groups. Using an imaging platform designed for live-animal or whole-organ imaging, fluorescence within intact tissues can be determined without further processing, saving time and labor while providing an accurate picture of the overall bio-distribution. This process is ideal in experiments attempting to determine the tissue specificity of a compound or for the comparison of multiple different compounds. Quantitative tissue histology on the other hand requires extensive further processing of tissues in order to create a quantitative measure of the labeled compounds. To accurately assess bio-distribution, all tissues of interest must be sliced, scanned, and analyzed relative to standard curves in order to make comparisons between tissues or groups. Quantitative tissue histology is the gold standard for determining absolute compound concentrations within tissues.
Here, we describe how both methods can be used together effectively to assess the ability of different administration methods and compound modifications to target and deliver fluorescently labeled molecules to the central nervous system1.

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a rapid method for determining the relative concentrations of fluorescently labeled compounds within and between tissues or treatment groups. Conversely, quantitative fluorescence histology, while more labor intensive, allows for the quantification of the absolute tissue levels of labeled molecules.

사용<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 전체 기관 이미징 및 정량 조직 조직학는 형광 표지 된 분자의 생물 분포를 확인하는 방법

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro ...