이 작품은 DKOD에 NIH 부여 NS27501에 의해 지원되었다. 이 작품에 대한 추가 지원은 DKOD에 HHMI 교수 프로그램 권한 부여에 의해 제공되었다.

성인 파리에서 두뇌의 I.의 해부 <ol><li> 35mm 페트리 접시의 중앙에 솔루션을 해부의 작은 방울 (~ 100 μl)을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 흡인기를 사용하여 성인 여성을 관람해보세요. 현미경을 해부에서 날아 목을 벨 두 주사기의 바늘을 사용합니다. </li><li> 배양 접시에있는 해부 생리의 작은 방울 (papain가 추가로)에 플레이스 머리. </li><li> 접시의 바닥을 마주 코와 함께 위치 머리. </li><li> 바늘 1 왼쪽 화합물 눈을 덮고있는 표피를 잡아. 바늘 1 단지 중간 바늘 2와 복부 표면에 지느러미에서 확장하는 대각선 절단하십시오. </li><li> 바늘 1 mouthparts 잡고 코의 기지의 수준, 오른쪽 눈 왼쪽 눈의 복부 표면에서 확장 수평 절단을하기 위해 바늘이 2를 사용합니다. </li><li> 바늘 1 오른쪽 화합물 눈을 덮고있는 표피를 잡아. 바늘 1 단지 중간 바늘 2와 복부 표면에 지느러미에서 확장하는 대각선 절단하십시오. </li><li> 주동이의 측면은 페트리 접시의 표면에 수 있도록 머리를 회전합니다. 주동이의 표피와 뇌 사이의 바늘 1을 삽입하고, 첫 번째 바늘과 같은 경로를 따라 바늘이 2를 사용합니다. 이상적으로, 캡슐은 레코딩을위한 두뇌 안정화에 중요한 떨어진이 때문에 연결된 두 광 엽 (叶)으로 두뇌의 껍질됩니다. </li><li> 기관, 공기 주머 니나, 기타 결합 조직은 신중하게이 멋진 팁 집게를 사용하여 제거됩니다. </li><li> 전체 해부는 30~10분을 취하 </li></ol> II. CNS를 장착 <ol><li> 두뇌는 노란색 팁 pipet을 사용하여 녹음 챔버로 전송됩니다. </li><li> 레코딩 챔버에서 뇌의 두 고급 크로스 머리카락이 광 엽 (叶) 및 중앙 두뇌 지역 사이의 교차점에있는 조직과의 접촉을 이러한 플래티넘 프레임을 배치하여 안정화됩니다. </li><li> 각각의 두뇌는 적어도 10 분 동안 산소 식염수에 지속적인 관류 (95 % 산소와 5 % 이산화탄소)와 녹화 실에서 휴식을 허용합니다. 산소 생리와 챔버의 재관류는 녹음 기간 내내 계속됩니다. 그리고 Nomarski 광학 고정된 무대와 40x 물 침지 목표 (;, 수치 조리개, 0.8 자이스 혈구 Achroplan)로, 준비는 직립 현미경 (자이스 혈구, Oberkochen, 독일 Axioskop 2FS)를 사용하여 시각입니다. GFP는 BP 505-530 형광 필터를 조회했다. </li></ol> III. 전기 생리학 <ol><li> 8-14 Mohms의 Pipets는 전체 세포 레코딩에 사용됩니다 </li><li> 전류 클램프 및 전압 - 클램프 녹음 목록 EPC7 또는 Axopatch 200B 증폭기, Digidata 1322A DA 컨버터 (분자 디바이스, 포스터 시티, CA), 델 디멘션 8200 컴퓨터를 (델 컴퓨터, 라운드 록, TX), 사용하고 수행됩니다 9 소프트웨어 (분자 장치) pClamp. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gu, H., O Dowd, D. K., K, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholinergic+synaptic+transmission+in+Adult+Drosophila+Kenyon+cells+in+situ.">Cholinergic synaptic transmission in Adult Drosophila Kenyon cells in situ.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26, 265-272 (2006).</li><li>Wilson, R. I., Turner, G. C., Laurent, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+of+olfactory+representations+in+the+Drosophila+antennal+lobe.">Transformation of olfactory representations in the Drosophila antennal lobe.</a> Science. 303, 366-370 (2004).</li></ol>

우리는이 동영상에서 보여주는 고립 전체 뇌 준비 흥분과 성인 Drosophila 두뇌 (특별시 및 O 다우드, 2006)에서 후각 처리 경로에 해당 포함한 식별 뉴런에서 신경 전달 기본 세포 메커니즘의 평가를하실 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 깨어있는 행동 포유류에서 녹음을 보완하는 포유류의 뇌 슬라이스의 뉴런에서 많은 동일한 방식으로 녹음에 손상 성인 Drosophila (윌슨 동부 표준시 모든 2004)의 두뇌에의 연결 활동 연구 보완...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>#5 Foceps</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>FST by DUMONT</td>
<td>No. 11251-10 </td>
<td>Be careful, never damage the fine tips of forceps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Papain</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Worthington</td>
<td>3126</td>
<td>20 U/ml activated by 1 mM L-cysteine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
<td>SMZ-2B Model:C-PS</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Equipped with gooseneck fiber optic lights positioned a low angle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Needle & Syringe </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>PrecisionGlide&#174;?, Becton Dickinson & Co </td>
<td>305175 & 309602</td>
<td>Cheap and durable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Upright microscope</td>
<td>Axioskop2 FS plus</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Equipped with a fixed stage, 40X water immersion objective, Nomarski optics, and fluorescent lamp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Patch clamp amplifier</td>
<td>200 B</td>
<td>Molecular device</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Digidata D-A converter </td>
<td>1322A</td>
<td>Molecular device</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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whole cell recordings from brain of adult drosophila

이 비디오에서는, 우리는 하나의 뉴런에서 레코딩을위한 준비 성인 Drosophila의 전체 머리를 분리하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 우리는 해부 솔루션 및 우리의 연구에 사용되는 성인 여성의 캡처를 설명하여 시작합니다. 두 광 엽 (叶)을 포함하여 전체 두뇌 손상 제거하는 절차는 그림입니다. overlying의 기관의 해부도 표시됩니다. 고립된 두뇌는 작은뿐만 아니라하지만 뉴런의 손상을 방지하려면이 단계에서 취급에 특별한주의가 필요하는 많은 조직의 외부 표면 가까이에 있습니다. 우리가 개발한 특별한 소유자가 기록 챔버의 머리를 안정화하는 데 사용됩니다 방법을 보여줍니다. 표준 전기 생리학 최대가 뉴런의 단일 뉴런 또는 쌍의 기록에 사용됩니다 설정할 수 있습니다. (GH146) 프로젝션 뉴런 (PNS)가 살아있는 두뇌에 식별하는 방법을 보여줍니다 GFP 표현 운전 GAL4 라인에서 녹음 현미경을 통해 본 형광 이미지. 고전력 Nomarski 이미지는 전체 세포 녹음 대상으로되고 단일 신경 세포의보기를 표시합니다. 두뇌가 성공적으로 손상없이 제거되면, 뉴런의 대부분은 작업 잠재력 및 / 해고 또는 자발적인 시냅스 입력을 전시, 자발적으로 활성화됩니다. 전체 뇌 뉴런에서 확인된 전체 휴대폰 녹음이 유전 및 약리 조작과 조합하여 사용할 수있는 현장 준비에 이것은 성인 CNS의 세포 생리와 소성을 탐험에 유용한 모델입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila at JoVE.com

Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila

이 비디오는 표준 전체 세포 기술을 사용하여 하나의 뉴런에서 레코딩을위한 준비 성인 Drosophila의 전체 머리를 분리하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 그것은 녹음하는 동안 많이 GFP 라벨 세포와 뉴런의 이미지가 포함되어 있습니다.

성인 Drosophila의 머리에서 전체 셀 레코딩

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons. We begin by ...

whole-cell-recordings-from-brain-of-adult-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.4K 조회수.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). 이 비디오는 표준 전체 세포 기술을 사용하여 하나의 뉴런에서 레코딩을위한 준비 성인 Drosophila의 전체 머리를 분리하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 그것은 녹음하는 동안 많이 GFP 라벨 세포와 뉴런의 이미지가 포함되어 있습니다.

비디오: Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

셋째 Instar Drosophila의 유충에서 Imaginal 디스크의 해부

연구

생물학

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

성인 Zebrafish의 전체 신장 마로우의 이식

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Midgastrula 스테이지 Drosophila의 태아에서 문화의 연결 준비

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice

We use the whole-cell patch clamp technique to study the synaptic circuitry that underlies visual information processing in the retina. In this video, we will guide you through the process of performing whole-cell recordings of light evoked currents of individual cells in the retinal slice preparation. We use the aquatic tiger salamander as an animal model. We begin by describing the dissection of the eye and show how slices are mounted for electrophysiological recordings. Once the slice is placed in the recording chamber, we demonstrate how to perform whole-cell voltage clamp recordings. We then project visual stimuli onto the photoreceptors in the slice to elicit light-evoked current responses. During the recording we perfuse the slice with pharmacological agents, whereby an 8-channel perfusion system allows us to quickly switch between different agents.  The retinal slice preparation is widely used for patch clamp recordings in the retina, in particular to study amacrine or bipolar cells, which are not accessible in a whole-mount preparation.

This video shows the process of whole-cell voltage clamp recordings in the retinal slice of the aquatic tiger salamander. We demonstrate the preparation of the slice as well as how to perform patch clamp recordings during visual stimulation of the retina.

라이트의 전체 세포 레코딩은 망막 통에 흥분성의 시냅틱 전류를 Evoked

We use the whole-cell patch clamp technique to study the synaptic circuitry that underlies visual information processing in the retina. In this video, we ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

마우스 콘 Photoreceptors에서 단일 셀 석션 레코딩

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

성인 Zebrafish에서 기관의 해부

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

에서 기본 셀 문화 Drosophila Gastrula의 태아

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

성인에서 Oenocytes의 해부 Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

Kinesin의 분리 및 정제에서 Drosophila 태아

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

성적 증명서와 Metabolites에서의 정화<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 헤드

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...