FD는 정신 분열증과 우울증에 관한 연구와 캐나다 정신 연구 재단에서 CPRF 수상에 대해 미국 국립 얼라이언스에서 젊은 탐정 수상에 의해 지원되었다.

I. 작업 디자인, 자극, 그리고 실험 프로토콜 <ol><li> 이 프로토콜의 기본 임무는 소설 작업 무관한 감정하고 중립적인 훼방꾼은 보충 및 프로브 (원본 작업을 설명하는 다이어그램 그림 1 참조) 사이의 지연 간격 동안 수여하는 지연 응답 WM 작업입니다. 참가자들이이 작업을 수행하는 동안 이벤트 관련 fMRI 데이터가 기록됩니다. 실제 훼방꾼의 뒤섞인 버전도 동일한 기본 속성 (예 : 공간 주파수 및 휘도)가 인식 컨트롤로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2434/2434fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 산만과 지연 - 응답 작업 메모리 작업 (6에서 허가)의 일반적인 다이어그램. impac을 증가하기 위하여 세 얼굴은 강력 지느러미 집행 시스템을 참여하기 위해 보충 자료에 사용하고 있으며, 새로운 훼방꾼의 쌍이 사용됩니다WM 성능과 두뇌 활동에 정신적 혼란 t. 감정 훼방꾼의 영향도 색상의 사진을 (표시되지 않음), 제시 및 이와 유사한 감정과 의미 콘텐츠와 훼방꾼을 페어링 증가 수 있습니다. 이러한 맥락에서, 세심한주의도 가능 confounds을 도입 피하기 위해, 같은 밝기 및 공간 주파수 15 기본 속성에 감정과 중성 사진과 일치하는 납부하여야한다. 참가자는 아직 훼방꾼을 처리하는 동안 WM 작업에 자신의 초점을 유지하고, 응답 버튼 (1 = 오래된, 2 = 새)를 눌러 프로브에 신속하고 정확한 답변을하도록 지시하고 있습니다. 자극 프레 젠 테이션을 위해, 우리는 CIGAL (사용 <a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/을</a> ). 보충 자료와 프로브는 컬러 또는 흑백으로 제시하실 수 있습니다. <ol start="2"><li> 이것은 보충 자료에 얼굴의 섹스가 남성의 균형 비율 (50 %)와 F를 가지고 것이 좋습니다emales (50 %). 비슷한 균형 비례도 (50 %) 신구 (50 %) 프로브를 위해 좋습니다. 예를 들어, 동일한 각서 및 프로브, 및 / 자신의 유사성 또는 존재 / 부재를 조작하여 얼굴 간의 얼굴 기능의 유사성을 - WM 작업의 난이도는 이러한 비율 및 / 변경 또는 기타 요인을 변화하여 다양한 수 있습니다 보충 자료에 추가 - 얼굴의 기능 (동영상도 참조). 얼굴 이외에 다른 자극도 보충하고 프로브를 9로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 그것은 조건 6 회 30-40 시험이, 11이 &quot;천천히 진행&quot;디자인 강력한 fMRI 신호로서 안정성을 제공하지만,이 디자인으로 사용할 수 있습니다 (6 보충 자료 참조) 적은 수의 실험과 함께 얻을 수있다하는 것이 좋습니다. 이것은 ~ 1.5-2 시간의 fMRI 데이터를 수집., 건강하고 임상 참가자 모두에서 사용 가능합니다 수 있습니다. 시련의 비교적 낮은 숫자로 인해 약간의 단점에도 불구하고&quot;첨단&quot;디자인에 비해 참여 수,이 디자인은 기능 또한 유리한 아르보다 안정적인 단일 시험 fMRI 신호 및 개별 시험과 관련된 신호를 더 잘 분리를 얻어과 시험 자극 / 단계 이내에 장점을 가지고 있습니다 연결 분석합니다. </li><li> 훼방꾼 형식의 변화도 조사 및 대상 인구의 목표에 따라 그것을 적응하여,이 디자인의 융통성에 기여하고있다. 원래 디자인 6 감성과 중성 훼방꾼은 국제 정서 사진 체계 16 일부터 선택 많았지만 유사한 효과가 훼방꾼 12, 및 / 또는에 WM 작업의 감도를 증가 조작과 효과적인 다른 소설 자극과 함께 구할 수 있습니다 행동의 차이 (예를 들어, 또한 응답에있는 참가자들의 자신감을 평가하여) 11를 탐지. </li><li> 예를 들어, 전후 적의 최근 연구에12 또는 외상후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD)가없는 terans는 일반적인 부정적인 감정을 유도하는 정서 IAPS 사진은 전투 관련 사진과 함께 교체되었다. 이 사진은 더 구체적으로 전투에 관련된 충격에 연결하고, 따라서 특히 PTSD 그룹에서 전투 노출 동료에 더 효과 훼방꾼,된다 감정을 유발 것으로 예상했다. 또한, 구체적인 부정적인 감정 (예, 불안)를 유발 자극되거나 감정적으로 긍정적인 자극도 훼방꾼으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 두려운 표정을 표시하는 것이 사회 불안을 유발하고, 따라서 WM 11 과도 불안 - 유도 산만의 영향을 조사 효과적으로 수 있습니다 얼굴. 또한 유사한 효과는 긍정적인 훼방꾼 17 찾을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 기타 조치 (예, 행동 및 성격 관련)이 패러다임과 함께 두뇌 활동과 개인 사이의 관계가 다를 조사에도 사용할 수 있습니다<html> 이 작업을 8, 10, 11인지 성능에 영향을 여러 측면에서 ences. </li></ol> II. 스캔에 대한 제목을 준비 모든 참가자는 윤리위원회의 승인을 받아야한다 실험 프로토콜을 실행하는 사전 서면 동의 정보를 제공해야합니다. 이전에 스캔 룸 입력 <ol><li> 스캔의 날, 참가자의 현재 정서 상태는 산만와 WM 작업에 대한 분위기의 효과에 대한 제어, 평가이다. 사후 스캔 평가와 함께, 이러한 초기 평가는 또한 연구 11 참여의 결과로 기분의 변화에 대한 화면으로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 전에 스캔, 참가자는 검사 절차의 상세 정보이며, 행동​​ 작업에 대한 구체적인 지침을 제공합니다. 참가자는 또한 작업과 익숙해 짧은 연습 세션을 완료합니다. </li></ol>e_step은 &quot;&gt; 스캔 룸 입력 <ol start="3"><li> 참가자 스캔하는 동안 편안함을 보장하고 움직임을 최소화하기 위해, 머리에 대한 추가 쿠셔닝으로 스캔 침대에 나태한 자리잡고 있습니다. 추가로 헤드의 움직임을 최소화하기 위해, 테이프의 길이의 비 접착제 사이드는 제목의 이마 주위에 가볍게 포장 수 있습니다. 과목은 MRI 스캔하는 동안 실험자와 통신 귀 보호뿐만 아니라 절연 헤드폰을 부여하고 있습니다. </li><li> 제목의 오른손은 응답 상자에 편안하게 위치합니다. 데이터 수집을 시작하기 전에, 그것은 응답 버튼이 제대로 작동하고 피사체가 자극 프레 젠 테이션에 대해 명확하게 투영 화면을 볼 수 있는지 확인하는 것이 중요합니다. 비상 정지 버튼은 또한 피사체가 스캐너를 중단하는 긴급 필요를 나타낼 수 있도록 즉, 인근에 배치됩니다. </li></ol> 스캔 세션 다음 <ol start="5"><li> 추가 작업은 더 이상 행동 assessmen에 사용할 수 있습니다TS - 예는 평가에 의해, 훼방꾼 및 / 또는 훼방꾼의 주관적 인식 distractibility의 감정 발랑스 / 강도를 훼방꾼 참가자 &#39;감도를 결정합니다. 이러한 등급은 문학에 나타난 이전 효과, 그리고 평가의 개별 차이를 인식 6 감정의 해로운 효과를 중재 신경 메커니즘에 대한 자신의 영향력을 조사하는 데 사용할 수있는 복제를 스캔하는 동안 사용되는 정서적 자극의 주관적 인식을 보장하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다 , 8. </li><li> 성격의 특성 (예, 특성 불안, 정서적 반응)의 평가도 11 스캔하기 전에 수행하지 않을 경우 MRI 검사 이후에 만들 수 있습니다. </li></ol> III. 데이터 기록 및 분석 매개 변수 검사 원래의 연구 6, 우리는 MRI 레코딩을위한 4 테슬라는 제너럴 일렉트릭 스캐너를 사용하여 MRI 데이터를 수집하지만, 더 많은 레코드를위한작업 엔트 버전 우리는 1.5 T MRI 스캐너 11 데이터를 수집 성공적으로되었습니다. 30 기능 조각의 4T 스캐너 시리즈 (voxel 크기 = 4 X 4 X 4mm)가 axially 인버스 - 나선형 펄스 시퀀스를 사용하여 획득했다 (TR = 2000 MS, TE = 31 MS; = 256 X 256mm보기 분야) , 따라서 전체 뇌 보도 있도록합니다. 마찬가지로, 28 기능 조각의 1.5 스캐너 시리즈 (voxel 크기 = 4 X 4 X 4mm)는 axially echoplanar 시퀀스를 사용하여 획득했다 (TR = 2000 MS, TE = 40 MS;보기 = 256 X 256mm 분야 ). (; 해부 학적 기능을 비율 = 4시 1분에서 - 비행기 해상도 = 1mm 2) 고해상도 구조 이미지도 축 방향으로 인수되었습니다. 데이터 분석 : 우리는 통계 파라메 트릭 매핑 (SPM을 사용 <a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a> 자체 Matlab 기반의 도구와 함께)를. 사전 처리 단계 전형을 포함 : 품질 보증 *, TRlignment, 모션 보정, 공동 등록, 정상화, 그리고 스무딩 (8 X 8 X 8mm의 커널을 사용) * 기본적인 품질 보증은의 참가자 및 모션 관련 유물의 총 움직임을 감지, 데이터의 시각적 검사를 참여 데이터뿐만 아니라 MR 신호의 비정상적인 스파이크로 볼륨의 식별로. 개인 및 그룹 수준의 통계 분석은 distracter 유형 (정서적 대 중립주의를 끌 수)에 따라 뇌 활동의 비교를 포함. 또한, distractibility의 주관적 또는 객관적인 조치 (예, 감정 및 distractibility 등급 및 작업 메모리 성능) 6,8,11 및 / 또는 점수 색인 생성 개성 조치와 뇌 영상 데이터의 상관 관계는 (예 : 특성 불안) 11도, 수행할 수 조사 방법은 뇌의 활동이 그 조치의 개별 차이와 공동 다릅니다. 이 프로토콜을 사용하여 우리의 연구의 모든 분석은 일반적으로 지연 간격, whe 동안 관찰 활동에 초점을 맞추고있다N 훼방꾼은 제시하지만, 활동 (예, 프로브) 다른 이벤트도 조사 수 시간 - 고정됩니다. IV. 대표 결과 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2434/2434fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. 정서 산만의 존재에서 복부 대 지느러미 뇌 시스템 활동의 반대 패턴 (6에서 허가). 이러한 dorsolateral 전두엽 피질과 같은 지느러미 이그 제 큐 티브 두뇌 영역 (파란색 모양)에 감소 활동을 제작하는 동안 감정 훼방꾼은 같은 ventrolateral 전두엽 피질 (vlPFC)와 편도체 (표시되지 않음)으로 복부 정서적인 뇌 영역 (빨간색 모양)에 향상된 활동을 생산 (dlPFC)과 측면 정수리 피질 (LPC). 중앙 이미지는 측면에 표시되는 고해상도 뇌 영상에 겹쳐 (즉, 감정적 대 발진) 이상의 혼란 상황 대 가장 사이의 직접적인 대비의 활성화지도를 보여줍니다오른쪽 반구의 볼 수 있습니다. 뇌 이미지의 하단에있는 색상 수평 막대 활성화지도 t 값의 경사도를 나타냅니다. 라인 그래프 대표 지느러미와 복부 두뇌 영역 (색상 코드 화살표로 표시)의 활동 시간 과정을 보여줍니다. X - 축 위에있는 회색 직사각형 상자는 발병과 기간 보충의 훼방꾼, 그리고 프로브를 각각 나타냅니다. FFG = Fusiform 이랑.

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resisting+emotional+interference:+brain+regions+facilitating+working+memory+performance+during+negative+distraction.">Resisting emotional interference: brain regions facilitating working memory performance during negative distraction.</a> Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 10, 159-173 (2010).</li><li>Chuah, L. Y., Dolcos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+interference+by+emotional+distracters.">Sleep deprivation and interference by emotional distracters.</a> Sleep. 33, 1305-1313 (2010).</li><li>Denkova, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+anxiety-inducing+distraction+on+cognitive+performance:+A+combined+brain+imaging+and+personality+investigation.">The impact of anxiety-inducing distraction on cognitive performance: A combined brain imaging and personality investigation.</a> PLoS One. 5, e14150-e14150 (2010).</li><li>Morey, R. A., Dolcos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+trauma-related+distractors+on+neural+systems+for+working+memory+and+emotion+processing+in+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.">The role of trauma-related distractors on neural systems for working memory and emotion processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.</a> J. Psychiatr. Res. 43, 809-817 (2009).</li><li>Anticevic, A., Repovs, G., Corlett, P. R., Barch, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+and+nonemotional+interference+with+visual+working+memory+in+schizophrenia.">Negative and nonemotional interference with visual working memory in schizophrenia.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 70, 1159-1168 (2011).</li><li>Diaz, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+emotional+distraction+on+verbal+working+memory:+An+fMRI+investigation+comparing+individuals+with+schizophrenia+and+healthy+adults.">The influence of emotional distraction on verbal working memory: An fMRI investigation comparing individuals with schizophrenia and healthy adults.</a> J. Psychiatr. Res. 45, 1184-1193 (2011).</li><li>Delplanque, S., N'Diaye, K., Scherer, K., Grandjean, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+frequencies+or+emotional+effects?+A+systematic+measure+of+spatial+frequencies+for+IAPS+pictures+by+a+discrete+wavelet+analysis.">Spatial frequencies or emotional effects? A systematic measure of spatial frequencies for IAPS pictures by a discrete wavelet analysis.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 165, 144-150 (2007).</li><li>Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthberg, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. , (1997).</li><li>Iordan, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+brain+imaging+investigation+of+the+impact+of+positive+and+negative+distraction+on+cognitive+performance.">Behavioral and brain imaging investigation of the impact of positive and negative distraction on cognitive performance.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Oei, N. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+shifts+brain+activation+towards+ventral+'affective'+areas+during+emotional+distraction.">Stress shifts brain activation towards ventral 'affective' areas during emotional distraction.</a> Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. [Epub ahead of. , (2011).</li><li>Dolcos, F., Miller, B., Kragel, P., Jha, A., McCarthy, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+brain+differences+in+the+effect+of+distraction+during+the+delay+interval+of+a+working+memory+task.">Regional brain differences in the effect of distraction during the delay interval of a working memory task.</a> Brain Res. 1152, 171-181 (2007).</li><li>Morey, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+transporter+gene+polymorphisms+and+brain+function+during+emotional+distraction+from+cognitive+processing+in+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.">Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and brain function during emotional distraction from cognitive processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.</a> BMC Psychiatry. 11, (2011).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 실험 설계는 지속적인인지 과정에 대한 정신적 산만의 해로운 효과가 HotEmo 복부 신경 시스템과 ColdEx의 지느러미 시스템 간의 상호 modulations를 수반되는 초기 뇌 이미징 증거를 제공했습니다. 이 dorso - 복부 분해는 감정 산만 6 면전에서 장애인 WM 성능에 연결된 체계적 정상 8-11, 임상 12-14로 복제되었고, 그러한 수면 박탈 10 스트레스 18 같?...

brain imaging investigation of the impairing effect of emotion on cognition

감정을 모두 강화 (예를 들어, 정서적 이벤트에 대한 더 나은 메모리)와 혼란 (예 : 증가 감정 distractibility) 효과를 (1 검토) exerting에 의해 인식에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 감정의 메모리 향상 효과 (도 1 참조, 3-5)의 신경 상호의 조사, 여기서 우리의 해로운 영향의 신경 상호의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시 수있는 방법을 설명하는이 최근 프로토콜을 보완 인식에 대한 감정. 이 방법의 주요 특징은 높은 수준의 &#39;추위&#39;에 관련된 감정 처리 (HotEmo 시스템) &#39;핫&#39;, 그리고 지느러미 시스템에 관련된 복부 신경 시스템의 활동 사이의 상호 modulations,의 신분을 수있다는인지 / 임원 인지 성능과 행동의 개별 유사 콘텐츠 (1 검토)로 연결되어 처리 (ColdEx 시스템). 초기 introdu 이후ction 6,이 디자인은 작업 기억 (WM)를 중심으로,인지에서 정서 산만의 해로운 영향의 신경 상호에 관한 다양한 측면의 해설 특히 다목적와 영향력이 검증된, 그리고 산만와 7,11를 대처하는가 모두 8-11 건강하고 임상 참가자 12~14인치

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

우리는 기능성 자기 공명 이미징을 사용하여인지에 대한 감정의 해로운 영향을 중재 신경 메커니즘의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜은 건강하고 임상 참가자 모두 사용할 수 있습니다.

인식에 대한 감정의 혼란 효과의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

brain-imaging-investigation-impairing-effect-emotion-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.0K 조회수.  University of Alberta. 우리는 기능성 자기 공명 이미징을 사용하여인지에 대한 감정의 해로운 영향을 중재 신경 메커니즘의 조사를 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜은 건강하고 임상 참가자 모두 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

TMS의 국가 종속성 효과 : 동기 Phosphene 동작 좀보세요

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

연구

신경과학

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

가상 사회 상호 작용을 관찰의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

감정적 기억 순의 기억의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

감정 규정의 신경 상호의 두뇌 이미징 조사

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

감정 메모리 강화 효과의 두뇌 이미징 조사

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments in vision research require displays with more than 12 bits of luminance resolution. Several solutions are available. Bit++ 1 and DataPixx 2 use the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) output from graphics cards and high resolution (14 or 16-bit) digital-to-analog converters to drive analog display devices. The VideoSwitcher 3 described here combines analog video signals from the red and blue channels of graphics cards with different weights using a passive resister network 4 and an active circuit to deliver identical video signals to the three channels of color monitors. The method provides an inexpensive way to enable high-resolution monochromatic displays using conventional graphics cards and analog monitors. It can also provide trigger signals that can be used to mark stimulus onsets, making it easy to synchronize visual displays with physiological recordings or response time measurements.
Although computer keyboards and mice are frequently used in measuring response times (RT), the accuracy of these measurements is quite low. The RTbox is a specialized hardware and software solution for accurate RT measurements. Connected to the host computer through a USB connection, the driver of the RTbox is compatible with all conventional operating systems. It uses a microprocessor and high-resolution clock to record the identities and timing of button events, which are buffered until the host computer retrieves them. The recorded button events are not affected by potential timing uncertainties or biases associated with data transmission and processing in the host computer. The asynchronous storage greatly simplifies the design of user programs. Several methods are available to synchronize the clocks of the RTbox and the host computer. The RTbox can also receive external triggers and be used to measure RT with respect to external events. 
Both VideoSwitcher and RTbox are available for users to purchase. The relevant information and many demonstration programs can be found at <a href="http://lobes.usc.edu/">http://lobes.usc.edu/</a>.

Conventional computer hardware can not generate visual stimuli with sufficiently high grayscale resolution and measure response times with sufficient accuracy. We describe how to use the VideoSwitcher to produce high-resolution monochromatic displays, and the RTbox to measure response times with high accuracy on conventional computer hardware.

사용 높음 - 해상도 디스플레이와 종래의 컴퓨터에 정확한 응답 시간 측정 그레이 스케일

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRI 및 확산 - 가중 영상을 사용하여 뇌의 구조와 기능의 공동 분석

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

두피 뉴런에서 생체 내 두 - 광자의 영상은 경험에 의존 분자 변경

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

A Dual Tracer PET-MRI Protocol for the Quantitative Measure of Regional Brain Energy Substrates Uptake in the Rat

We present a method for comparing the uptake of the brain&#39;s two key energy substrates: glucose and ketones (acetoacetate [AcAc] in this case) in the rat. The developed method is a small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) protocol, in which&#160;11C-AcAc and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) are injected sequentially in each animal. This dual tracer PET acquisition is possible because of the short half-life of 11C (20.4 min). The rats also undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition seven days before the PET protocol. Prior to image analysis, PET and MRI images are coregistered to allow the measurement of regional cerebral uptake (cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum). A quantitative measure of 11C-AcAc and 18F-FDG brain uptake (cerebral metabolic rate; &#956;mol/100 g/min) is determined by kinetic modeling using the image-derived input function (IDIF) method. Our new dual tracer PET protocol is robust and flexible; the two tracers used can be replaced by different radiotracers to evaluate other processes in the brain. Moreover, our protocol is applicable to the study of brain fuel supply in multiple conditions such as normal aging and neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases.

Small-animal positron emission tomography enables the assessment of the brain&#39;s two main energy substrates:&#160;glucose and ketones. In the present method, 11C-acetoacetate and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose are injected sequentially in each animal, and their uptake is measured quantitatively in specific brain regions determined from the magnetic resonance images.

We present a method for comparing the uptake of the brain&#39;s two key energy substrates: glucose and ketones (acetoacetate [AcAc] in this case) in the ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.