솔루션 <ul><li> 신경절 세포에 대한 세포 솔루션 (MM)를 100 K - 글루 콘 산, 8 KCl, 1 MgCl 2, 1 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 4 ATP, 0.5 GTP, 90 μm의 Sulforhodamine B는 (얼룩)을 함께 산도 = 7.4로 조정 코 </li><li> 양극성 세포 (MM)을위한 세포 솔루션 : 90 K - 글루 콘 산, 8 KCl, 1 MgCl 2, 10 BAPTA, 10 HEPES, 4 ATP, 0.5 GTP, 90 μm의 Sulforhodamine B는 (얼룩)을 함께 산도 = 7.4로 조정 코 </li><li> 세포외 링어의 솔루션 (MM)을 : 112 NaCl, 5 포도당, 5 HEPES, NaOH와 산도 = 7.75로 조정이 KCl, 2 CaCl 2, 1 MgCl 2. 솔루션의 산소가 필요하지 않습니다. </li></ul> 녹화 실 준비 우리의 기록 챔버 다른 접착제의 잘라 작은 실리콘 블록이 잘 조직 조각에 대한 안정성을 제공하기 위해 배치됩니다 잘되는 접착제와 현미경 슬라이드로 구성되어 있습니다. 망막 조각의 준비 photoreceptors의 표백 피하기 위해, 절개는 IR 또는 희미한 붉은 빛 라이트에서 수행됩니다. 하나는 막대 경로에서 응답을 녹음에 관심이있다면, 오직 IR 빛이 (IR는 현미경없이 실내 조명을 해부. 추가 적외선 고글이 현미경으로하지 절차를 사용해야합니다) 사용해야합니다. 하나는 주로 원추 라이트 응답, 희미한 붉은 방 조명이나 붉은 손전등을 기록에 관심이있다면 사용할 수 있습니다. 현미경 그러나, 여전히 IR oculars 있어야합니다. photoreceptor 입력이 실험을 위해 관련이없는 경우, 절차는 일반 현미경을 사용하여 일반 룸 라이트에서 진행하실 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 잘 접착제 실리콘 두 개의 현미경 슬라이드 준비 : (필터를 밀어 각 슬라이드에 실리콘 그리스의 두 병렬 밴드 (약 0.5 cm 간격)을 작성하고 슬라이드의 한쪽 거름종이의 사각형 조각을 배치, 모두 그리스 밴드를 건너 그것이 잘 슬라이드에 첨부되도록 면도날의 일부와 함께 종이) </li><li> 동물 후 참수를 두 번 pithed, 30 분 동안 얼음 욕조에 배치됩니다 설립 프로토콜에 따라 도롱뇽을 희생. </li><li> 샐러맨더 머리에서 눈을 제거하고 조직 종이에 해부 현미경으로 그것을 장소는 얼음처럼 차가운 링어의 솔루션 moistened </li><li> 눈에서 결합 조직을 제거 </li><li> 각막에 작은 상처를 만들기 위해 면도날을 사용하여 </li><li> 눈에하기 위해 첨부 파일을 함께 가위로 그것을 제거하는 동안 집게로 각막을 절단 잡아 </li><li> 포셉와 렌즈를 제거 </li><li> 포셉로 방어막을 누른 상태에서 조리개를 제거 오라 세라타 따라 컷 </li><li> 이 직사각형 조각으로 세안 컵 컷 </li><li> (아주 조심스럽게 그것을 아래로 밀어하면서 조각을 평평하게해야합니다) 조각 중 하나를 선택하고 필터 종이에 공막엔 측면을 장소 </li><li> 부드럽게 지금 필러 용지에 첨부되어야하는, 망막에서 공막엔 리프트 </li><li> 신속하게 잘하는 얼음처럼 차가운 링어의 솔루션을 추가 </li><li> 두 번째 작품에 대해 동일한 단계를 반복 </li><li> 200 - 300μm 다양한 조각 잘라 사용자 정의 만든 기계에 위치 면도날을 사용합니다. </li><li> 필터 종이의 측면에서 조각을 데리러 포셉 한 켤레를 사용하여 망막의 레이어가 표시되기 때문에 그들을 넘겨주하고, 진공 그리스 밴드에 장소를 </li><li> 손상되지 않은 외모와 망막의 레이어 (배율이 충분히 높지 않을으로 레이어를 한 일부 겹겹이 인식할 수있다면 그러나 슬라이스 일반적으로 충분이며, 때로는 해부 현미경 아래에서 볼 수 어렵습니다을 나타내는 수평 밴드를 보여줍니다 슬라이스를 선택하십시오. 가) 직립 현미경으로 볼되면 슬라이스를 사용하는 여부에 대한 최종 결정은, 그러나, 만들 수 있습니다. 두 슬라이드 사이에 링어 다리를 구축하여 녹음 챔버 슬라이드로 이동 </li><li> 슬라이스가 (신경절 세포와 photoreceptors가 동시에 초점이되어야합니다) 기울어져되지 않도록 필터 종이는 기록 챔버에있는 고무 블록에 대한 강요되어 있는지 확인 </li></ol> 레코딩 장비에서 조직을 배치 <ol><li> 녹음 슬라이드는 현미경으로 위치하고 중력 재관류의 syste 통해 링어의 솔루션과 perfused입니다 </li><li> 준비는 10X와 40x 물 침지 목적으로 직립 현미경 시각이다. </li><li> 다시 말하지만, 우리는 photoreceptors의 표백 방지하기 위해 IR 조명을 사용합니다. IR 카메라는 TV 화면에 연결되어있는 현미경의 측면 포트에 첨부되어 있습니다. </li></ol> 시각적 자극 시각적 자극은 Psychtoolbox를 사용하여 Matlab에서 프로그래밍하고 현미경 이미지 주입기 (Mbf bioscience)를 사용하여 현미경의 상단에 포트를 통해 망막에 투영됩니다. 비트 + + 디지털 비디오 프로세서 (캠브리지 연구 시스템)는 14bit 휘도 규모를 구하고 synchr하는 데 사용됩니다데이터 수집과 자극 프레 젠 테이션을 onize. 이 동영상에 사용되는 시각적 자극이 지속적으로 균일한 배경 (두 초 동안 제시되었다 100 % 대비 밝은 또는 어두운 바 (폭 = 460μm)입니다 휘도 = 8 * 10 4 광자 / μm의 / s의 크기 : 1.84 X 1.38mm). 전기 생리학 <ul><li> micropipette의 풀러와 함께 : 패치 전극은 borosilicate 유리 (1.5mm, ID 84mm.. OD)에서 가져온 있습니다. 신경절 세포의 경우, resistances 2 4 MOhms 사이입니다. 양극성 세포의 경우, 4, 8 MOhms 사이에 높은 resistances이 사용됩니다. </li><li> 전압 클램프 녹음은 Multiclamp 700A (분자 장치), 앰프 및 Labview에서 프로그램 연구실 내부 소프트웨어를 사용하여 수행됩니다. </li><li> 약물은 8 채널 재관류 시스템을 통해 perfused 수 있습니다. microperfusion 전극은 슬라이스 (조직 가시가에서 재관류를 켜고 때 이동해야 하나 요구 압력이 슬라이스가 여과지에서 분리 될 수 있도록 너무 강하지 않다는 것을 조심)에 가까이 위치합니다. 실험 동안 microperfusion 끊임없이 녹음에 재관류를 스위칭 및 해제에 의해 방해받지 않도록합니다 (약물이 필요하지 않은 경우 perfusing 제어 솔루션)을 설정해야합니다. </li></ul>

<ol>
	<li>Cook, P. B., Lukasiewicz, P. D., McReynnolds, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABA(C)+receptors+control+adaptive+changes+in+a+glycinergic+inhibitory+pathway+in+salamander+retina.">GABA(C) receptors control adaptive changes in a glycinergic inhibitory pathway in salamander retina.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20, 806-812 (2000).</li><li>Heflin, S. J., Cook, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narrow+and+wide+field+amacrine+cells+fire+action+potentials+in+response+to+depolarization+and+light+stimulation.">Narrow and wide field amacrine cells fire action potentials in response to depolarization and light stimulation.</a> Visual Neuroscience. 24, 197-206 (2007).</li><li>Ichinose, T., Shields, C. R., Lukasiewicz, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+Channels+in+the+Transient+Retinal+Bipolar+Cells+Enhance+Visual+Responses+in+Ganglion+Cells.">Sodium Channels in the Transient Retinal Bipolar Cells Enhance Visual Responses in Ganglion Cells.</a> J Neurosci.. 25, 1856-1865 (2005).</li></ol>

장점 : <ol><li> 모든 세포 유형은 액세스할 수 있습니다 </li><li> 셀 유형을 쉽게 식별은 특히 형광 염료는 전극 솔루션에 추가하는 경우 </li><li> 약리 요원들은 쉽게 표적 세포에 도달할 수 </li><li> 패치 클램프 기술은 망막 계산 서로 다른 이온 채널의 역할을 조사 할 수 있습니다. 동일한 정보는 날카로운 전극과 extracelluar 스파이크 녹음하거나 녹음을 통해 얻을 수 없습니다. </li><li> 이 기술은 ?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Multiclamp 700A</td>
<td>Patch Clamp Amplifier</td>
<td>Molecular Devices</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SZX9</td>
<td>Dissection Micropscope</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BX50WI</td>
<td>Upright Microscope</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Equipped with 40x, 10x water immersion objective, fluorescent filters and mercury lamp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P-97</td>
<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lucivid</td>
<td>Microscope image injector</td>
<td>Mbf bioscience</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>8-channel perfusion system</td>
<td>Microperfusion</td>
<td>Parker Hannfin corporation</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bits++</td>
<td>Digital Video Processor</td>
<td>Cambridge Research Systems</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Infrared Oculars</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>ITT</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adhesive silicone wells</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Molecular Probes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>20mm diameter, 1.0mm deep</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Membrane Filters</td>
<td>Filter</td>
<td>Milipore</td>
<td>HAWPO1300</td>
<td>.45&#181;m HA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
<td>Electrode glass</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>1B150-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe Filters</td>
<td>Filter</td>
<td>Whatman</td>
<td>6789-0402</td>
<td>4mm filters, .2um Nylon Membrane, Polypropylene housing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IR camera</td>
<td>Micropscope mounted camera</td>
<td>Sony</td>
<td>SPT-M324</td>
<td>Extrawave HAD, B7W video camera</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Picrotoxin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1675</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Strychnine</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S0532</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Imidazole-4-acetic acid sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I7013</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Larval tiger salamanders</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles E. Sullivan (Nashville, TN)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

whole-cell recordings of light evoked excitatory synaptic currents in the retinal slice

우리는 시냅스 회로 망막에 underlies 시각 정보 처리 연구를 전체 세포 패치 클램프 기법을 사용합니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 망막 슬라이스 준비에서 개별 세포의 빛을 evoked 흐름 전체 세포 레코딩을 수행하는 과정을 통해 여러분을 안내할 것입니다. 우리는 동물 모델로 수생 호랑이 도롱뇽을 사용합니다. 우리는 눈 해부를 설명함으로써 시작하고 조각이 electrophysiological 레코딩을위한 마운트하는 방법 보여줍니다. 슬라이스가 기록 챔버에 배치되면, 우리는 전체 셀 전압 클램프 레코딩을 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 우리는 빛이 - evoked 현재 답변을 이끌어내는 수있는 통에 photoreceptors에 시각적 자극이 프로젝트를 만듭니다. 8 채널 재관류 시스템을 우리가 신속하게 다른 에이전트 사이를 전환할 수있게 의하여 기록하는 동안 우리는 약리 요원으로 슬라이스를 perfuse. 망막 슬라이스 준비 널리 특히 전체 마운트 준비에 액세스할 수 없습니다 amacrine 또는 바이폴라 세포를 연구, 망막의 패치 클램프 녹음에 사용됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice

이 동영상은 수생 호랑이 도롱뇽의 망막 통에 전체 셀 전압 클램프 레코딩 과정을 보여줍니다. 우리는뿐만 아니라 망막의 시각적인 자극하는 동안 패치 클램프 레코딩을 수행하는 방법으로 슬라이스의 준비를 보여줍니다.

라이트의 전체 세포 레코딩은 망막 통에 흥분성의 시냅틱 전류를 Evoked

We use the whole-cell patch clamp technique to study the synaptic circuitry that underlies visual information processing in the retina. In this video, we ...

whole-cell-recordings-light-evoked-excitatory-synaptic-currents

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K 조회수.  Boston University. 이 동영상은 수생 호랑이 도롱뇽의 망막 통에 전체 셀 전압 클램프 레코딩 과정을 보여줍니다. 우리는뿐만 아니라 망막의 시각적인 자극하는 동안 패치 클램프 레코딩을 수행하는 방법으로 슬라이스의 준비를 보여줍니다.

비디오: Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice

Horizontal Slice Preparation of the Retina

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of retinal neurons, such as amacrine cells, expand their dendrites horizontally, so that the morphology of the cells is supposed to be severely damaged in the vertical slices. In the whole-mount preparation, especially for patch-clamp recordings, retinal neurons in the middle layer are not easily accessible due to the extensive coverage of glial cell (Mueller cell) s endfeets. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact. The slice was made horizontally at the inner layer of the retina using a vibratome slicer after the retina was embedded in the low-temperature melting agarose gel. In this horizontal slice preparation of the retina, we studied the function of retinal neurons compared with their morphology, by using patch-clamp recording, calcium imaging technique, immunocytochemistry, and single-cell RT-PCR.

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact.

망막의 수평 슬라이스 준비

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of ...

연구

생물학

Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons. We begin by describing the dissecting solution and capture of the adult females used in our studies. The procedure for removing the whole brain intact, including both optic lobes, is illustrated. Dissection of the overlying trachea is also shown.  The isolated brain is not only small but needs special care in handling at this stage to prevent damage to the neurons, many of which are close to the outer surface of the tissue. We show how a special holder we developed is used to stabilize the brain in the recording chamber. A standard electrophysiology set up is used for recording from single neurons or pairs of neurons. A fluorescent image, viewed through the recording microscope, from a GAL4 line driving GFP expression (GH146) illustrates how projection neurons (PNs) are identified in the live brain. A high power Nomarski image shows a view of a single neuron that is being targeted for whole cell recording. When the brain is successfully removed without damage, the majority of the neurons are spontaneously active, firing action potentials and/or exhibiting spontaneous synaptic input. This in situ preparation, in which whole cell recording of identified neurons in the whole brain can be combined with genetic and pharmacological manipulations, is a useful model for exploring cellular physiology and plasticity in the adult CNS.

This video demonstrates the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons using standard whole cell technology. It includes images of GFP labeled cells and neurons viewed during recording.

성인 Drosophila의 머리에서 전체 셀 레코딩

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons. We begin by ...

Major Components of the Light Microscope

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for different applications, and how it should be maintained as required to obtain maximum image-forming capacity and resolution. The components of the microscope are described in detail here.

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for different applications, and how it should be maintained as required to obtain maximum image-forming capacity and resolution. The components of the microscope are described in detail here.

라이트 현미경의 주요 구성 요소

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for ...

Recordings of Neural Circuit Activation in Freely Behaving Animals

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. Traditional non-invasive methods require at least partially restrained research subjects, and they only allow identification of large numbers of simultaneously activated neurons. On the other hand, small ensembles of neurons or individual neurons can only be measured using single-cell recordings obtained from largely reduced preparations. Since the expression of natural behavior is limited in restrained and dissected animals, the underlying neural mechanisms that control such behavior are difficult to identify. 
Here, I present a non-invasive physiological technique that allows measuring neural circuit activation in freely behaving animals. Using a pair of wire electrodes inside a water-filled chamber, the bath electrodes record neural and muscular field potentials generated by juvenile crayfish during natural or experimentally evoked escape responses. The primary escape responses of crayfish are mediated by three different types of tail-flips which move the animals away from the point of stimulation. Each type of tail-flip is controlled by its own neural circuit; the two fastest and most powerful escape responses require activation of different sets of large &#8220;command&#8221; neurons. In combination with behavioral observations, the bath electrode recordings allow unambiguous identification of these neurons and the associated neural circuits. Thus activity of neural circuitry underlying naturally occurring behavior can be measured in unrestrained animals and in different behavioral contexts.

Non-invasive measurements of neural activity patterns in freely behaving animals are obtained by combining neurophysiological recordings with high speed videography.

자유롭게 동물 행동의 신경 회로 활성화의 기록

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

마우스 콘 Photoreceptors에서 단일 셀 석션 레코딩

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) Currents in Human T Lymphocytes

In T lymphocytes, depletion of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ store leads to activation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels, called Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) channels. CRAC channels play important role in regulation of T cell proliferation and gene expression. Abnormal CRAC channel function in T cells has been linked to severe combined immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases 1, 2 . Studying CRAC channel function in human T cells may uncover new molecular mechanisms regulating normal immune responses and unravel the causes of related human diseases. Electrophysiological recordings of membrane currents provide the most accurate assessment of functional channel properties and their regulation. Electrophysiological assessment of CRAC channel currents in Jurkat T cells, a human leukemia T cell line, was first performed more than 20 years ago 3, however, CRAC current measurements in normal human T cells remains a challenging task. The difficulties in recording CRAC channel currents in normal T cells are compounded by the fact that blood-derived T lymphocytes are much smaller in size than Jurkat T cells and, therefore, the endogenous whole-cell CRAC currents are very low in amplitude. Here, we give a step-by-step procedure that we routinely use to record the Ca2+ or Na+ currents via CRAC channels in resting human T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. The method described here was adopted from the procedures used for recording the CRAC currents in Jurkat T cells and activated human T cells 4-8.

Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium CRAC Currents in Human T Lymphocytes

We provide a step-by-step protocol for whole-cell patch clamp recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) currents in peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived human T lymphocytes.

인간의 T Lymphocytes에서 칼슘 출시가 활성화된 칼슘의 전체 세포 기록 (CRAC) 해류

In T lymphocytes, depletion of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ store leads to activation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels, called Calcium Release-Activated ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

전체 세포 인구의 단일 셀 수준에서 Cyclin B의 Proteolysis 유학

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

이식편 문화 치아 세균의 개발을 다음과 같은 사항에 대해 슬라이스 문화 방법

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of central nervous system injuries in vivo, possibly by reducing oxidative stress. However, effects of R/NIR-LT on oxidative stress have been shown to vary depending on wavelength or intensity of irradiation. Studies comparing treatment parameters are lacking, due to absence of commercially available devices that deliver multiple wavelengths or intensities, suitable for high through-put in vitro optimization studies. This protocol describes a technique for delivery of light at a range of wavelengths and intensities to optimize therapeutic doses required for a given injury model. We hypothesized that a method of delivering light, in which wavelength and intensity parameters could easily be altered, could facilitate determination of an optimal dose of R/NIR-LT for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro.
Non-coherent Xenon light was filtered through narrow-band interference filters to deliver varying wavelengths (center wavelengths of 440, 550, 670 and 810nm) and fluences (8.5 x 10-3 to 3.8 x 10-1 J/cm2) of light to cultured cells. Light output from the apparatus was calibrated to emit therapeutically relevant, equal quantal doses of light at each wavelength. Reactive species were detected in glutamate stressed cells treated with the light, using DCFH-DA and H2O2 sensitive fluorescent dyes.&#160;
We successfully delivered light at a range of physiologically and therapeutically relevant wavelengths and intensities, to cultured cells exposed to glutamate as a model of CNS injury. While the fluences of R/NIR-LT used in the current study did not exert an effect on ROS generated by the cultured cells, the method of light delivery is applicable to other systems including isolated mitochondria or more physiologically relevant organotypic slice culture models, and could be used to assess effects on a range of outcome measures of oxidative metabolism.

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Non-coherent Xenon light was passed through narrow-band interference and neutral density filters to deliver light of varying wavelength and intensity to cultured cells. This protocol was used to assess the effects of red/near-infrared light therapy on production of reactive species in vitro: no effects were observed using the tested parameters.

파장과 산화 스트레스에 레드 / 근적외선 치료의 강렬의 범위의 효과의 평가를위한 방법<em&gt; 체외</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...