이 작품은 인디애나 척수 및 뇌 손상 연구 보조금 (SCBI 200-12)에서 자금에 의해 지원되었다, 랄프 W. 그레이스 M. 쇼월터 연구 상, 인디애나 대학 생물학 연구 그랜트, NIH 보조금 RR025761 및 1R21NS072631-01A.

동물 관리 남성 C57 BL / 6 마우스는 그룹 보관되어 있었고, 음식과 물을 임의로 액세스 할 수있는 방법을 무료로 12분의 12 시간 빛 / 어둠주기를 유지하고 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에 사용되는 동물 10-12 주 이전이었다. 모든 절차는 인디애나 대학의 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 수행되었다. 1. 수술 준비 <ol><li> 케타민 / 자일 라진 혼합물 (87.7 ㎎ / ㎖ 케타민 및 12.3 ㎎ / ㎖의 자일 라진)을 사용하여 마우스를 마취하고 IP 주입을 통해 (1 ㎖ / kg)을 투여. </li><li> 귀 사이 마우스의 머리를 면도. </li><li> 수술하는 동안 건조 방지하기 위해 마우스의 눈에 석유 기반의 젤리를 적용합니다. </li><li> 10 %의 요오드 면도 영역을 청소합니다. 그런 다음 요오드를 정리하는 70 % 에탄올을 사용합니다. </li><li> 귀 바, 물린 플레이트를 사용하여 정위 프레임에 마우스 머리를 고정합니다. 뇌가 안정되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol> 2. Craniectomy </P&gt; <ol><li> 가위 헤드의 중앙에 길이 방향을 절개한다. 왼쪽에 떨어져 피부를 잡아 지혈을 사용합니다. </li><li> 두개골을 노출하는 뼈의 혈액과 조직을 제거하기 위해 면봉을 사용합니다. 노출 된 두개골은 1 분 동안 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 압력을 적용하고 두개골은 움직이지 유지되도록하기 위해 집게를 사용합니다. 해부학 적에게 람다 (꼬리 측면)과 브레 그마 (정면 측면을) 확인합니다. 4 mm 직경 멀리 정중선에서 0.5 mm로 람다와 브레 그마의 중앙에 원을 그립니다. </li><li> 표시된 원을 따라 잘라 드릴을 사용합니다. 부드럽게 떨어져 뼈 먼지를 날려. 경막의 손상을 방지하기 위해 뼈를 완전히 드릴하지 마십시오. </li><li> 뼈를 제거하고 경막을 노출 집게를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 3. 끼워 넣기 충격 장치는 충격 파라미터를 설정하는 제어 박스, 끼워 넣기를 수행하는 액츄에이터 및 행동을 확보하기 정위 프레임을 포함영향에 대한 uator와 마우스 머리. <ol><li> 수술 전 3m / 초에 액추에이터의 속도를 미리 설정합니다. </li><li> 다른 부상의 심각도를 유도하기 위해 서로 다른 변형의 깊이를 미리 설정합니다. 0.0-0.2 mm, 0.5 ~ 1.0 ㎜, 1.2-2.0 mm의 변형 깊이는 각각, 중등도, 중증 TBIs에 될 것입니다. 이 프로토콜은 3m / 초의 속도를 사용하여 1mm의 변형 깊이와 적당히 심각한 뇌 손상을 달성하는 방법을 설명했다. </li><li> 정위 프레임 홀더에 액츄에이터를 부착하고 오픈 두개골 영역의 중심에있는 액추에이터 (3 mm 직경)의 둥근 플랫 팁 보호를위한 이동 미세 조작기를 사용합니다. 그런 영향 사이트의 표면에 평행 한 각도로 끝을 조정한다. </li><li> 선단이 충격 사이트의 표면에 닿을 때까지 연장되는 모델 액추에이터를 이동하여 영점을 설정. 그런 제로 정위 제어판의 Z 채널을 설정합니다. </li><li> 임팩터 팁 후퇴동시에 1mm 아래 액추에이터를 이동시키면서. </li><li> 부상 사이트를 공격, 1 mm의 변형 깊이를 달성하기 위해 충격 버튼을 누르십시오. </li></ol> 4. 상해 사이트 폐쇄 <ol><li> 모든 혈액 다음과 같은 영향을 제거하기 위해 면봉을 사용하지만, 부상 영역을 만지지 마십시오. </li><li> 체온을 유지하기 위해 따뜻한 패드에서 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> 출혈이 중지되면, 폐쇄 상처를 봉합. 깨끗한 케이지에 다시 동물을 넣어 따뜻한 패드 밤새 수술에서 회복 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 관리 프레 놀핀 0.05-0.10 ㎎ / kg SQ 수술 후 2 일간 매일 8 ~ 12 시간. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

성공적으로 CCI를 일으키는 전자 자석 영향 시스템을 사용 TBIs에 일관성을 생성하기위한 가장 중요한 단계는 다음과 같다 : 1)를 안정적으로 정위 프레임에서 마우스의 머리를 고정; 2) 생쥐 사이 뼈 창의 동일한 크기를 생성하고 craniectomy 중에 하에서 경막 손상없이 뼈를 제거하는 단계; 3) 올바로 개방 영역의 중심에 영향 팁을 위치 및 영향 전에 영점을 설정. 마우스의 머리는...

외상성 뇌 손상 (TBI)은 뇌 기능의 변경, 또는 외력에 기인 한 뇌 병리의 기타 증거로서 정의된다. TBIs에, 특히 미국에서, 전 세계적으로 심각한 건강 문제가 남아있다. 질병 통제 및 예방 센터에 따르면, 적어도 170 만 TBIs에 모든 부상 관련 사망의 30.5 %의 결과로 미국에서 매년 발생합니다. 2000 년, 직접 의료 비용과 TBIs에의 간접 비용이 미국에서만 예상 7백65억달러 억원. 이전 수십 년간의 기술 및 치료의 발전은 TBIs에 고통받는 사람들을 위해 삶의 질과 길이를 개선했지만, 효과적인 약제 또는 예방 치료는 현재 존재하지 않습니다. 때문에 복잡하고 조직의 병변, 세포 죽음, 그리고 축삭 변성 등의 TBIs에, 넓은 광범위한 효과, 두 개의 상해는 동일하지 않습니다; 따라서, 동물에 대한 현재 TBI 모델은 정확하게 재생하지TBI의 모든 측면은 인간의 본. 그러나, 동물 모델은 또한 TBIs에의 임상 양상 승낙의 희망과 TBI의 여러가지 효과를 조사 할 필요가 거의 동일한 부상을 생산하는 능력을 제공 하나. 제어 피질 충격 (CCI) 모델 동물의 노출 된 경질에 물리적 충격을 전달하는 충격 시스템을 사용한다. 마일드에서 인간에 의해 경험 된 것과 유사한 심각한에 이르기까지 TBIs에를 유도한다. 이 부상은 먼저 흰 족제비 2 특징으로하고 나중에 쥐 3,4, 마우스, 5-7, 그리고 양 8에 사용하기 위해 적응했다. 첫 번째 특성 때문에, 부상의 사이트는 중간 선 2.9과 외측 피질골 (10)에 모두 배치되었습니다. CCI는 TBIs에 대한 효과와 치료 가능성을 조사하기 쉽고 정확한 방법을 제공합니다. CCI 모델, 유체 타악기 및 체​​중 저하뿐만 아니라 모델 공동 있습니다mmonly TBIs에를 생산하는 데 사용. 그러나 이러한 모델 적은 부상 매개 변수를 제어, 인간 TBIs에 볼 수없는 histopathalogical 변화를 생산하고, 마우스 3,5,10 우발적 죽음의 더 큰 발병률을 포함하여 현재 제한. 폭풍 파 모델은 TBIs에를 생산하는 데 사용됩니다. 폭풍 파 모델은 기계적 충격에 다음과 같은 본 histopathalogical 변경을 재현하지 않지만,이 모델은 정확하게 특히 군인 (11)에 의해 경험 TBIs에 생산 않습니다. 제어 피질 충격 모델에 따라 같은 시간, 속도 및 충격 5의 깊이로 변형 매개 변수를 통해 정확한 컨트롤을 제어하기 쉽다. 이러한 정확도는 더 가능한 동물의 그룹 전체에 걸쳐 거의 동일한 상해를 복제 할 수 있습니다. 가장 중요한 것은, CCI는 인간 TBIs에 12에서 본 기능을 TBIs에 재현. 그러나 병적 인 찬의 전체 스펙트럼을 재생에 완전히 성공적으로 단일 동물 모델이 없다TBI 후 관찰 GES. 더 자세한 연구가 완전히 TBI 후 발생하는 급성 및 만성 변화를 공개 할 필요가있다. 기본 및 보조 부상 : 부상의 두 가지 유형의 TBI 다음 발생합니다. 기본 부상은 충격의 순간에 발생하고 치료 치료에 대한 구분하지 않습니다; 그러나, 초기 부상 후 유지 보조 부상은 치료 13 될 수 있습니다. 제어 피질 충격 모델은 따라서 연구진은 보조 부상의 가능성이 오래 지속되는 효과를 TBI의 효과와 잠재적 인 치료 치료를 조사 할 수 있도록, 차 상해를 생산하고 있습니다. CCI 모델을 사용하여 잠재적 인 연구 분야는 신경 세포의 죽음, 대뇌 부종, 신경, 혈관 효과, histopathalogical 변경 및 메모리 적자 3,13-16이 포함됩니다.

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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Povidone-iodine 7.5%</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purdue product L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Surgical scrub</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-6015</td>
			<td>Remove blood and debris</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">scissor</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:247px;">forcept</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11293-00</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:247px;">hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13021-12</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:247px;">Rechargeable Cordless Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">58610</td>
			<td>Combine with Burrs for generating the bone window</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Burrs for Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19007-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Suture monofilament</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G697</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">tert-Amyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">152463-250ML</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T48402-25G</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

제어 피질 충격 모델은 온화한에서 심한 정도에 이르기까지 TBIs에 발생합니다. 포스트 영향 뇌 부종의 양, 출혈, 및 영향 사이트에서 두개골 변형 속도와 변형 깊이 매개 변수로 인한 부상의 심각도를 발표 할 예정이다. 온화한 TBIs에 의한 제한 경질 위반에 미치는 영향 사이트와 약간의 출혈로 뇌 부종의 원인. 적당한 TBI는 뇌 부종을 전시 인해 끼워 따라 경질 위반 (그림 1)에 출혈이 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 제어 피질 충격 모델

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.4K 조회수.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

비디오: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

마우스의 급성 폐 상해를 유발하는 압력 제어 환기

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

연구

의학

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases 1 and is the ultimate cause of death in patients with the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) 2.
ALS is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Patients ultimately succumb to the disease on average 2-5 years following diagnosis because of respiratory paralysis due to loss of phrenic motor neuron innnervation of the diaphragm 3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, while 10% are of the familial form. Approximately twenty percent of familial cases are linked to various point mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene on chromosome 21 4. Transgenic mice 4,5 and rats 6 carrying mutant human SOD1 genes (G93A, G37R, G86R, G85R) have been generated, and, despite the existence of other animal models of motor neuron loss, are currently the most highly used models of the disease.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogeneous set of conditions resulting from physical trauma to the spinal cord, with functional outcome varying according to the type, location and severity of the injury 7. Nevertheless, approximately half of human SCI cases affect cervical regions, resulting in debilitating respiratory dysfunction due to phrenic motor neuron loss and injury to descending bulbospinal respiratory axons 1. A number of animal models of SCI have been developed, with the most commonly used and clinically-relevant being the contusion 8.
Transplantation of various classes of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegeneration, including ALS and SCI, because of the ability to replace lost or dysfunctional CNS cell types, provide neuroprotection, and deliver gene factors of interest 9.
Animal models of both ALS and SCI can model many clinically-relevant aspects of these diseases, including phrenic motor neuron loss and consequent respiratory compromise 10,11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of NPC-based strategies on respiratory function in these animal models of ALS and SCI, cellular interventions must be specifically directed to regions containing therapeutically relevant targets such as phrenic motor neurons. We provide a detailed protocol for multi-segmental, intraspinal transplantation of NPCs into the cervical spinal cord ventral gray matter of neurodegenerative models such as SOD1G93A mice and rats, as well as spinal cord injured rats and mice 11.

Neural precursor transplantation is a promising strategy for protecting and/or replacing lost/dysfunctional cervical phrenic motor neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). We provide a protocol for cell delivery to cervical spinal cord ventral horn in rodent models of ALS and SCI.

루게릭병과 외상 척수 상해에서 자궁암 복부 호른를 타겟팅하는 Intraspinal 세포 이식

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

마우스의 제어 자궁 경부 열상 상해

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

로 뇌 미세 혈관 내피 세포 (CEnd를)에 기지개<em&gt; 체외</em혈액 뇌 장벽의&gt; 외상성 뇌 손상 모델

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

신장 허혈 재관류 상해 : 상해의 마우스 모델 및 재생

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

청소년 쥐에 대한 가벼운 외상성 뇌 손상의 소설 모델

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

척수 압축 부상의 보정 집게 모델

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

마우스의 조직 변위에 근거한 척수 손상 모델

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

단일 및 반복적 인 경미한 외상성 뇌 손상의 마우스 모델

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

심한 뇌 손상 환자에서 [18F] FDG 추적 프로그램을 사용 하 여 반 정량적 평가

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 제어 피질 충격 모델

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