이 연구는 정신 분열증과 우울증에 관한 연구와 캐나다 정신 연구 재단 (FD)을에서 CPRF 수상에 대한 미국 국립 얼라이언스에서 젊은 탐정 수상에 의해 지원되었다. ED는 와이어스 - CIHR 박사후 원정대에 의해 지원되었다. 저자는 데이터 분석 지원 fMRI 데이터 수집 및 크리스티나 Suen와 지원 피터 세레스 감사하고 싶습니다.

1. 수집과 추억, 몇 군데 작업 및 실험 프로토콜의 선택 감성 AMS 수집 <ol><li> 개인의 기억이 아닌 감정 AMS (예, 11, 12)에 대한 고용 절차와 마찬가지로, fMRI 세션하기 전에 수행 인터뷰하는 동안 각 참가자의 elicited 수 있습니다. 대부분의 이전의 기술과는 달리, 우리 AMQ은 특히 감정의 개인 에피소드들이 recollective 속성의 평가를 대상으로 구성되어 있습니다. 일반적으로 사용되는 행동 연구에 방법과 neuroimaging 연구에 사용하기 위해 적응은 Crovitz 및 과목 큐 단어에 대한 응답으로 특정 개인적 경험이 이벤트를 기억 Schiffman 기술 13-15을 포함합니다. 사진 패러다임 또한 fMRI 연구 16, 17에 더 많은 관리 설정에서 AMS를 조사하기 위해 사용되고 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 기술은 일반적으로 recollective 품질 측면에서 일치 AMS의 정서적 구성 요소의 검사를 타겟으로하지. </li><li> 우리 AMQ 다른 18, 19에서 사용하는 목록의 조합과 확장 서로 다른 삶의 이벤트 (예를 들어, 가족의 탄생, 친척의 죽음)에 대한 115 구두 신호의 목록을 구성되어 있습니다. 각 큐를 들어, 참가자는 그들의 인생에서 특별한 에피소드를 기억하도록 요청되며, 그 대신 (예 : 일반 또는 반복 이벤트를 기억보다는, 특정 장소와 시간 (S / 그가 특정 농구 경기에서 재생 예를 들어, 하나의 인스턴스)에 발생 , 고등학교 농구). 중요한 것은 기억이 아니라 다른 사람들의 그것에 대해 듣고보다 개인적으로 참여되는 기억을 첨부해야합니다. </li><li> 기억되면, 참가자들은 다음 (참가자가 미리 스캔 인터뷰의 특정 목적에 순진 하 구만 ...) fMRI 스캔 동안 개인 메모리 큐를로 사용되는 메모리에 대한 간단한 설명을 (그림 1 참조) 제공하도록 요청하고 있습니다. </li><li> 각 메모리는 또한 (그림 1 참조)은 현상 학적 특성을 평가하기 위해, 여섯, Likert의 비늘 20, 21 일자 및 평가입니다. 우리의 비늘은 정서적 결합 포함 (7 점 척도를 사용하여 : -3 = 매우 부정적, 0 = 중립, 3 = 매우 긍정), 정서적 강도, 개인 중요성, 콘텐츠 세부 정보의 양을, visuo - 지각 세부 금액 ( 즉, vividness), 및 검색의 빈도 (7 점 척도를 사용하여 후자의 : 1 = 전혀, 7 = 매우). </li></ol><img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. AMQ 행정 그림. 각 큐를 위해, 참가자는 기억하고 간략하게 날짜와 6 스케일에 대한 평가를 다음 특정 이벤트를 설명합니다. 매우 감정적인 AMS의 선택 <ol start="5"><li> 다음 40 가장 감동적인 추억이 (20 양수, 20 음수) AMQ (즉, 등급 2 또는 3 각각 -2 또는 -3)에서 제공하는 등급에 따라, 각 참가자에 대해 선택됩니다. 긍정적이고 부정적인 AMS 그때 기억하는 동안 두뇌 활동에 어떤 차이가 이러한 기본 속성의 차이에 의해 혼란되지 않도록하기 위해, 나이, 현상 학적 특성의 측면에서 일치하고 있습니다. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 선택한 메모리 단서의 설명은 약간 길이와 문법 복잡 밀접하게 최대한 일치하도록 조정되며 그것은 또한 연습을 위해 몇 가지 추가 추억을 선택하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol> fMRI 작업 <ol start="7"><li> fMRI 작업은 의미 론적 기억 (SM) 제어 작업과 함께 오전 작업의 비교를 허용하기 위해 설계되었습니다, AM 및 SM 회수 실험 (그림 2A 참조)과 유사한 일반적인 구조를했습니다. 우리는 CIGAL (사용 <a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/을</a> MR 스캐너에 자극 프레 젠 테이션을위한)하지만, 다른 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어도 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 오전 작업은 스캔하기 전에 수집한 개인 단서에 따라 달라집니다. 각 시험은 버튼을 누르면 참가자로 표시됩니다 AM 기억을 트리거 큐로 시작합니다. 그런 다음 참가자들은 속도 recollected 메모리를 (그림 2B)로 다시 보이기까지 이벤트의 세부 정보를 기억을 계속합니다. </li><li> SM 작업은 검색의 메모리 및 확장 검색 시간 22 일 (그림 2B)에서 검색을 포함 AM처럼 다른 의미 범주 (예 : 악기, 스포츠)에서 증거물의 생성을 포함한다. 의미 론적 범주가 보이기 시작되면 참가자들은 즉시 그 범주에서 표본을 채집하는 리콜을 시작으로 버튼을 눌러 다음 메모리 등급이 다시 보이기까지 리콜을 계속합니다. </li></ol><img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2a.jpg" /> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2b.jpg" /> 그림 2. fMRI 평가판의 구조. A. 일반시련의 구조. AM 및 SM B. 재판의 구체적인 구조. <ol start="10"><li> AM과 SM의 재판의 기본 비교 이외에 다른 조작도 참여하실 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 오전 검색의 초점은 기억 이벤트 정신적 또는 정서적 측면 비 (그림 2B)에 관심을 지불하는 참가자를 연출하여 조작하실 수 있습니다. 이 조작은 검색 서비스의 초점은 AMS의 경험과 관련된 신경 상호에 관련된 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 방법에 대한 조사를 수 있습니다. </li><li> 각 AM 또는 SM 재판은 5 점 Likert의 비늘 (그림 2B 참조)를 사용하여, counterbalanced 순서로 제시 평가 화면옵니다. </li><li> 실험은 두 참가자 시간은 장비 고장의 경우에는 데이터 손실을 휴식하고 방지하도록 실행 / 재판의 블록으로 분할됩니다. 실행 순서는 참가자 간의 counterbalanced입니다. 각 실행 MR 신호의 안정화를 허용하기 위해 고정 여섯 초 시작된다. 오전과 SM 조건 변수 기간의 인터 시험 간격 (5-9 초, 평균 = 7sec.)로 구분하여 임의 순서로 표시됩니다. </li></ol> 2. 스캔에 대한 제목을 준비 모든 참가자들은 윤리위원회의 승인을 실험 프로토콜을 실행하기 전에 정보를 서면 동의합니다. 일반적으로, 뇌 정품 인증의 lateralization에 confounds을 피하기 위해 스캔 참가자는 오른손잡이입니다. 이전에 스캔 룸 입력 <ol><li> 스캔의 날, 참가자들의 현재 정서 상태는 감정 AMS의 기억에 대한 분위기의 효과에 대한 제어, 23 평가입니다. 포스트 스캔 평가와 함께, 이러한 초기 평가는 학습 참여의 결과로 기분의 변화에​​ 대한 화면으로 사용될 수 있으며, 현재의 상태에 의해 영향을 두뇌 정품 인증을 조사하기 위해 fMRI 분석에 covariates로. 마찬가지로, 성격 특성의 평가도 오전 작업 24 관련된 신경 상호 그들의 가능한 편견을 조사하기 위해, (예 : neuroticism) 만들 수 있습니다. </li><li> 전에 스캔, 참가자는 검사 절차의 상세 정보, 그리고 행동 작업에 대한 구체적인 지침을 제공하고 있습니다. 참가자는 또한 작업과 함께 자신을 숙지하기 위해 짧은 연습 세션을 완료합니다. </li></ol> 스캔 룸 입력 <ol start="3"><li> 참가자는 스캔 침대에 나태한 거짓말을 지시하고, 스캔하는 동안 편안함을 보장하기 위해 움직임을 최소화하기 위해 추가 헤드 쿠션과 함께 제공됩니다. 추가로 헤드의 움직임을 최소화하기 위해, 테이프의 길이의 비 접착제 측면은 과목 &#39;이마 주위를 가볍게 감싸 수 있습니다. 과목은 MRI 스캔하는 동안 실험자와 통신 귀 보호뿐만 아니라 절연 헤드폰을 부여하고 있습니다. </li><li> 제목의 오른손은 따라서 왼손이 지원 또는 기타 측정 (예, 피부 전도성 응답)에 사용할 수 있도록 응답 상자에 편안하게 위치합니다. 피사체가 스캐너를 중지하는 긴급한 필요를 나타낼 수 있도록 비상 정지 버튼이 인근에 위치합니다. </li><li> 데이터 수집을 시작하기 전에, 그것은 과목 자극 프레 젠 테이션에 대해 명확하게 스크린 프로젝션을 확인하고 응답 버튼이 제대로 작동되는 수 있는지 확인하는 것이 중요합니다. </li></ol> 3. 데이터 기록 및 처리 매개 변수 검사 우리는 MRI 레코딩을 위해 1.5 테슬라 지멘스 연가 스캐너를 사용하여 MRI 데이터를 수집했습니다. 해부 학적 영상 3D MPRAGE의 해부 시리즈 (; = 112 조각의 수를, 반복 시간 (TR) = 1600 MS, 에코 시간 (TE) = 3.82 MS voxel 크기 = 1x1x1 mm)되었고, 기능 이미지 28 기능 조각 일련 있었다 인수 axially echoplanar 순서를 사용하여 (TR = 2000 MS, TE = 40 MS;보기 FOV = 256x256 mm의 분야, voxel 크기 = 4x4x4 mm), 따라서 전체 뇌 보도 있도록합니다. 데이터 분석 : 우리는 통계 파라메 트릭 매핑 (SPM 사용 <a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm을</a> 사내 Matlab 기반의 도구와 함께). 사전 처리 관련된 일반적인 단계 : 품질 보증, TR 정렬, 모션 보정, 공동 등록, 정상화, 그리고 케어 (8mm 3 커널). 개인 및 그룹 수준의 통계 분석은 메모리 타입 (AM 대 SM), 정서적 결합 (긍정 대 부정적인), 그리고 검색 초점 (감정적 대 아닌 감정적인 내용)에 따라 뇌 활동의 비교를 포함 수 있습니다. 4. 대표 결과 <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3. 오전 불러오기의 신경 상호가. 현재 프로토콜을 확인, AMS의 검색은 하마를 포함하여 검색 네트워크 AM 4, 25, 증가 활동을 굴복처리 visuo - 공간 표현과 관련된 개인적인 포용, cuneus / precuneus 지역 및 parieto - 뒤통수 교차점 (각각 C, E)과 관련된 일반적인 메모리 검색, 중간 전두엽 피질 (B)에 참여 campal 구역 (A), 그리고 정서 AM 검색에 관련된 전두엽 - 측두엽 교차로 (D), 후자와 비슷한 효과는 또한 (표시되지 않음) 편도체에서 발견되었습니다. &quot;정품 인증지도 &#39;코로나 (왼쪽 패널)에 표시 고해상도 뇌 영상에 겹쳐 및 saggital (중간과 오른쪽 패널) 전망되며, 색상 막대가 활성화지도 t 값 그라데이션 (을 나타내는 P &lt;0.005, 10 연속 voxels 26), 메모리 단서의 onsets 시간 - 잠금 두뇌 활동을 반영. 선 그래프는 각 시험 유형과 TR (1 TR = 2 초) 동안 fMRI 신호 (% 신호 변경)의 시간 과정을 보여줍니다. L = 왼쪽, R = 맞아.

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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engagement+of+lateral+and+medial+prefrontal+areas+in+the+ecphory+of+sad+and+happy+autobiographical+memories.">Engagement of lateral and medial prefrontal areas in the ecphory of sad and happy autobiographical memories.</a> Cortex. 39, 643-665 (2003).</li><li>Denkova, E., Botzung, A., Manning, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+remembering/knowing+famous+people:+an+event-related+fMRI+study.">Neural correlates of remembering/knowing famous people: an event-related fMRI study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 44, 2783-2791 (2006).</li><li>Botzung, A., Denkova, E., Ciuciu, P., Scheiber, C., Manning, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+bases+of+the+constructive+nature+of+autobiographical+memories+studied+with+a+self-paced+fMRI+design.">The neural bases of the constructive nature of autobiographical memories studied with a self-paced fMRI design.</a> Memory. 16, 351-363 (2008).</li><li>Crovitz, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Galton's walk: Methods for the analysis of thinking, intelligence, and creativity. , (1970).</li><li>Crovitz, H. F., Schiffman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+of+episodic+memories+as+a+function+of+their+age.">Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age.</a> Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 4, 517-518 (1974).</li><li>Galton, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychometric+experiments.">Psychometric experiments.</a> Brain. 2, 149-162 (1879).</li><li>Cabeza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activity+during+episodic+retrieval+of+autobiographical+and+laboratory+events:+an+fMRI+study+using+a+novel+photo+paradigm.">Brain activity during episodic retrieval of autobiographical and laboratory events: an fMRI study using a novel photo paradigm.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 16, 1583-1594 (2004).</li><li>Gilboa, A., Winocur, G., Grady, C. L., Hevenor, S. J., Moscovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remembering+our+past:+functional+neuroanatomy+of+recollection+of+recent+and+very+remote+personal+events.">Remembering our past: functional neuroanatomy of recollection of recent and very remote personal events.</a> Cereb Cortex. 14, 1214-1225 (2004).</li><li>Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., Moscovitch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+and+autobiographical+memory:+dissociating+episodic+from+semantic+retrieval.">Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval.</a> Psychol Aging. 17, 677-689 (2002).</li><li>Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., Phelps, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+mediating+optimism+bias.">Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias.</a> Nature. 450, 102-105 (2007).</li><li>Addis, D. R., Moscovitch, M., Crawley, A. P., McAndrews, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recollective+qualities+modulate+hippocampal+activation+during+autobiographical+memory+retrieval.">Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval.</a> Hippocampus. 14, 752-762 (2004).</li><li>Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., Greenberg, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Belief+and+recollection+of+autobiographical+memories.">Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories.</a> Mem Cognit. 31, 887-901 (2003).</li><li>Greenberg, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-activation+of+the+amygdala,+hippocampus+and+inferior+frontal+gyrus+during+autobiographical+memory+retrieval.">Co-activation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval.</a> Neuropsychologia. 43, 659-674 (2005).</li><li>Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+brief+measures+of+positive+and+negative+affect:+the+PANAS+scales.">Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales.</a> J Pers Soc Psychol. 54, 1063-1070 (1988).</li><li>Denkova, E., Dolcos, S., Dolcos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliving+Emotional+Personal+Memories:+Affective+Biases+Linked+to+Personality+and+Sex-Related+Differences.">Reliving Emotional Personal Memories: Affective Biases Linked to Personality and Sex-Related Differences.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., Levine, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+neuroanatomy+of+autobiographical+memory:+a+meta-analysis.">The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis.</a> Neuropsychologia. 44, 2189-2208 (2006).</li><li>Lieberman, M. D., Cunningham, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+I+and+Type+II+error+concerns+in+fMRI+research:+re-balancing+the+scale.">Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale.</a> Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 4, 423-428 (2009).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

여기에서 소개가 실험 설계는 감정 자서전적 기억을 기억의 신경 상호의 조사를 허용합니다. 이 디자인은 두뇌가 개인의 추억을 기억 정서적인 편견을 (긍정적이거나 부정적인) 생성하는 방법 우리의 지식을 발전 잠재력을 가지고 있으며, 어떻게 그 편견은 (감정 또는 이외의 정서적 측면에) 검색 초점에 의해 변조된 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 또한 허용 임상 집단 (예, 우울증과 외상후 스트레?...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotional autobiographical recollection

정서적 자서전의 추억 (AMS)의 기억은 건강인지 및 정서 기능 1 중요하다 - 기억 긍정적인 AMS는 증가 웰빙 개인적인 자부심이과 관련된, 기억하고 부정 AMS에 ruminating 반면,이 정서 장애 3 발생할 수 있습니다. 상당한 진전이 적게는 AMS와 관련된 신경의 상호 다시 경험 주관에 감정의 효과에 대해서 일반적으로 검색 (4, 5 검토) 알려진 AM 기본 두뇌 메커니즘을 이해하였습니다 있지만. 이것은 부분 실험실 기반의 마이크로 이벤트 (6, 7-9에서 검토) 메모리에 감정 효과의 조사와는 달리, 종종 시간이 공부의 정서적 측면에 명확한 초점을 가지고하지 AM, 사실에 의한 개인 이벤트 (그러나 10 참조) 기억. 여기, 우리는 기능적인 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)를 사용하여 감정 AMS를 recollecting의 신경 상호의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이러한 기억에 대한 단서 따라서 자신의 현상 학적 특성 (즉, 강도, vividness, 개인 중요성)에 따라 정서적 AMS의 적절한 선택에 대한 수 있도록 자서전 메모리 설문 조사 (AMQ)를 통해 사전 검사로 수집하고 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 모두 건강하고 임상 인구에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

우리는 기능적인 자기 공명 영상을 사용하여 정서 자서전의 추억을 recollecting의 신경 상호의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜은 건강하고 임상 참가자 모두 사용할 수 있습니다.

감정적 기억 순의 기억의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-emotional

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K 조회수.  University of Alberta, Edmonton. 우리는 기능적인 자기 공명 영상을 사용하여 정서 자서전의 추억을 recollecting의 신경 상호의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜은 건강하고 임상 참가자 모두 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

가상 사회 상호 작용을 관찰의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

연구

신경과학

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

감정 규정의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

감정 메모리 강화 효과의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

인식에 대한 감정의 혼란 효과의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

내생 NADH 형광의 2 광자 이미징에 의한 마우스 대뇌 피질의 Microregional Hypoxia의 탐지

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

Reconsolidation 창 동안 멸종 교육은 두려움의 복구를 방지

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRI 및 확산 - 가중 영상을 사용하여 뇌의 구조와 기능의 공동 분석

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

컴퓨터를 이용한 다중 전극 패치 클램프 시스템

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

직렬 블록 얼​​굴 스캐닝 전자 현미경을 사용하여 뇌 미토콘드리아 분석

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1를 사용 하 여 기본 Somatosensory 피 질에서 신경 활동을 이미징-GCaMP6s 유전자 변형 쥐

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...