Name: a contusive model of unilateral cervical spinal cord injury using the infinite horizon impactor
Uploaded: 2012-07-24T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor at JoVE.com

1. Set up: Frame and Clamp Design for Holding the Animal
<ol>
	<li>The frame and clamp to hold the animal was custom-designed to accommodate the Infinite Horizon (IH) Spinal Cord Injury Impactor.</li>
	<li>The base of the frame is an aluminum platform cut into the following dimensions (30.2 cm x 20.3 cm x 1.3 cm) in order to fit into the table guide bracket that comes standard with the IH device (Figure 1A).</li>
	<li>Four Flexaframe support foot plates (Fisher Scientific, Toronto, ON) are attached to ...

<ol>
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Y., Schallert, T., Murray, M., Tessler, A., Fischer, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplants+of+fibroblasts+genetically+modified+to+express+BDNF+promote+regeneration+of+adult+rat+rubrospinal+axons+and+recovery+of+forelimb+function.">Transplants of fibroblasts genetically modified to express BDNF promote regeneration of adult rat rubrospinal axons and recovery of forelimb function.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, 4370-4387 (1999).</li><li>Schallert, T., Fleming, S. M., Leasure, J. L., Tillerson, J. L., Bland, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+plasticity+and+assessment+of+forelimb+sensorimotor+outcome+in+unilateral+rat+models+of+stroke,+cortical+ablation,+parkinsonism+and+spinal+cord+injury.">CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury.</a> Neuropharmacology. 39, 777-787 (2000).</li><li>Soblosky, J. S., Song, J. H., Dinh, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graded+unilateral+cervical+spinal+cord+injury+in+the+rat:+evaluation+of+forelimb+recovery+and+histological+effects.">Graded unilateral cervical spinal cord injury in the rat: evaluation of forelimb recovery and histological effects.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 119, 1-13 (2001).</li><li>McKenna, J. E., Prusky, G. T., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cervical+motoneuron+topography+reflects+the+proximodistal+organization+of+muscles+and+movements+of+the+rat+forelimb:+a+retrograde+carbocyanine+dye+analysis.">Cervical motoneuron topography reflects the proximodistal organization of muscles and movements of the rat forelimb: a retrograde carbocyanine dye analysis.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 419, 286-296 (2000).</li><li>Sandrow, H. R., Shumsky, J. S., Amin, A., Houle, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aspiration+of+a+cervical+spinal+contusion+injury+in+preparation+for+delayed+peripheral+nerve+grafting+does+not+impair+forelimb+behavior+or+axon+regeneration.">Aspiration of a cervical spinal contusion injury in preparation for delayed peripheral nerve grafting does not impair forelimb behavior or axon regeneration.</a> Exp. Neurol. 210, 489-500 (2008).</li><li>Popovich, P. G., Lemeshow, S., Gensel, J. C., Tovar, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+evaluation+of+the+effects+of+glibenclamide+on+reducing+progressive+hemorrhagic+necrosis+after+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Independent evaluation of the effects of glibenclamide on reducing progressive hemorrhagic necrosis after cervical spinal cord injury.</a> Exp. Neurol. 233, 615-622 (2012).</li><li>Dunham, K. A., Siriphorn, A., Chompoopong, S., Floyd, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+graded+cervical+hemicontusion+spinal+cord+injury+model+in+adult+male+rats.">Characterization of a graded cervical hemicontusion spinal cord injury model in adult male rats.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 27, 2091-2106 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J. H., Roy, J., Sohn, H. M., Cheong, M., Liu, J., Stammers, A. T., Tetzlaff, W., Kwon, B. 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In this paper, we describe a cervical unilateral contusion model using the Infinite Horizon (IH) impactor at a force of 150 kdyn, an angle of 22.5&deg; off of vertical, and a lateral aim of 1.4 mm from the midline. With these settings, we were able to produce sustained behavioral deficits in the ipsilateral forelimb with parenchymal disruption contained largely to the ipsilateral side, where it appeared that considerable damage occurred to the regions where the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and corticospin...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Infinite Horizon Impactor</td>
 <td>Precision Systems and Instrumentation</td>
 <td>IH-0400</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Aluminum metal sheet</td>
 <td>Metalsupermarlets.com</td>
 <td>APT6061/500 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flexaframe support foot plates</td>
 <td>Fishers Scientific</td>
 <td>1466625Q </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flexaframe support rods</td>
 <td>Fishers Scientific</td>
 <td>1466610GQ </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flexaframe Support Connectors</td>
 <td>Fishers Scientific</td>
 <td>1466620Q </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clamp1</td>
 <td>Custom made</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Choo et al., 2009</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Metal holders</td>
 <td>Custom made</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>See above</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Impactor tip</td>
 <td>Custom made</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Diameter: 1.15 mm</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stereotaxic frame</td>
 <td>David Kopf Instruments</td>
 <td>Model 900</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cylinder Level</td>
 <td>YIJIA TOOLS</td>
 <td>YJ-SL0620 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td>Leica</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Model #: MZ8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Laboratory scissor jack</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>12620-902</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

a contusive model of unilateral cervical spinal cord injury using the infinite horizon impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor at JoVE.com

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

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