우리는 headstage의 테스트 기술 지원 저스틴 Riceberg을 인정하고 싶습니다. 이 작품은 국민 건강 기금 MH65658, MH073689의 연구소, 그리고 F30 AG034003 - 01A1, 그리고 의학의 마운트시나이 학교에서 부분적으로 지원되었다.

1. Headstage 디자인 및 제작 개요 완료 headstage 사전 앰프 시스템은 다음과 같은 구성 요소로 구성되어 있습니다 : <ol><li> 컴퓨터가 녹음 네 가지 채널과 자극의 두 채널로 통합 회로 기판을 설계했습니다. </li><li> 동물 머리 무대에서 해당 커넥터에 레코딩을 자극 채널을 릴레이 전극. </li><li> 테더 케이블과 인터페이스되는 릴레이 슬립 링 정류에 기록하고 자극 채널. </li><li> 머리 단계와 집적 회로에 방수의 두 가지 형태. </li></ol> 2. Headstage 디자인 및 레이아웃 우리는 상용 소프트웨어 CAD 패키지 (www.expresspcb.com)를 사용하여 자극 채널을 통해 4 소스 추종자와 2 패스로 인쇄된 통합 회로 기판을 설계했습니다. 한 headstage은 설계 및 디자인 패턴은 저렴한 비용으로 많은 headstages를 제​​공하기 위해 회로 기판의 큰 시트에 걸쳐 기와입니다. CAD 파일을 통해 도금 모든 구멍이 상단과 하단 구리 레이어를 사용하여 두 개의 레이어 보드는 이중 양면 인쇄하는 인쇄 회로 기판 (PCB) 제조 서비스로 전송됩니다. 보드는 주석을 사용하여 / 업계 표준 FR - 4 라미네이트에 해당 솔더 도금 흔적과 패드를 이끌어. PCB는 주문하고 다음 영업일 배송하실 수 있습니다. 개인 headstages은 대형 타일 PCB 부에서 절단하고 전자 부품은 솔더와 연결됩니다. 이 프로토콜에 사용되는 headstage의 예제 배치 (그림 1) 표시됩니다. PCB를 설계에 대한 자세한 지침과 도움말을위한 제조 업체의 웹 사이트를 참조하십시오. 3. 전자 부품의 준비 및 납땜 이 프로토콜에서 사용되는 모든 전자 부품은 표면 마운트 디바이스 (SMD) 타입입니다. 각 장치 유형의 발자국 (저항기, 콘덴서 등) headstage에 불필요한 공간을 최소화하기 위해 선택했지만, 필요한 경우 더 큰 SMD 부품을 사용할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 회로 기판에 부품을 정리하고 납땜을 위해 그들을 준비합니다. </li><li> 납땜하고 녹으 패드에 솔더을 준수하기 위해 납땜 인두 가까이의 팁을 가져 주석 / 납 납땜 패드에 소량을 넣으십시오. </li><li> 다음 솔더 콘덴서 처음 저항, 다음 연산 증폭기. </li><li> 조합 - A는 이상 가열에 의해 파괴 수 있습니다. 우리는 변수 열 납땜 총을 및 땜납을 용해하는 데 필요한 가장 낮은 더위를 사용합니다. 좋은 솔더 조인트를 만들기 위해 사용되는 가열 시간을 최소화합니다. 우리는 커뮤니케이션 또는 전원 흔적을 따라 솔더를 적용하여 풋프린트 패드에 흐르는 솔더의 작은 저수지를 만드는 것이 편리 발견했습니다. </li><li> 귀하의 저항에 걸쳐 저항이 ohmmeter을 사용하여 예상 값을 충족하는지 테스트합니다. </li><li> 더 솔더 인접 패드를 연결 또는 브리징 있는지 확인하기 위해 밀접하게 각 패드를 검사합니다. 납땜 다리, 열 및 땜납을 용해하고 다리를 휴식하는 트위터를 사용하여이있다면. </li></ol> 4. 임플란트 및 테더 인터페이스의 조립 및 제조 <ol><li> 기계에 대한 지원 9pin ABS 소켓의 사용하지 않는 포트 중 하나에 23 가역 피하 튜브를 삽입합니다. </li><li> ABS 소켓에 여성 amphenol 핀을 연결하기위한 절연 마그네틱 와이어 여섯 1cm 길이 조각 컷. </li><li> 솔더는 여성의 각 핀에 솔더의 소량을 사용하여 자성 와이어로 핀과 팁에서 핀을 가열하여. </li><li> ABS 소켓에 각각의 자성 와이어 솔더의 다른 쪽 끝을. </li><li> 남성 위치 - 여성 MillMax의 headstage의 테더 측면에 패드 위에 핀, 및 압력 맞는을 보장하기 위해 PCB 위에 핀을 쥐어 짜기. 그런 다음, 순서대로 각각의 패드에 솔더 각 핀. </li><li> 신경 보형물 커넥터를 통해 링 너트 위치와 플라스틱베이스에 원하는 슬롯에있는 모든 여성 핀을 밀어. </li><li> ABS 소켓 커넥터의 상단에 아크릴 접착제 (krazy 접착제)를 적용하고 headstage의 기지를 확보. 지원 headstage의 테더쪽으로 접착제 23Ga 튜브. </li></ol> 5. 방수 Headstage <ol><li> 방수 headstage하려면, 전체 통합 회로와 오분 에폭시있는 모든 노출된 금속 표면 싸는. 영구 건조 5-10 초기 건조 분, 60 분 소요됩니다. </li><li> 포스터 테크 퍼티는 동물의 끝에서 튀어나온 여성의 핀 주위의 표면 9 핀 ABS 소켓에 적용해야합니다. </li><li> 최대한 방수 들어, ABS 소켓과 ABS 플러그는 성관계를해야하며 링 너트가 강화되어야합니다. parafilm의 작은 스트립이 핀 커넥터 연락 물을 방지하기 위해 인터페이스를 주위에 포장해야합니다. </li></ol> 성공의 비밀 <ol><li> 언제 연산 증폭기 납땜, 플라스틱 패키지를 과열하지 않습니다. 경우가보이는 불타는 또는 용해되어 작전 - A를 제거하고 교체합니다. 너무 더위를 적용하면 표시 용해하지 않고 작전 A가 손상될 수 있습니다. 납땜 후 함수 발생기 각 채널을 테스트합니다. </li><li> headstage에는 길잃은 연결이나 납땜 다리가 없는지 확인합니다. 솔더 심지는 구성 요소를 제거하거나 땜납을 떠돌아하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 좋은 녹음은 운동하는 동안에 밖으로 절단하지 않고 입력 소스 신호를 따릅니다. headstage를 테스트하려면, 사용자는 각 녹화 핀 입력으로 함수 발생기를 사용하여 밀 최대 헤더 출력 끝에있는 파형을 평가해야합니다. 물리적 headstage 이동하면 기록된 파형의 모양에 영향을해서는 안됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2155/2155fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 인쇄 회로 기판 (PCB)의 상위 계층의 (A) 도식보기. 레드 라인은 구리 트레이스를 나타냅니다. 노란색 라인 전자 부품의 위치에 대한 옵션 silkscreen 계층을 나타냅니다. 연산 증폭기의 배치 (중앙 노란색 사각형), 저항기 (작은 노란색 사각형)과 콘덴서가 (작은 노란색 사각형)입니다. (B) PCB의 하단 레이어의 도식보기. 그린 라인이 구리 트레이스를 나타내는 표시됩니다. 대형 녹색 채워진 영역은 지상 플레이트를 나타냅니다. 이 회로도의 모델 파일은 다운로드가 제공됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., O'Keefe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+navigation+impaired+in+rats+with+hippocampal+lesions.">Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions.</a> Nature. 297, 681-683 (1982).</li><li>Rolston, J. D., Gross, R. E., Potter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+multielectrode+system+for+data+acquisition+enabling+real-time+closed-loop+processing+with+rapid+recovery+from+stimulation+artifacts.+Front.">A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts. Front.</a> Neuroengineering. 2, 12-12 (2009).</li><li>Fee, M. S., Leonardo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+motorized+microdrive+and+commutator+system+for+chronic+neural+recording+in+small+animals.">Miniature motorized microdrive and commutator system for chronic neural recording in small animals.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 112, 83-94 (2001).</li><li>Shirvalkar, P. R., Rapp, P. R., Shapiro, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+changes+to+hippocampal+theta+gamma+oscillations+predict+memory+for+recent+spatial+episodes.">Bidirectional changes to hippocampal theta gamma oscillations predict memory for recent spatial episodes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (15), 7054-709 (2010).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

워터 미로 기반으로 동작 작업은 실시간으로 1 동물의인지 능력과 표현을 알아내기 위해 효과적인 도구를 제공합니다. 가볍고 비용 효율 headstage의 preamplifiers의 사용은 물 미로와 관련된 행동 neurophysiology 응용 프로그램에서 특히 중요합니다. 찬물을 탈출하는 이러한 작업의 동물에 대한 본질적인 동기를 제공하기 때문에, 그들의 행동은 마른 mazes에 동물을 동기 부여의 어려움없이 반복 ?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Custom designed Integrated Circuit Board</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ExpressPCB.com</td>
<td>Custom</td>
<td>2 layer double sided PCB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface mount Resistors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>RK73B1JTTDD156J</td>
<td>1/10 W, 15 M Ohm 0603, Thick film</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMD Capacitors </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Newark Electronics</td>
<td>0402YD104KAT2A</td>
<td>0.1 uF (0402)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMD Operational Amplifier (quad FET)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>595-TLC2274AIPW</td>
<td>Quad FET - low noise</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9 pin ABS socket</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09SKT-220</td>
<td>For animal connection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9-pin ABS Plug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09PLG-220</td>
<td>To be implanted in animal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black Delrin Ring Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDN-220</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Black Delrin Cap Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDC-220</td>
<td>For protecting animal's implant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amphenol pins (male)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-P02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Amphenol pins (female)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-S02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5-minute epoxy</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Devcon Inc.</td>
<td>S-208 / 20845</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Poster Tack Putty</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Elmer's</td>
<td>026000015318</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rosin Core Solder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Radio Shack</td>
<td>64-009</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Soldering Iron </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Weller</td>
<td>Pyropen WSTA6</td>
<td>(adjustable heat)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metal tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>Size 5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Parafilm sheets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>American National Can</td>
<td>Parafilm 4" x 250'</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnet wire</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Belden</td>
<td>8052</td>
<td>Enamel Coated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ammeter/ Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluke Mfg Co.</td>
<td>77 Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millmax Double Row Headers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millmax / Mouser</td>
<td>575 - 002101</td>
<td>0.05"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solder Wick</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemtronics</td>
<td>7-10L</td>
<td>0.75 in.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

design and construction of a cost effective headstage for simultaneous neural stimulation and recording in the water maze

Headstage의 preamplifiers 및 소스 추종자는 일반적으로 행동 neurophysiology 실험에서 신경 활동을 연구하는 데 사용됩니다. 사용 가능한 상용 제품이 잠수정 자주 쉽게 정의되지, 비싼, 그리고되지 않습니다. 여기 우리는 깨어있는, 행동 동물 동시 4 채널 신경 녹음 및 2 채널 시뮬레이션을위한 맞춤형 통합 회로 headstage을 디자인하고 구축하는 방법을 설명합니다. headstage은 무료, 상용 CAD 타입 디자인 패키지를 사용하여 설계하고, 다른 비늘 (예 : 채널을 추가할 수) 수용하도록 쉽게 수정할 수 있습니다. 맞춤형 인쇄 회로 기판은 유니티 게인 소스 추종자 회로를 구성 표면 탑재 저항, 콘덴서 그리고 연산 증폭기를 사용하여 만들어집니다. headstage는 에폭시, parafilm 및 합성 고무 퍼티의 조합으로 방수를 만들 수 있습니다. 우리는 성공적으로 지역 현장 잠재력을 기록하고 물의 미로에서 수영 쥐의 독립적인 채널을 통해 동시에 여러 뇌 영역을 자극하기 위해이 장치를 사용했습니다. 총 비용 &lt;$ 30/unit하고 쉽게 제작하실 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

우리는 동시 녹음 및 신경 자극 기능이있는 조명 headstage 사전 증폭기 시스템을 설계 및 구축에 저렴한 비용으로 방법을 제시한다. 이 장치는 수영을 동물에 사용하기 위해 waterproofed 수 있습니다.

동시 신경 자극과 워터 미로에서 녹음을위한 설계 및 비용 효율적인 Headstage 구축

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

design-construction-cost-effective-headstage-for-simultaneous-neural

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.6K 조회수.  Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 우리는 동시 녹음 및 신경 자극 기능이있는 조명 headstage 사전 증폭기 시스템을 설계 및 구축에 저렴한 비용으로 방법을 제시한다. 이 장치는 수영을 동물에 사용하기 위해 waterproofed 수 있습니다.

비디오: Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

행동 내분비학 및 실험 경제학을 결합 : 테스토 스 테론과 사회 의사 결정

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

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신경과학

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

기본 모드 네트워크를 검사하기 위해 Transcranial 자석 자극과 fMRI를 결합

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

알츠하이머병 모델 마우스에서 학습 및 메모리 적자에 대한 모리스 워터 메이즈 테스트

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

단일 셀 및 단일 스파이크 해상도 suprathreshold 신경 활동의 광 기록

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

작은 동물의 만성 신경 레코딩을위한 초경량 동력 Microdrive의 설계 및 조립

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

적외선 신경 자극의 메커니즘을 조사하는 전체 세포 패치 클램프

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

녹화 및 자극 애플리케이션을위한 높은 접촉 밀도의 제작, 평면 인터페이스 신경 전극

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

미세 전극 배열에서 신경 세포 배양의 자극에 대한 네트워크 반응의 시간 의존적 증가

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

대뇌 피 질의 로컬 필드 전위, 심전도, 치십시오, 그리고 자유롭게 움직이는 쥐에서 리듬 호흡의 동시 녹음

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems neuroscience. One key component of this technique consists of the precise placement of multiple electrodes into desired brain regions and the maintenance of their stability. Here, we describe a protocol for the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive, which includes eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes, and is specifically designed for in vivo extracellular neural recording in freely behaving rats. The tetrodes attached to the microdrives can either be individually advanced into multiple brain regions along the track, or can be used to place an array of electrodes into a smaller area. The multiple tetrodes allow for simultaneous examination of action potentials from dozens of individual neurons, as well as local field potentials from populations of neurons in the brain during active behavior. In addition, the design provides for simpler 3D drafting software that can easily be modified for differing experimental needs.

We present the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive with eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes. The hyperdrive is designed to record brain activity in freely behaving rats over a period of several weeks.