이 작품은 Lundbeck 재단, 칼스버그 재단과 다그마 마샬 재단에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 이전 수술 폰 프라이베이스 라인 측정 폰 프라이 테스트 절차, 5 항을 참조하십시오. 2. 마취 / 준비 <ol><li> 동물 (케타민을 15 MG / kg Xylazine을 100mg/kg의 혼합물의 intraperitoneal 주사를) 마취. </li><li> (예 : 종이 타월로 덮여있) 완전히 anesthetized 때까지 조용한 장소에서 동물을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 핀셋 한 쌍의와 꼬리의 끝에와 발 곤란하여 반사를 확인합니다. 동물이 계속 진행하기 전에 응답하고 있는지 확인한다. </li><li> Subcutaneously, 항생제와 (과 다시 어깨 지역) 예 : 암피실린를 (이것은 가벼운 수술이지만, 탈수를 방지하고 감염을 방지하기 위해) 0.5ml isotonic 호수 주입. </li><li> 전기 면도기 사용 (오른손잡이 인 왼쪽 뒷다리가 권장) 약간 허리 영역으로 무릎 영역 아래에서 수술 필드를 면도. </li><li> 목화 - 울 버드와 눈 안과 연고를 적용합니다. </li><li> 그 오른쪽에있는 동물을 놓고 그것이 높은 유지하는 작은 플랫폼에서 왼쪽 hindlimb를 놓습니다. 접착제 테이프로 다리를 고정합니다. </li><li> 외과 사이트 밖에서 에탄올과 betadine의 스크럽을 교대로 수술 분야를 소독. </li></ol> 3. 외과 <ol><li> 왼손의 엄지와 무릎을 찾아 응용 프로그램을 만들기 위해 메스를 사용합니다. 무릎에 근위 세로 방향으로 1cm의 절개. </li><li> 멸균 가위의 팁을 사용 무딘 절개하여 피부를 엽니다. </li><li> 바로 명확하게 보이는 혈관 옆에 무딘 절개로 근육 레이어를 별도의 넓적다리 뼈 (대퇴골)에 인접해 있습니다. 제대로하면, 근육층은 쉽게 바로 근육 아래 좌골 신경을 드러내는 어떠한 출혈없이 별도의 것입니다. 출혈이 거의 무릎에 혈관 손상에 의해 발생하는 경우 예를 들면, 혈액을 흡수하기 위해 멸균 솜 울 꽃봉오리이나 시선의 조각을 사용합니다. 출혈이 멈출 때까지 누르십시오. </li><li> 스테레오 현미경 마우스를 놓고 조심스럽게 좌골 신경을 시각화하기 위해 멸균 핀셋 (nr. 2) 한 쌍의와 근육을 분리. 견인기도 적용될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 좌골 신경에서 sural 신경 가지 영역을 식별합니다. sural 신경이 왼쪽 다리에서 오른쪽으로 분기, 세 가지의 작은 것입니다. </li><li> 여전히, (tibial 일반적인 peroneal 신경) 병렬 실행 sural 지점을 만지지 않도록 조심중인 다른 두 가지 주위 봉합을 (6-0 봉합사) 적용합니다. sural 신경이 완전히 그대로 유지되어야한다로 이것은 중요한 단계입니다. </li><li> 꽉 수술 매듭을 만듭니다. 첫 번째 매듭이 꽉 경우, 사지의 수축이 관찰됩니다. </li><li> 핀셋 한 쌍의 (nr. 5)와 봉합 아래 절단되도록 신경을 잡고 가위의 작은 한 쌍의와 핀셋 위 아래의 신경을 ​​절단. , 족집게의 쌍을 위에 절단 신경의 첫번째 철수에 의해 피할 수있다. </li><li> 마이크로 가위로 봉합 종료를 차단하고 부드럽게 근육 레이어를 닫습니다. 수술 옹이와 상처를 봉합하기 위해 lidocaine의 드롭을 추가합니다. </li></ol> 4. 수술 후 <ol><li> 눈 연고가 여전히 충분한 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 편안한 자세에서 종이 타월 아래 깨끗한 새장에 마우스를 놓습니다. 방이 차가운 경우 (단 원하는 경우 추운 지역으로 탈출할 수 있어야 동물 케이지의 일부 이하)은 새장의 한 부분 아래에 열 패드를 놓습니다. </li><li> 쉽게 접근할 수 물과 식량을 보장합니다. </li></ol> 5. 폰 프라이 테스트 (기준 및 수술 다음날부터) <ol><li> 와이어 메쉬 테이블 이틀 수술 이전에 하루에 배치 붉은 컬러 플라스틱 실린더에서 생쥐를 놓습니다. 테스트하기 전에 실린더에서 15 분 길들. 실린더의 붉은 색깔은 그들이 서로를보고 어두운 지역에있는 수로 쥐가 빨리 휴식을 취할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. </li><li> 생쥐가 침착되어 있는지 확인하고 손 옆 부분에 폰 프라이 필라멘트를 적용 : 0.02 g 필라멘트와 함께 시작하는 것은, 최초 30 초 (자극 당 약 2 초) 총 기간 동안 왼쪽 앞발 다섯 번 힘을 적용 각 응용 프로그램 후 마우스의 반응을 측정. 같은 필라멘트와 다른 생쥐의 왼쪽 앞발과 반복하고 다음 필라멘트 예로 이동하기 전에 첫 번째 마우스의 오른쪽 앞발로 다시 시작 : <ul><li> 마우스 1 : 왼쪽 발 필라멘트 0.02 g 5 회 </li><li> 마우스 2 : 왼쪽 발 필라멘트 0.02 g 등 5 회 </li><li> 마우스 1 : 라이트 필라멘트 0.02 g 5 회 </li><li> 마우스 2 : 라이트 필라멘트 0.02 g 등 5 회 </li><li> 마우스 1 : 왼쪽 발 필라멘트 0.04 g 5 회 </li><li> 마우스 2 : 왼쪽 발 필라멘트 0.04 g 등 5 회 </li></ul></li><li> 오 자극 중 3에 대한 응답은 긍정적인 반응으로 간주됩니다. threshol 상기 필라멘트D는 임계값 수준을 확인하기 위해 적용할 수 있습니다. 답변 = 갑자기 발 탈퇴, 리킹 갑자기 아무 문제, 갑자기 앞발. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3092/3092fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 8~10주 이전 C57BL / 6 마우스의 연령에 그림 1. 본 프라이 테스트 전에 작동 일일 수행과 반복 수술을 따라했다. 4-8 동물은 각 그룹에 포함되었다. 운영 측면에 본 프라이 테스트는 ipsilateral로 표시되며 이외의 운영 제어 측면은 contralateral으로 표시됩니다. 이외의 운영은 약간 가짜 운항 마우스에 상대적으로 영향을하면서 오늘 하루 종일 수술 후 동물 운영 앞발에 상당한 과민성을 개발합니다. (* &lt;0.05, ** &lt;0.01, *** &lt;0.001, contralateral에 ipsilateral 상대적).

<ol>
	<li>Costigan, M., Scholz, J., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathic+pain:+a+maladaptive+response+of+the+nervous+system+to+damage.">Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 1-32 (2009).</li><li>Decosterd, I., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spared+nerve+injury:+an+animal+model+of+persistent+peripheral+neuropathic+pain.">Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 87, 149-158 (2000).</li><li>Bourquin, A. -. F., S&#252;veges, M., Pertin, M., Gilliar, N., Sardy, S., Davidson, A. C., Spahn, D. R., Decosterd, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+analysis+of+mechanical+allodynia-like+behavior+induced+by+spared+nerve+injury+(SNI)+in+the+mouse.">Assessment and analysis of mechanical allodynia-like behavior induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in the mouse.</a> Pain. 122, 14.e1-14.e14 (2006).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 53, 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Bennett, G. J., Xie, Y. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+peripheral+mononeuropathy+in+rat+that+produces+disorders+of+pain+sensation+like+those+seen+in+man.">A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man.</a> Pain. 33, 87-107 (1988).</li><li>Seltzer, Z., Dubner, R., Shir, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+behavioral+model+of+neuropathic+pain+disorders+produced+in+rats+by+partial+sciatic+nerve+injury.">A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury.</a> Pain. 43, 205-218 (1990).</li><li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutanous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutanous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32, 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Erichsen, H. K., Blackburn-Munro, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+the+spared+nerve+injury+model+of+neuropathic+pain.">Pharmacological characterization of the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 98, 151-161 (2002).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

중요 단계 sural 신경 손상은 tibial 일반적인 peroneal 신경에 손상 sural 신경 다음과 같은 부상의 병리 학적 변화를 연구하기 위해서는 피해야한다. sural 신경에 부수적인 피해 마비로 이어질 수 있으며, 따라서 운영 뒷다리의 드래그로 시각 수 있습니다. 손만이 측면 측면이 겪었던 sural 신경에 의해 innervated하고, 따라서,이 지역에만 신경 장해를 개발하고있다. 강력 바이어스 변경 기계 임계값의 평가를 가로로 신경에 의해 innervated 다른 분야를 할 수 테스트. 가능한 수정 ligations 다른 유형의 이러한 만성 수축 부상으로 말초 신경 손상에 따라 병적인 통증 조건, 연구의 관점에서 보충 수 있습니다 [5] 또는 일부 신경 내고 [6]. 이전 수술 후 테스트로 간주되어야 뚜렷한 phenotypic 변화의 각 실험 절차 결과입니다. 이 표현형 덜 견고한 다음 스니 있지만 또한 같은 온도 hyperalgesia 같은 다른 감각 테스트 [7]이 적용될 수 있습니다. 미래 애플 리케이션 이 방법은 기계 allodynia의 개발 또는 유지 보수를 변경 약품의 테스트에 사용할 수 있습니다 [8]. 좌골 신경의 분석, 지느러미 루트 신경 (DRG) 및 / 또는 요추 척수는 유도 표현형에 대한 분자 메커니즘 연구 책임 수 있습니다. 동물 실험은 덴마크와 유럽 규정을 준수 전체 좋은 실험실 연습에 따라 수행되었다. 모든 실험은 법무성 (허가 번호 2006/561-1206) 아래 덴마크 동물 실험 검사관의 관할 구역에 의해 승인되었습니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 마취 : 케타민을와 Xylazine </td><td> 외과용 메스 </td></tr><tr><td> 안과 연고 </td><td> 핀셋 NR의 쌍. 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 전기 면도기 </td><td> 핀셋 NR의 쌍. 5 </td></tr><tr><td> 장갑 </td><td> 무딘 절개에 대한 가위의 쌍을 </td></tr><tr><td> 70% (V / V) 에탄올 </td><td> 마이크로 가위 </td></tr><tr><td> 커튼 - 울 꽃봉오리 / 시선 </td><td> 6.0 Prolene 비 흡수성 봉합 </td></tr><tr><td> 스테레오 현미경 </td><td> 2 X 니들 홀더 </td></tr><tr><td> 접착제 테이프 </td><td> 열 패드 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> 폰 프라이 필라멘트 (0.02-2.0 g 쥐를위한) (스토엘팅) </td></tr></tbody></table>

the spared nerve injury (sni) model of induced mechanical allodynia in mice

주변 neuropathic 통증이 외상에서 말초 신경계의 감각 신경에 발생할 수 있습니다 심각한 만성 통증 상태입니다. 용서해주 신경 손상 (스니) 모델로 인해 일반적으로 통증 반응을 자극하지 마라 촉각 자극하기 위해 기계 allodynia 즉, 통증 neuropathic 고통의 증상을 유도 [1]. sural 신경이 그대로 남아있는 동안 스니 마우스 모델, 좌골 신경 (tibial 신경 및 일반 peroneal 신경)의 세 가지 중 두 결합을 포함 [2]. 겪었던 sural 신경에 의해 innervated있는 앞발의 측면 영역에 표시된 과민성의 병변 발생합니다. 마우스 이외의 운영 측면은 컨트롤로 사용할 수 있습니다. 스니 모델의 장점은 응답의 견고하고 있으며 전문가 microsurgical 기술을 필요로하지 않습니다. 기계적 통증 반응에 대한 임계값을 반복 넘어 측면 지역에 대한 누르는 아르 증가 굽힘 무력 폰 프라이 필라멘트와 테스트에 의해 결정됩니다 [3] [4]. 긍정적인 통증 반응은 필라멘트에 의해 유도된 핥아 및 / 또는 앞발을 아무 문제, 갑자기 포 탈퇴로 정의됩니다. 3 승제야 반복적인 자극에 긍정적인 반응은 고통의 한계로 정의됩니다. 로 비디오 프로토콜 시연, C57BL / 6 마​​우스는 수술 다음날 일찍 심오한 allodynia을 경험하고 몇 주 동안 이것을 유지합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice at JoVE.com

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

용서해주 신경 부상 동물 모델은 나머지 sural 신경은 그대로두고, tibial 및 일반 peroneal 신경 가지를 lesioning하여 좌골 신경의 부분 denervation 다음과 주변 neuropathic 고통의 마우스 모델로 여기에 설명되어 있습니다. 기계 allodynia 인한 행동 수정은 폰 프라이 필라멘트에 의해 계량입니다.

마우스에서 유도된 기계 Allodynia의 겪었던 신경 상해 (스니) 모델

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

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The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

62.8K 조회수.  Aarhus University. 용서해주 신경 부상 동물 모델은 나머지 sural 신경은 그대로두고, tibial 및 일반 peroneal 신경 가지를 lesioning하여 좌골 신경의 부분 denervation 다음과 주변 neuropathic 고통의 마우스 모델로 여기에 설명되어 있습니다. 기계 allodynia 인한 행동 수정은 폰 프라이 필라멘트에 의해 계량입니다.

비디오: The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

생체내에</em수축 유도 부상 및 복구의 비침습 모니터링> 쥐 모델

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

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Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

마우스의 급성 신장 손상 및 사후 상해 섬유증의 허혈 - 재관류 모델

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

경골 신경 절개 - 마우스의 탈 신경에 의한 골격근의 위축에 대한 표준 모델

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the &#34;cuff model&#34; of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.

Neuropathic pain is a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. The &#8220;cuff model&#8221; of neuropathic pain in mice consists of the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical allodynia is tested using von Frey filaments.

마우스의 신경 병증 성 통증의 좌골 신경의 바지를 접 모델

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

마우스의 얼굴 신경 Axotomy : 부상으로 운동 신경 응답을 연구하는 모델

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

쥐의 척수 손상의 모델로 초점 국소 빈혈을 Photothrombosis는 유도

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

마우스에 반복적 인 충격 포 헤드 손상 모델

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

마우스에서 가속 죽상 경화증의 유도: "와이어 부상" 모델

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

마우스의 조직 변위에 근거한 척수 손상 모델

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...