이 작품은 R01 - R01 - DE018234 및 DE019638에 의해 투자되었다.

1. 기증자 조직을 준비 <ol><li> , 문화, 미디어를 준비 유리 핀을 선명하게, 텅스텐 바늘을 날카롭게. </li><li> 셸에서 배아를 수집, 얼음처럼 차가운 PBS로 세척. <ol class="lalpha"><li> 10 ML의 주사기와 18 게이지 바늘을 사용하면 알 껍질의 지적 끝에서 알부민 1.0 ML를 제거합니다. </li><li> 가위의 지점을 사용하여 쉘의 상단에 작은 구멍을 확인한 다음 배아를 노출하는 원형 여는 잘라 </li></ol></li><li> DMEM (혈청 무료, 실온)에 머리와 장소를 제거 </li><li> 배아 (또는 상악 또는 mandibular 프로세스로 다른 기증자 사이트)에서 Frontonasal 프로세스를 해부하다 </li><li> 20mins를위한 얼음 PBS에 2.4U / ML dispase에 다이제스트 </li><li> 소화를 중지 1 % BSA와 DMEM과 조직을 커버 </li><li> 별도의 ectoderm, mesenchyme, 그리고 neuroectoderm에 날카롭게 텅스텐 바늘을 사용하여 </li><li> 호스트가 이식을위한 준비가 될 때까지 얼음 DMEM 1 % BSA의 이식 조직을 저장 </li></ol> 2. 호스트 준비 <ol><li> 배아를 폭로 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 10 ML의 주사기와 18 게이지 바늘을 사용하면 알 껍질의 지적 끝에서 알부민 1.0 ML를 제거합니다. </li><li> 가위의 지점을 사용하여 쉘의 상단에 작은 구멍을 만듭니다. 구멍을 통해 테이프의 조각을 장소, 그리고 배아를 노출하는 원형 여는 잘라. </li></ol></li><li> 포셉의 이쌍 사용하여 양막을 파악하고 부드럽게 구멍을 만들기 위해 찢어. </li><li> 오른쪽 눈에 포셉 한 켤레를 삽입하고 압력을 적용하여 머리를 회전합니다. 머리가 안정적으로 유지되고 있지만, 이식을 수용하기 위해 호스트 ectoderm를 제거하는 텅스텐 바늘을 사용합니다. </li><li> 유리 피펫을 사용하여 호스트에 그래프트를 전송합니다. </li><li> 삭제 ectoderm을 대체할 그래프트를 놓습니다. 장소에 그래프트를 핀에 이식할 조직의 각 모서리에 유리 핀을 넣습니다. 유리 핀을하려면, 알코올 불꽃을 통해 좋은 지점으로 microcapillary 튜브를 당기십시오. </li><li> 구멍을 통해 테이프를 단단히 장소 및 분석 시간의 적절한 기간 동안 인큐베이터에 배아를 반환합니다. </li><li> 참고 : 9 </li></ol> 3. 대표 결과 : chimeras을 평가하기 위해, 배아가 수집 및 호스트와 기증자의 조직의 분배 분석을 위해 처리되어야합니다. QcPN 항체를 사용하여 메추라기 세포, immunohistochemistry의 감지 (에 설명된 : 3)를 고용하고, 파라핀 섹션에 원위치 하이브리드화의 마우스 세포의 검출을위한 6 사용됩니다. 기증자 세포는 상피로 제한되어야하고, 기증자 mesenchymal 조직의 증거 (그림 1)가 없어야합니다. mesenchyme에서 ​​분리된 기증자 세포의 존재는 안면 발달의 여러 측면 (예, 10) 이러한 세포의 영향으로 인한 형태학의 해석을 혼란시킬 것입니다 오염 신경 능선 세포의 존재를 나타냅니다. 일단 이식 기법 mesenchyme 오염은 무료입니다 확신, 더 형태학의 또는 분자 결과 조치는 chimeras을 파악하기 위해 사용될 수 있습니다. 우리 목적을 위해서도, 우리는 (그림 3) 이식할 ectoderm에 대한 응답으로 이식 조직 (그림 2)와 mesenchymal 조직의 분자 변화에 의해 유발되었던 위턱의 duplications에 통신을 이소성 연골과 뼈의 존재를 감지 5,6. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2557/2557fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. chimerism 평가 (A) 안티 QcPN 얼룩이 퀘일 - 여자는 chimeras에 메추라기 세포를 감지하는 데 사용됩니다. mesenchyme에 얼룩 흔적이 없다. (B) 현장 하이브리드화에서이 마우스 여자는 chimeras에 사인 B2의 성적 표현을 감지하는 데 사용됩니다. 표현은 그래프트로 구성된 ectoderm로 제한됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2557/2557fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. Trichrome 얼룩은 (A) 퀘일 - 여자는 키메라의 위턱 해골의 복제, 그리고 (B) 마우스 여자의 chimeras를 보여줍니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2557/2557fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3. ectoderm은 mesenchyme에서 ​​유전자 표현을 regultes. 여자는 배아의 mesenchyme에서 ​​(A) 일반 Bmp7 표현 (어도비 포토샵에 긍정적인 신호 의사 붉은 색과 현장 하이브리드화에 방사능). (B) Bmp7 표현은 키메라 배아의 이식 (화살표)에 인접한 mesenchyme에서​​ 유도됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Noden, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+the+Neural+Crest+in+Patterning+of+Avian+Cranial+Skeletal,+Connective,+and+Muscle+Tissues.">The Role of the Neural Crest in Patterning of Avian Cranial Skeletal, Connective, and Muscle Tissues.</a> Developmental Biology. 96, 144-144 (1983).</li><li>Bronner-Fraser, M., Stern, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Mesodermal+Tissues+on+Avian+Neural+Crest+Cell+Migration.">Effects of Mesodermal Tissues on Avian Neural Crest Cell Migration.</a> Developmental Biology. 143, 213-213 (1991).</li><li>Schneider, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+crest+can+form+cartilages+normally+derived+from+mesoderm+during+development+of+the+avian+head+skeleton.">Neural crest can form cartilages normally derived from mesoderm during development of the avian head skeleton.</a> Developmental Biology. 208, 441-441 (1999).</li><li>Couly, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+Hox-negative+cephalic+neural+crest+cells+and+the+foregut+endoderm+in+patterning+the+facial+skeleton+in+the+vertebrate+head.">Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head.</a> Development. 129, 1061-1061 (2002).</li><li>Evans, D. J., Noden, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+relations+between+avian+craniofacial+neural+crest+and+paraxial+mesoderm+cells.">Spatial relations between avian craniofacial neural crest and paraxial mesoderm cells.</a> Dev Dyn. , (2006).</li><li>Hu, D., Marcucio, R., Helms, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+zone+of+frontonasal+ectoderm+regulates+patterning+and+growth+in+the+face.">A zone of frontonasal ectoderm regulates patterning and growth in the face.</a> Development. 130, 1749-1749 (2003).</li><li>Hu, D., Marcucio, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+organization+of+the+frontonasal+ectodermal+zone+in+birds+and+mammals.">Unique organization of the frontonasal ectodermal zone in birds and mammals.</a> Dev Biol. 325, 200-200 (2009).</li><li>Le Li&#232;vre, C. S., Le Douarin, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+derivatives+of+the+neural+crest:+analysis+of+chimaeric+quail+and+chick+embryos.">Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos.</a> Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 34, 125-125 (1975).</li><li>Bollag, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quail-duck+chimeras+reveal+spatiotemporal+plasticity+in+molecular+and+histogenic+programs+of+cranial+feather+development.">Quail-duck chimeras reveal spatiotemporal plasticity in molecular and histogenic programs of cranial feather development.</a> Development. 132, 1499-1499 (2005).</li><li>Odent, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+Sonic+hedgehog+(SHH+)+gene+during+early+human+development+and+phenotypic+expression+of+new+mutations+causing+holoprosencephaly.">Expression of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH ) gene during early human development and phenotypic expression of new mutations causing holoprosencephaly.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 8, 1683-1683 (1999).</li><li>Szabo-Rogers, H. 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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 이식 방법을 사용하면 우리가 ectoderm가 dorsoventral 극성과 위턱의 proximodistal 확장을 조절 신호 정보가 포함되어 확인할 수있었습니다. 메추라기 또는 마우스 ectoderm, 많은 종의 6,11 중에서이 조직의 분자 신호 보존을 사용하여 결과의 유사성이 척추 동물 중에서 고도로 보존되어 신호 중심을 나타냅니다. 또한, 다른 조사는 표면 두부 ectoderm 다양한 영역의 신호 특성을 테스트하기 위해 유...

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		<div>
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		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>1x PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TEK</td>
<td>TEKZR114</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>UCSF</td>
<td>CCFDA003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BSA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SIGMA</td>
<td>A7906</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dispase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>17105-041</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>35x10 mm Petri dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>1008</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>No. 5 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11252-20</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14058-11</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Spring Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>15010-11</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Needle holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26016-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tungsten Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
<td>3-000-225-G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Pipets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>13-678-6B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spring scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>15010-11 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blade holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10052-11 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Razor blade</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10050-00</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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assessing signaling properties of ectodermal epithelia during craniofacial development

조류 배아의 접근 실험 embryologists 개발 및 patterning과 척추 동물 morphogenesis (예, 1, 2, 3, 4) 규제 조직 상호 작용의 역할 동안 세포의 운명을 알고있었습니다. 여기, 우리는 얼굴 개발 중에 ectodermal 조직의 신호와 patterning 속성을 테스트하기 위해이 접근을 악용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 실험에서, 우리는 동일한 지역이나 여자는 태아의 이소성 지역 중 하나에 퀘일 드나 마우스에서 위턱을 커버 표면 두부 ectoderm를 이식하여 퀘일 - 여자 5 마우스 여자 6 chimeras를 만듭니다. 새끼로 이식을위한 기증자의 조직으로 메추라기의 사용은 그러므로 수사관은 호스트와 기증자의 조직 7 구별할 수 있도록, 메추라기에 존재하지만 여자는 세포 nucleolar 마커를 활용하기 위해 개발되었습니다. 우리는 마우스 여자 chimeras 8 호스트와 기증자의 조직을 구분 수있는, 마찬가지로 반복적인 요소는 마우스 게놈에 존재하고 ubiquitously 표시됩니다. 이 회사는 다양한 돌연변이 배아에서 파생 ectoderm의 신호 특성을 테스트할 수 있도록하기 때문에 기증자의 조직으로 마우스 ectoderm의 사용은 크게 다음과 조직 상호 작용에 대한 우리의 이해를 확장합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development at JoVE.com

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

이 문서는 craniofacial 개발 중에 신호 및 표면 두부 ectoderm의 patterning 속성을 테스트하도록 설계되었습니다 조직 이식 기술을 설명합니다.

Craniofacial 개발 과정 Ectodermal 상피 조직의 신호 특성을 평가

The accessibility of avian embryos has helped experimental embryologists understand the fates of cells during development and the role of tissue ...

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9.4K 조회수.  University of California San Francisco. 이 문서는 craniofacial 개발 중에 신호 및 표면 두부 ectoderm의 patterning 속성을 테스트하도록 설계되었습니다 조직 이식 기술을 설명합니다.

비디오: Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. For example, electroporation has been used with great success to study neural and retinal development in Xenopus, chicken and mouse 1-10. However, it is important to note that in all of these studies, investigators were not targeting soft tissues. Because we are interested in craniofacial development, we adapted a method to target facial mesenchyme.
When we searched the literature, we found, to our surprise, very few reports of successful gene transfer into cartilaginous tissue. The majority of these studies were gene therapy studies, such as siRNA or protein delivery into chondrogenic cell lines, or, animal models of arthritis 11-13. In other systems, such as chicken or mouse, electroporation of facial mesenchyme has been challenging (personal communications, Dept of Craniofacial Development, KCL). We hypothesized that electroporation into procartilaginous and cartilaginous tissues in Xenopus might work better. In our studies, we show that gene transfer into the facial cartilages occurs efficiently at early stages (28), when the facial primordium is still comprised of soft tissue prior to cartilage differentiation.
Xenopus is a very accessible vertebrate system for analysis of craniofacial development. Craniofacial structures are more readily visible in Xenopus than in any other vertebrate model, primarily because Xenopus embryos are fertilized externally, allowing analyses of the earliest stages, and facilitating live imaging at single cell resolution, as well as reuse of the mothers 14. Among vertebrate models developing externally, Xenopus is more useful for craniofacial analysis than zebrafish, as Xenopus larvae are larger and easier to dissect, and the developing facial region is more accessible to imaging than the equivalent region in fish. In addition, Xenopus is evolutionarily closer to humans than zebrafish (&tilde;100 million years closer) 15. Finally, at these stages, Xenopus tadpoles are transparent, and concurrent expression of fluorescent proteins or molecules will allow easy visualization of the developing cartilages. We anticipate that this approach will allow us to rapidly and efficiently test candidate molecules in an in vivo model system.

Craniofacial cartilages develop in close contact with other tissues and are difficult to manipulate in live animals. We are using electroporation to deliver molecular tools during growth of the craniofacial skeleton while bypassing early embryonic effects. This approach will allow us to efficiently test candidate molecules in vivo.

Craniofacial Mesenchyme의 Electroporation

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. ...

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생물학

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

헤어 재생시 상피 - 중간 엽 시그널링의 빠른 유전 분석

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Cell Tracking Using Photoconvertible Proteins During Zebrafish Development

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins has proven a valuable strategy for elucidating dynamic morphogenetic processes as they occur in the intact organism. During the past decade, the development of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has opened the possibility to investigate the fate of discrete subpopulations of tagged proteins1. Unlike photoactivatable proteins, photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) are readily tracked and imaged in their native emission state prior to photoconversion, making it easier to identify and select regions by optical inspection. PCFPs, such as Kaede2, KikGR3, Dendra4 and EosFP5, can be shifted from green to red upon exposure to UV or blue light due to a His-Tyr-Gly tripeptide sequence which forms a green chromophore that can be photoconverted to a red one by a light-catalyzed &beta;-elimination and subsequent extension of a &pi;-conjugated system3. PCFPs and their monomeric variants are useful tools for tracking cells6-10 and studying protein dynamics11-14, respectively. During recent years, PCFPs have been expressed in different animal model, such as zebrafish6, chicken7,8 and mouse9,10 for cell fate tracking. Here we report a protocol for cell-specific photoconversion of PCFPs in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted proteins at later developmental stages. This methodology allows studying, in a tissue-specific manner, cell biological events underlying morphogenesis in the zebrafish animal model.

Here, we present a method for the photoactivated switch of photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted protein at specific time points during development. This methodology allows monitoring of cell biological events underlying different developmental processes in a live vertebrate organism.

Zebrafish 개발하는 동안 Photoconvertible 단백질을 사용하여 셀 추적

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of ...

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo. Although fate maps are very useful for identifying the precursors of an organ and for elucidating the developmental path by which the descendant cells populate that organ in the normal embryo, they do not illustrate the full developmental potential of a precursor cell or identify the mechanisms by which its fate is determined. To test for cell fate commitment, one compares a cell's normal repertoire of descendants in the intact embryo (the fate map) with those expressed after an experimental manipulation. Is the cell's fate fixed (committed) regardless of the surrounding cellular environment, or is it influenced by external factors provided by its neighbors? Using the comprehensive fate maps of the Xenopus embryo, we describe how to identify, isolate and culture single cleavage stage precursors, called blastomeres. This approach allows one to assess whether these early cells are committed to the fate they acquire in their normal environment in the intact embryo, require interactions with their neighboring cells, or can be influenced to express alternate fates if exposed to other types of signals.

The fate of an individual embryonic cell can be influenced by inherited molecules and/or by signals from neighboring cells. Utilizing fate maps of the cleavage stage Xenopus embryo, single blastomeres can be identified for culture in isolation to assess the contributions of inherited molecules versus cell-cell interactions.

Blastomere Explants는 배아 개발하는 동안 세포 운명의 헌신에 대해 테스트 할

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal  which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo.  Although fate maps ...

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the brain, liver, retina, cochlea and vasculature. In experimental settings, intercellular Ca2+-waves can be elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell. This leads to the release of the intracellular signaling molecules IP3 and Ca2+ that initiate the propagation of the Ca2+-wave concentrically from the mechanically stimulated cell to the neighboring cells. The main molecular pathways that control intercellular Ca2+-wave propagation are provided by gap junction channels through the direct transfer of IP3 and by hemichannels through the release of ATP. Identification and characterization of the properties and regulation of different connexin and pannexin isoforms as gap junction channels and hemichannels are allowed by the quantification of the spread of the intercellular Ca2+-wave, siRNA, and the use of inhibitors of gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-wave in monolayers of primary corneal endothelial cells loaded with Fluo4-AM in response to a controlled and localized mechanical stimulus provoked by an acute, short-lasting deformation of the cell as a result of touching the cell membrane with a micromanipulator-controlled glass micropipette with a tip diameter of less than 1 &mu;m. We also describe the isolation of primary bovine corneal endothelial cells and its use as model system to assess Cx43-hemichannel activity as the driven force for intercellular Ca2+-waves through the release of ATP. Finally, we discuss the use, advantages, limitations and alternatives of this method in the context of gap junction channel and hemichannel research.

Intercellular Ca2+-waves are driven by gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-waves in cell monolayers in response to a local single-cell mechanical stimulus and its application to investigate the properties and regulation of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의​​한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the ...

Visualization of Craniofacial Development in the sox10: kaede Transgenic Zebrafish Line Using Time-lapse Confocal Microscopy

Vertebrate palatogenesis is a highly choreographed and complex developmental process, which involves migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, convergence and extension of facial prominences, and maturation of the craniofacial skeleton. To study the contribution of the cranial neural crest to specific regions of the zebrafish palate a sox10: kaede transgenic zebrafish line was generated. Sox10 provides lineage restriction of the kaede reporter protein to the neural crest, thereby making the cell labeling a more precise process than traditional dye or reporter mRNA injection. Kaede is a photo-convertible protein that turns from green to red after photo activation and makes it possible to follow cells precisely. The sox10: kaede transgenic line was used to perform lineage analysis to delineate CNC cell populations that give rise to maxillary versus mandibular elements and illustrate homology of facial prominences to amniotes. This protocol describes the steps to generate a live time-lapse video of a sox10: kaede zebrafish embryo. Development of the ethmoid plate will serve as a practical example. This protocol can be applied to making a time-lapse confocal recording of any kaede or similar photoconvertible reporter protein in transgenic zebrafish. Furthermore, it can be used to capture not only normal, but also abnormal development of craniofacial structures in the zebrafish mutants.

Visualization of experimental data has become a key element in presenting results to the scientific community. Generation of live time-lapse recording of growing embryos contributes to better presentation and understanding of complex developmental processes. This protocol is a step-by-step guide to cell labeling via photoconversion of kaede protein in zebrafish.

sox10의 두개 안면 개발의 시각화 : 단풍 나무 형질 전환 제브라 피쉬의 선은 시간 경과 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여

Vertebrate palatogenesis is a highly choreographed and complex developmental process, which involves migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

비교 단백체 분석을위한 신진 대사 라벨링 및 막 분별<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 서스펜션 세포 배양

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

이식편 문화 치아 세균의 개발을 다음과 같은 사항에 대해 슬라이스 문화 방법

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

4D 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 제브라 피쉬의 두개 안면 형태 형성 분석

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to the histological and morphological development of vertebrate embryos. In particular, the use of chimeric embryos has established the importance of neural crest in directing the species-specific morphology of the craniofacial complex. The method described herein utilizes two avian species, duck and quail, with remarkably different craniofacial morphology. This method greatly facilitates the investigation of molecular and cellular regulation of species-specific pattern in the craniofacial complex.&#160;Experiments in quail and duck chimeric embryos have already revealed neural crest-mediated tissue interactions and cell-autonomous behaviors that regulate species-specific pattern in the craniofacial skeleton, musculature, and integument. The great diversity of neural crest derivatives suggests significant potential for future applications of the quail-duck chimeric system to understanding vertebrate development, disease, and evolution.

This article describes a method to generate chimeric embryos that are&#160;designed to test the species-specific contributions of neural crest and/or other tissues to craniofacial development.

메추라기 오리 키메라를 사용하여 두개 안면 개발에 종 - 특정 포스트 평가

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to ...