분석에 이르는 DNA의 발전은 폴 Blainey, 종 봉과 사미르 Hamdan하여 주었되었습니다. 이 작품은 찰스 리차드슨 (GM54397), 그리고 안토니 반 Oijen (GM077248)로 건강을 부여의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Lee, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+primase+acts+as+a+molecular+brake+in+DNA+replication.">DNA primase acts as a molecular brake in DNA replication.</a> Nature. 439, 621-624 (2006).</li><li>Tanner, N. A., van Oijen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+observation+of+prokaryotic+DNA+replication.">Single-molecule observation of prokaryotic DNA replication.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 521, 397-410 (2009).</li><li>Sofia, S. J., Premnath, V. V., Merrill, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(ethylene+oxide)+Grafted+to+Silicon+Surfaces:+Grafting+Density+and+Protein+Adsorption.">Poly(ethylene oxide) Grafted to Silicon Surfaces: Grafting Density and Protein Adsorption.</a> Macromolecules. 31, 5059-5070 (1998).</li><li>Tanner, N. A., Loparo, J. J., van Oijen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+single-molecule+DNA+replication+with+fluorescence+microscopy.">Visualizing single-molecule DNA replication with fluorescence microscopy.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Hamdan, S. M., Loparo, J. J., Takahashi, M., Richardson, C. C., van Oijen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+DNA+replication+loops+reveal+temporal+control+of+lagging-strand+synthesis.">Dynamics of DNA replication loops reveal temporal control of lagging-strand synthesis.</a> Nature. 457, 336-339 (2009).</li><li>van Oijen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+kinetics+of+lambda+exonuclease+reveal+base+dependence+and+dynamic+disorder.">Single-molecule kinetics of lambda exonuclease reveal base dependence and dynamic disorder.</a> Science. 301, 1235-1238 (2003).</li></ol>

층류 흐름에 의해 구슬을 끼쳤다 드래그 팀은 복제 단백질의 효소 활동에 영향을 미치지 않도록하는 것이 중요합니다. 예를 들어, 0.012 ML / 분 유량에 해당하는 3 PN 인력은 DNA 선도 가닥의 복제에는 영향을 미치지 않습니다. 그것은 그러나 조정의 DNA 합성 동안을 효소 활동에 영향을 미치지 않으며, 그것은 따라서 1.5 PN을 줄일 수있다. 드래그 힘을 쉽게 유속 또는 유량 채널 5 너비를 변경하...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Bacteriophage &lambda; DNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>N3011L</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DNA Oligonucleotides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>M0202L</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>M0201L</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>&alpha;-digoxigenin Fab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>11214667001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tosyl Activated Beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dynal/Invitrogen</td>
<td>142-03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnetic Separator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>Dynal MPC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A3648</td>
<td>Other aminosilanes can be used or mixed with non-amine reactive silanes for sparser surfaces</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Succinimidyl propionate PEG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nektar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Similar PEGs can be purchased from Nanocs, CreativePEGWorks, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biotin-PEG-NHS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nektar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Similar PEGs can be purchased from Nanocs, CreativePEGWorks, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Double-sided tape</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grace BioLabs</td>
<td>SA-S-1L</td>
<td>100 &mu;m thickness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Quartz slide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Technical Glass</td>
<td>20 mm (W)x 50 mm (L)x 1mm (H)</td>
<td>Size to fit on coverslips. Drill holes with diamond-tip drill bits (DiamondBurs.net)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Polyethylene tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
<td>427416</td>
<td>0.76 mm ID, 1.22 OD 
Other size tubing can be substituted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Streptavidin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S4762</td>
<td>Make 1 mg/mL solution, 25 &mu;L aliquots in PBS pH 7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate solution mix</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New England Biolabs</td>
<td>N0447</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Inverted Optical Microscope with 10X Objective</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>Olympus IX-51</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Permament rare-earth magnet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>National Imports</td>
<td>www.rare-earth-magnets.com</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CCD Camera</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>QImaging</td>
<td>Rolera-XR Fast 139</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe Pump</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>11 Plus</td>
<td>Operate in refill mode to facilitate solution changes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fiber Illuminator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thorlabs Inc.</td>
<td>OSL1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

direct observation of enzymes replicating dna using a single-molecule dna stretching assay

우리는 박테리오 파지 복제 시스템의 단백질에 의해 매개 개인의 DNA 분자의 실시간 복제를 관찰하는 방법을 설명합니다. 선형 λ DNA는 한 가닥의 끝 부분에 비오틴과 같은 스트랜드의 다른 끝에 dig​​oxigenin의 잔기을 가지고 수정됩니다. biotinylated 결국은 기능화 유리 coverslip과 작은 구슬로 digoxigeninated 끝에 첨부되어 있습니다. 흐름 세포의 표면에 이러한 DNA - 비즈 tethers의 조립이 층류가 구슬에 드래그 힘을 발휘에 적용할 수 있습니다. 결과적으로 DNA가와 병렬 유량 (그림 1)에 의해 결정됩니다 강제에 coverslip의 표면 가까이에 뻗어있다. DNA의 길이는 비드의 위치를​​ 모니터링하여 측정됩니다. 단일 및 이중 좌초된 DNA 사이의 길이 차이는 분기점에서 복제 단백질의 활동에 대한 실시간 정보를 얻을 활용하고 있습니다. 비드의 위치를​​ 측정하는 것은 긴장을 풀기 DNA와 중합 (그림 2)의 속도와 processivities의 정확한 결정을하실 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay at JoVE.com

Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay

우리는 박테리오 파지 복제 시스템의 단백질에 의해 매개 개인의 DNA 분자의 실시간 복제를 관찰하는 방법을 설명합니다.

효소 복제 DNA의 직접 관찰 어세을 스트레칭 단일 분자 DNA를 사용하여

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system. ...

direct-observation-enzymes-replicating-dna-using-single-molecule-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.6K 조회수.  Harvard Medical School. 우리는 박테리오 파지 복제 시스템의 단백질에 의해 매개 개인의 DNA 분자의 실시간 복제를 관찰하는 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA template is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and replicated extensively after introduction of replication proteins and nucleotides (Figure 1). The growing product double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is extended with laminar flow and visualized by using an intercalating dye. Measuring the position of the growing DNA end in real time allows precise determination of replication rate (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of completed DNA products reports on the processivity of replication. This experiment can be performed very easily and rapidly and requires only a fluorescence microscope with a reasonably sensitive camera.


This protocol demonstrates a simple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique for visualizing DNA replication by individual replisomes in real time.

형광 현미경과 함께 머릿속으로 단일 분자의 DNA 복제

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

연구

생물학

DNA Stable-Isotope Probing (DNA-SIP)

DNA stable-isotope probing (DNA-SIP) is a powerful technique for identifying active microorganisms that assimilate particular carbon substrates and nutrients into cellular biomass. As such, this cultivation-independent technique has been an important methodology for assigning metabolic function to the diverse communities inhabiting a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Following the incubation of an environmental sample with stable-isotope labelled compounds, extracted nucleic acid is subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation and subsequent gradient fractionation to separate nucleic acids of differing densities. Purification of DNA from cesium chloride retrieves labelled and unlabelled DNA for subsequent molecular characterization (e.g. fingerprinting, microarrays, clone libraries, metagenomics). This JoVE video protocol provides visual step-by-step explanations of the protocol for density gradient ultracentrifugation, gradient fractionation and recovery of labelled DNA. The protocol also includes sample SIP data and highlights important tips and cautions that must be considered to ensure a successful DNA-SIP analysis.

DNA Stable-Isotope Probing DNA-SIP

DNA stable-isotope probing is a cultivation-independent method to identify and characterize active communities of microorganisms that are capable of utilizing specific substrates. Assimilation of substrate enriched in heavy isotope leads to incorporation of labelled atoms into microbial biomass. Density gradient ultracentrifugation retrieves labelled DNA for downstream molecular analyses.

DNA 안정 - 동위 원소 (DNA - SIP) 탐색

DNA stable-isotope probing (DNA-SIP) is a powerful technique for identifying active microorganisms that assimilate particular carbon substrates and ...

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Synthetic short nucleic acid polymers, oligonucleotides (oligos), are the most functional and widespread tools of molecular biology. Oligos can be produced to contain any desired DNA or RNA sequence and can be prepared to include a wide variety of base and sugar modifications. Moreover, oligos can be designed to mimic specific nucleic acid alterations and thus, can serve as important tools to investigate effects of DNA damage and mechanisms of repair. We found that Thermo Scientific Dharmacon RNA-containing oligos with a length between 50 and 80 nucleotides can be particularly suitable to study, in vivo, functions and consequences of chromosomal RNA/DNA hybrids and of ribonucleotides embedded into DNA. RNA/DNA hybrids can readily form during DNA replication, repair and transcription, however, very little is known about the stability of RNA/DNA hybrids in cells and to which extent these hybrids can affect the genetic integrity of cells. RNA-containing oligos, therefore, represent a perfect vector to introduce ribonucleotides into chromosomal DNA and generate RNA/DNA hybrids of chosen length and base composition. Here we present the protocol for the incorporation of ribonucleotides into the genome of the eukaryotic model system yeast /Saccharomyces cerevisiae/. Yet, our lab has utilized Thermo Scientific Dharmacon RNA-containing oligos to generate RNA/DNA hybrids at the chromosomal level in different cell systems, from bacteria to human cells.

This work shows how to form an RNA/DNA hybrid at the chromosomal level and reveal transfer of genetic information from RNA to genomic DNA in yeast cells.

RNA 함유 Oligonucleotides를 사용하여 변환하여 게놈 DNA에서 RNA / DNA 하이브리드의 생성

Synthetic short nucleic acid polymers, oligonucleotides (oligos), are the most functional and widespread tools of molecular biology. Oligos can be ...

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Maintenance of replication fork stability is of utmost importance for dividing cells to preserve viability and prevent disease. The processes involved not only ensure faithful genome duplication in the face of endogenous and exogenous DNA damage but also prevent genomic instability, a recognized causative factor in tumor development.
Here, we describe a simple and cost-effective fluorescence microscopy-based method to visualize DNA replication in the avian B-cell line DT40. This cell line provides a powerful tool to investigate protein function in vivo by reverse genetics in vertebrate cells1. DNA fiber fluorography in DT40 cells lacking a specific gene allows one to elucidate the function of this gene product in DNA replication and genome stability. Traditional methods to analyze replication fork dynamics in vertebrate cells rely on measuring the overall rate of DNA synthesis in a population of pulse-labeled cells. This is a quantitative approach and does not allow for qualitative analysis of parameters that influence DNA synthesis. In contrast, the rate of movement of active forks can be followed directly when using the DNA fiber technique2-4. In this approach, nascent DNA is labeled in vivo by incorporation of halogenated nucleotides (Fig 1A). Subsequently, individual fibers are stretched onto a microscope slide, and the labeled DNA replication tracts are stained with specific antibodies and visualized by fluorescence microscopy (Fig 1B). Initiation of replication as well as fork directionality is determined by the consecutive use of two differently modified analogues. Furthermore, the dual-labeling approach allows for quantitative analysis of parameters that influence DNA synthesis during the S-phase, i.e. replication structures such as ongoing and stalled forks, replication origin density as well as fork terminations. Finally, the experimental procedure can be accomplished within a day, and requires only general laboratory equipment and a fluorescence microscope.

DT40, a model vertebrate genetic system, provides a powerful tool to analyze protein function. Here we describe a simple method that allows qualitative analysis of parameters that influence DNA synthesis during the S-phase in DT40 cells at the single molecule level.

DNA 복제의 시각화는 척추 모델 시스템 DT40의 DNA 섬유 기술을 사용하여

Maintenance of replication fork stability is of utmost importance for dividing cells to preserve viability and prevent disease. The processes involved not ...

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Mechanobiology is an emerging scientific area that addresses the critical role of physical cues in directing cell morphology and function. For example, the effect of tissue elasticity on cell function is a major area of mechanobiology research because tissue stiffness modulates with disease, development, and injury. Static tissue-mimicking materials, or materials that cannot alter stiffness once cells are plated, are predominately used to investigate the effects of tissue stiffness on cell functions. While information gathered from static studies is valuable, these studies are not indicative of the dynamic nature of the cellular microenvironment in vivo. To better address the effects of dynamic stiffness on cell function, we developed a DNA-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogel system (DNA gels). Unlike other dynamic substrates, DNA gels have the ability to decrease or increase in stiffness after fabrication without stimuli. DNA gels consist of DNA crosslinks that are polymerized into a polyacrylamide backbone. Adding and removing crosslinks via delivery of single-stranded DNA allows temporal, spatial, and reversible control of gel elasticity. We have shown in previous reports that dynamic modulation of DNA gel elasticity influences fibroblast and neuron behavior. In this report and video, we provide a schematic that describes the DNA gel crosslinking mechanisms and step-by-step instructions on the preparation DNA gels.

Our laboratory has developed DNA-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels, a dynamic hydrogel system, to better understand the effects of modulating tissue stiffness on cell function. Here, we provide schematics, descriptions, and protocols to prepare these hydrogels.

DNA-가교 폴리 아크릴 아미드 하이드로 겔의 제조

Mechanobiology is an emerging scientific area that addresses the critical role of physical cues in directing cell morphology and function. For example, ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

단백질-DNA 상호 작용의 연구에 대한 단일 분자 조작 및 이미지를 결합

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

비례 생체 분자 비콘을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 단일 엔지니어링 RNA 성적 증명서의 실시간 영상

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is associated with many important biological processes such as DNA-protein recognition and DNA packaging into nucleosomes. Thermodynamics of dsDNA bending has been studied by a method called cyclization which relies on DNA ligase to covalently join short sticky ends of a dsDNA. However, ligation efficiency can be affected by many factors that are not related to dsDNA looping such as the DNA structure surrounding the joined sticky ends, and ligase can also affect the apparent looping rate through mechanisms such as nonspecific binding. Here, we show how to measure dsDNA looping kinetics without ligase by detecting transient DNA loop formation by FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). dsDNA molecules are constructed using a simple PCR-based protocol with a FRET pair and a biotin linker. The looping probability density known as the J factor is extracted from the looping rate and the annealing rate between two disconnected sticky ends. By testing two dsDNAs with different intrinsic curvatures, we show that the J factor is sensitive to the intrinsic shape of the dsDNA.

This study presents a detailed experimental procedure to measure looping dynamics of double-stranded DNA using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The protocol also describes how to extract the looping probability density called the J factor.

단일 분자 FRET에 의해 DNA 루핑을 공부

Bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is associated with many important biological processes such as DNA-protein recognition and DNA packaging into ...

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If humans are to travel beyond low Earth orbit, a transition towards space-ready, point-of-care (POC) testing is required. Such testing needs to be comprehensive, easy to perform in a reduced-gravity environment, and unaffected by the stresses of launch and spaceflight. Countless POC devices have been developed to mimic laboratory scale counterparts, but most have narrow applications and few have demonstrable use in an in-flight, reduced-gravity environment. In fact, demonstrations of biomedical diagnostics in reduced gravity are limited altogether, making component choice and certain logistical challenges difficult to approach when seeking to test new technology. To help fill the void, we are presenting a modular method for the construction and operation of a prototype blood diagnostic device and its associated parabolic flight test rig that meet the standards for flight-testing onboard a parabolic flight, reduced-gravity aircraft. The method first focuses on rig assembly for in-flight, reduced-gravity testing of a flow cytometer and a companion microfluidic mixing chip. Components are adaptable to other designs and some custom components, such as a microvolume sample loader and the micromixer may be of particular interest. The method then shifts focus to flight preparation, by offering guidelines and suggestions to prepare for a successful flight test with regard to user training, development of a standard operating procedure (SOP), and other issues. Finally, in-flight experimental procedures specific to our demonstrations are described.

Spaceflight blood diagnostics need innovation. Few demonstrations have been published illustrating in-flight, reduced-gravity health diagnostic technology. Here we present a method for construction and operation of a parabolic flight test rig for a prototype point-of-care flow-cytometry design, with components and preparation strategies adaptable to other setups.

프로토 타입 소형 흐름 사이토와 동반자 미세 유체 혼합 기술의 감소 - 중력 환경 하드웨어 데모

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If ...

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as from eukaryotes. This increase has been largely driven by the successful push to obtain structural information on membrane proteins. However, the ability to functionally interrogate these proteins has not advanced at the same rate and is often limited to qualitative assays of limited quantitative value, thereby limiting the mechanistic insights that they can provide. An assay to quantitatively investigate the transport activity of reconstituted Cl- channels or transporters is described. The assay is based on the measure of the efflux rate of Cl- from proteoliposomes following the addition of the K+ ionophore valinomycin to shunt the membrane potential. An ion sensitive electrode is used to follow the time-course of ion efflux from proteoliposomes reconstituted with the desired protein. The method is highly suited for mechanistic studies, as it allows for the quantitative determination of key properties of the reconstituted protein, such as its unitary transport rate, the fraction of active protein and the molecular mass of the functional unit. The assay can also be utilized to determine the effect of small molecule compounds that directly inhibit/activate the reconstituted protein, as well as to test the modulatory effects of the membrane composition or lipid-modifying reagents. Where possible, direct comparison between results obtained using this method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using electrophysiological approaches. The technique is illustrated using CLC-ec1, a CLC-type H+/Cl- exchanger, as a model system. The efflux assay can be utilized to study any Cl- conducting channel/transporter and, with minimal changes, can be adapted to study any ion-transporting protein.

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

Proteoliposome 기반 유출 분석은 CL의 단일 분자의 속성을 확인하는<sup&gt; -</sup&gt; 채널 및 전송기

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as ...