KKB에 지원, MJB, JLH 및 KLN는 재생 의료에 대한 캘리포니아 연구소, 퓨 자선 신탁 바이오 메디컬 학자 프로그램, 에스더 B. O&#39;Keeffe 가족 재단과 샤피로 가족 재단에 의해 제공되었다. KKB는 도널드 E.와 델리아 B. 박스터 재단 학부 학술 수 있습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Boland, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+mice+generated+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 461, 91-94 (2009).</li><li>Robinton, D. A., Daley, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promise+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+in+research+and+therapy.">The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy.</a> Nature. 481, 295-305 (2012).</li><li>Nagy, A., Rossant, J., Nagy, R., Abramow-Newerly, W., Roder, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+completely+cell+culture-derived+mice+from+early-passage+embryonic+stem+cells.">Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90, 8424-8428 (1993).</li><li>Eggan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+vigor,+fetal+overgrowth,+and+viability+of+mice+derived+by+nuclear+cloning+and+tetraploid+embryo+complementation.">Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, and viability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryo complementation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 6209-6214 (2001).</li><li>Eggan, K., Jaenisch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Generation of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived embryos and mice by tetraploid-embryo complementation. , (2006).</li><li>McLaughlin, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+tetraploid+embryos+by+electrofusion.">Production of tetraploid embryos by electrofusion.</a> Methods Enzymol. 225, 919-930 (1993).</li><li>Humpherys, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+instability+in+ES+cells+and+cloned+mice.">Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice.</a> Science. 293, 95-97 (2001).</li><li>Kang, L., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Kou, Z., Gao, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iPS+cells+can+support+full-term+development+of+tetraploid+blastocyst-complemented+embryos.">iPS cells can support full-term development of tetraploid blastocyst-complemented embryos.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 5 (09), 135-138 (2009).</li><li>Zhao, X. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iPS+cells+produce+viable+mice+through+tetraploid+complementation.">iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation.</a> Nature. 461, 86-90 (2009).</li><li>Kang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viable+mice+produced+from+three-factor+induced+pluripotent+stem+(iPS)+cells+through+tetraploid+complementation.">Viable mice produced from three-factor induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells through tetraploid complementation.</a> Cell Res. 21, 546-549 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, X. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viable+Fertile+Mice+Generated+from+Fully+Pluripotent+iPS+Cells+Derived+from+Adult+Somatic+Cells.">Viable Fertile Mice Generated from Fully Pluripotent iPS Cells Derived from Adult Somatic Cells.</a> Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 6, 390-397 (2010).</li><li>Han, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tbx3+improves+the+germ-line+competency+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Tbx3 improves the germ-line competency of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 463, 1096-1100 (2010).</li><li>Stadtfeld, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ascorbic+acid+prevents+loss+of+Dlk1-Dio3+imprinting+and+facilitates+generation+of+all-iPS+cell+mice+from+terminally+differentiated+B+cells.">Ascorbic acid prevents loss of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting and facilitates generation of all-iPS cell mice from terminally differentiated B cells.</a> Nat. Genet. 44, 398-405 (2012).</li><li>Stadtfeld, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+silencing+of+imprinted+genes+on+chromosome+12qF1+in+mouse+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Aberrant silencing of imprinted genes on chromosome 12qF1 in mouse induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 465, 175-181 (2010).</li><li>Carey, B. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+factor+stoichiometry+influences+the+epigenetic+state+and+biological+properties+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Reprogramming factor stoichiometry influences the epigenetic state and biological properties of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9, 588-598 (2011).</li><li>Go, W. Y., Ho, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+and+direct+comparison+of+the+dimerizer+and+reverse+tet+transcriptional+control+systems.">Optimization and direct comparison of the dimerizer and reverse tet transcriptional control systems.</a> The Journal of Gene Medicine. 4, 258-270 (2002).</li><li>Huangfu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+by+defined+factors+is+greatly+improved+by+small-molecule+compounds.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds.</a> Nature. 26, 795-797 (2008).</li><li>Li, X. -. y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passage+number+affects+the+pluripotency+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+as+judged+by+tetraploid+embryo+aggregation.">Passage number affects the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells as judged by tetraploid embryo aggregation.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 327, 607-614 (2007).</li><li>George, S. H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+and+adult+phenotyping+directly+from+mutant+embryonic+stem+cells.">Developmental and adult phenotyping directly from mutant embryonic stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104, 4455-4460 (2007).</li><li>Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M., Vintersten, K., Behringer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manipulating the mouse embryo: A laboratory manual. , (2003).</li><li>Kirak, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transnuclear+Mice+with+Pre-defined+T+Cell+Receptor+Specificities+Against+Toxoplasma+gondii+Obtained+Via+SCNT.">Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (43), e2168 (2010).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

TEC의 assays를 사용하여 iPSC 라인에서 생성 마우스는 iPSC 라인의 pluripotency에 대한 엄격한 기능 테스트를 제공합니다. 이 테스트는 다른 재 프로그래밍 방법의 상대적 효능을 평가하거나 체외에서 특정 세포 유형을 생성하기 위해 가장 유용 할 수 있습니다 iPSC 라인을 식별 할 유용 할 수 있습니다. iPSCs에서 생성 된 쥐들이 stringently 장기적인 안정성과 iPSC 파생 조직의 tumorigenicity을 테스트하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 완전히 만능 iPSC 선 또는 iPSC 쥐를 생성하거나 다른 재 프로그래밍 방법의 상대적 유틸리티를 비교하고자 조사에 도움이 될 것입니다. 완전 만능 iPSCs의 생성 및 식별을 통제 메커니즘은 제대로 이해하고 일부 iPSC 라인이이 방법을 사용하면 TEC 테스트를 통과하지 않습니다 생산 가능성이 있습니다 유지합니다. 많은 요인은 유전 적 배경, lentiviral titer, lentiviral 전의 패턴 등을 포함하여 실험을 사이에 다를 수 있습니다nsertion, 기증자 인구의 세포주기 매개 변수는 TEC 절차의 여러 단계와 iPSCs의 변수 경향에 간 실험실 차이는 유전자 또는 epigenetic aberrations을 품다합니다. 최고의 성공을 보장하기 위해, 우리는 각각의 바이러스가 충분히 감지 유전자 발현 적어도 80 %의 이상적인 100 % 생산 집중되도록 제어 MEFs에 바이러스 dilutions를 테스트하여 iPSC 유도 실험에서 lentiviral 유전자 발현의 적절한 수준을 설정하는데주의를 기울여야 MEFs. 이 MEFs에 독성을 제한하고 우물 인구 과잉없이 식민지를 생산하는 동안 우리는 서로 다른 lentiviruses의 여러 사본 라인을 확인할 수 있습니다. 그것은 여러 다른 프로토콜은 전체 pluripotency에 대해 여러 경로가 1,8-13,15가 존재하고 있다는 것을 암시 여러 방법과 공여 세포 소스를 사용하여 전체 개발 잠재력을 지닌 iPSCs를 생성하기 위해 표시되었음을 주목해야한다. 현재, 그러나,의 확실한 biomarker가 완전히 만능 iPSC식별 및 따라서 TEC 분석은 iPSC 줄은 유기체의 모든 세포 lineages을 생성 할 수 있는지 여부의 금을 표준 시험 남아있다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (high glucose)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES cell qualified FBS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>104392-024</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16140-071</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&beta;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Sigma M7522</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Gelatin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>ES006-B</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11140</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 199</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO (murine LIF)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1106</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valproic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4543</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP231-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14040-133</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS Ca2+/Mg2+ free</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, for superovulation, freeze-dried, 2,000 IU</td>
			<td>Harbor-UCLA Research Institute</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chorionic gonadotropin, human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1063</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FHM medium with Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-056-F</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KSOM-1/2 AA medium</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-106-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FHM</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-024-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water, for embryo transfer, embryo tested</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W1503</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil, embryo tested</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5310</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2773</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M4125</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA), embryo tested</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3311</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblasts, non-irradiated</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CFL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>
			Media and buffers used in this protocol
			HEK293T growth medium. 90% DMEM, 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin and 10 mg/ml streptomycin. Exclude penicillin and streptomycin from HEK media used on day of transfection. HEK medium can be stored at 4 &deg;C for up to 1 month.
			2x HBS. 42 mM Hepes, 274 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 1.5 mM Na2HPO4&middot;7H2O, 12 mM Dextrose. pH to 7.1 +/- 0.1. pH is critical! Sterile filter and store at 4 &deg;C.
			Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) growth medium (also for use with feeders). 70% DMEM, 20% Medium 199, 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin and 10 mg/ml streptomycin. Store at 4 &deg;C for up to 1 month.
			ESC growth medium. 85% DMEM,15% ES cell qualified FBS, 1x Glutamax, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 0.1 mM &beta;-mercaptoethanol, 1,000 U/ml ESGRO, 100 U/ml penicillin and 10 mg/ml streptomycin. ESC media can be stored at 4 &deg;C for up to three weeks.
			Electrofusion medium. 0.3 M Mannitol, 0.1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM CaCl2, and 3% BSA in embryo tested water. Store at 4 &deg;C for up to 3 months.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of mice derived from induced pluripotent stem cells

체세포의 세포에서 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)의 생산은 기초 연구를위한 유용한 도구를 만들 수있는 방법을 제공하며 재생 치료에 대한 환자와 일치하는 세포의 소스를 생성 할 수 있습니다. iPSCs는 여러 프로토콜을 사용하여 생성하고 여러 셀 소스에서 파생 될 수 있습니다. 일단 생성, iPSCs는 pluripotency 마커에 대한 immunostaining, embryoid 기관 및 기형 종, 배아 줄기 세포 (ESCs) 및 germline 기여 2 나없이 키메라 마우스의 생산과 유전자 표현의 비교에서 세 배아 층의 생성 등의 assays 다양한을 사용하여 테스트 . 중요한 것은,이 테스트를 통과 iPSC 라인은 여전히 다른 차별화 된 세포 유형 2를 생산하기 위해 자신의 능력에 따라 다릅니다. 이것은 어려운 iPSC 파생 프로토콜, 기증자 세포 소스 또는 선택 방법이 다른 응용 프로그램에 가장 유용 할 수립 만들었습니다. 가장 엄격한 시험줄기 세포 라인 유기체의 생존에 필요한 모든 조직을 생성 할 수있는 발달 가능성이 있는지 여부를의 (칭했다 전체 pluripotency) tetraploid 배아 complementation (TEC) 3-5입니다. 기술적으로는, TEC는 blastocyst 무대 6 체외에서 배양 할 수 tetraploid (4N) 한 세포 배아를 생성하는 두 세포 배아의 electrofusion을 포함한다. Diploid (2N) 만능의 줄기 세포 (예 ESCs 또는 iPSCs) 다음 tetraploid blastocyst의 blastocoel 캐비티에 주입하고 (그림 1 참조) 형성에 대한받는 여성으로 전송됩니다. diploid 세포가 주입 줄기 세포 라인에서 완전히 파생 된 태아의 결과로, 배아는 적절한 구성하는 반면 보완 배의 tetraploid 구성 요소 extraembryonic 조직 (태반, 난황 주머니)에 거의 독점적으로 기여하고있다. 최근, 우리는 reproducibly 성인 쥐를 생성하는 iPSC 라인의 유도를보고TEC 하나를 통해. 이 iPSC 줄이 ESCs 3,4,7 비교하고 가장 다른 iPSC 라인 8-12 대해보고보다 높을 5-13%의 효율성을 가능한 새끼로 상승을 제공합니다. 이 보고서는 직접 재활는 TEC 테스트에서 새끼를 생성하는 자신의 발달 가능성과 효율성에 ESCs 일치 완전히 만능 iPSCs를 생성 할 수 있습니다 것으로 나타났습니다. 현재 완전히 만능 iPSCs의 정확성과 강력한 라인 13-15 구분을 명확하게하지 않습니다. 또한이 재활 방법이 가장 효율이 줄을 생산됩니다 삭제합니다. 여기 iPSC 라인의 pluripotency을 비교하거나 다른 재 프로그래밍 방법의 동등한을 수립하고자하는 조사에 도움이 될 수 있습니다 완전히 만능 iPSCs와 &quot;모든 iPSC&quot;마우스를 생산하는 한 가지 방법을 설명합니다.

In step 3, "Derivation of iPSCs from MEFs", one should observe morphological heterogeneity and immature iPSC colony formation starting 4-5 days after doxycycline/VPA addition and mature colonies between 7-10 days (Figure 2). The production of one-cell tetraploid embryos in step 5 is highly efficient (Figure 3). We routinely observe up to 95% of treated two-cell embryos successfully fuse to produce tetraploid one-cell embryos. The protocol followed to inject iPSCs into tetraploid blastocysts (Step 6, Figure 4) is similar to the protocol for injection of ESCs into diploid blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and can be performed by an experienced microinjectionist. The number of live pups born depends on the cell line (Table 1).
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="5">MEF preprogramming efficiency 0.01-0.03%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="5">Efficiency of iPSC mouse production by TEC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr valign="top">
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Description</td>
			<td>Blastocysts injected</td>
			<td>Live Newborn</td>
			<td>Live Adult</td>
		</tr>
		<tr valign="top">
			<td>iMZ-21</td>
			<td>iPSC</td>
			<td>867</td>
			<td>53 (6.1%)</td>
			<td>19 (2.2%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr valign="top">
			<td>iMZ-9</td>
			<td>iPSC</td>
			<td>195</td>
			<td>7 (3.6%)</td>
			<td>4 (2.1%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr valign="top">
			<td>iMZ-11</td>
			<td>iPSC</td>
			<td>338</td>
			<td>1(0.3%)</td>
			<td>0 (0%)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Representative Results.
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Schematic of experimental design. Top left: Production of tetraploid blastocysts. Fertilized two-cell embryos from albino mice are electrofused to generate tetraploid one-cell embryos, which are cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Bottom left: Reprogramming. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts are transduced with lentiviral particles encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc and the reverse tetracycline transactivating protein, rtTAM2.2. Addition of doxycycline results in transgene expression and the initiation of reprogramming to iPSCs. Right: Production of iPSC mice. iPSCs derived from pigmented mice are injected into the blastocoel of tetraploid blastocysts and then surgically implanted into pseudo-pregnant recipient mice. Newborn iPSC mice are delivered by Caesarian section and cross-fostered. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Morphological changes associated with reprogramming. From left to right: Examples of the morphological progression from fibroblasts to iPSC colonies during the course of a reprogramming experiment. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Production of tetraploid embryos. Diploid two-cell embryos are subjected to an electric pulse resulting in blastomere fusion and generation of one-cell tetraploid embryos.
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4003/4003fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4. Production of iPSC mice. Left: iPSCs are injected into the blastocoel of a tetraploid blastocyst. Middle: Newborn iPSC mice are distinguished by pigmented eyes. Right: iPSC mouse at three weeks post-delivery.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

그들은 pluripotency에 대한 표준 테스트를 통과 때도 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (iPSC) 라인이 발달 가능성을 서로 다른 행을 생산하고 있습니다. 여기 가진 전체 pluripotency로 iPSC 라인을 정의 iPSCs에서 완전히 파생 쥐를 생산하기 위해 프로토콜을 설명<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;.

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

generation-of-mice-derived-from-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

21.2K 조회수.  The Scripps Research Institute. 그들은 pluripotency에 대한 표준 테스트를 통과 때도 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (iPSC) 라인이 발달 가능성을 서로 다른 행을 생산하고 있습니다. 여기 가진 전체 pluripotency로 iPSC 라인을 정의 iPSCs에서 완전히 파생 쥐를 생산하기 위해 프로토콜을 설명 1.

비디오: Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

Stemgent 인간 TF의 Lentivirus와 인간의 섬유아 세포를 프로그래밍하여 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 생성 세트

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

연구

생물학

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

인간 유도 만능의 줄기 세포를 Transfecting 및 Nucleofecting

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

인간 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 선택 및 분리 식민지는 성인 섬유아 세포에서 다시 프로그램

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

GFP와 Retroviral 벡터를 사용하여 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)로 인간 체세포를 프로그래밍

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

STEMCCA Lentiviral 벡터를 사용하여 말초 혈에서 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포의 생성

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are multistep procedures involving the isolation and expansion of neural precursor cells, prior to terminal differentiation. In comparison to these time-consuming approaches, we have recently found that combined inhibition of three signaling pathways, TGF&beta;/SMAD2, BMP/SMAD1, and FGF/ERK, promotes rapid induction of neuroectoderm from hPSCs, followed by immediate differentiation into functional neurons. Here, we have adapted our procedure to a novel multititre plate format, to further enhance its reproducibility and to make it compatible with mid-throughput applications. It comprises four days of neuroectoderm formation in floating spheres (embryoid bodies), followed by a further four days of differentiation into neurons under adherent conditions. Most cells obtained with this protocol appear to be bipolar sensory neurons. Moreover, the procedure is highly efficient, does not require particular expert skills, and is based on a simple chemically defined medium with cost-efficient small molecules. Due to these features, the procedure may serve as a useful platform for further functional investigation as well as for cell-based screening approaches requiring human sensory neurons or neurons of any type.

Protocols for neuronal differentiation of pluripotent human stem cells (hPSCs) are often time-consuming and require substantial cell culture skills. Here, we have adapted a small molecule-based differentiation procedure to a multititre plate format, allowing simple, rapid, and efficient generation of human neurons in a controlled manner.

Multititre 판 형식으로 인간 만능의 줄기 세포에서 뉴런의 신속하고 효율적인 생성

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

인간의 Cardiomyocytes의 생성 : 피더없는 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 분화 프로토콜

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

센다이 바이러스와 인간의 체세포의 효율적인 생성 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Subtype-specific Optical Action Potential Recordings in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) are an emerging tool in cardiovascular research. Rather than being a homogenous population of cells, the iPSC-CMs generated by current differentiation protocols represent a mixture of cells with ventricular-, atrial-, and nodal-like phenotypes, which complicates phenotypic analyses. Here, a method to optically record action potentials specifically from ventricular-like iPSC-CMs is presented. This is achieved by lentiviral transduction with a construct in which a genetically-encoded voltage indicator is under the control of a ventricular-specific promoter element. When iPSC-CMs are transduced with this construct, the voltage sensor is expressed exclusively in ventricular-like cells, enabling subtype-specific optical membrane potential recordings using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy.

Here we present a method to optically image action potentials, specifically in ventricular-like induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. The method is based on the promoter-driven expression of a voltage-sensitive fluorescent protein.

하위 형식 관련 광학 활동 전위 녹음 인간의 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 심 실 Cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) are an emerging tool in cardiovascular research. Rather than being a ...

Generation and Maintenance of Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Urine

Cross-species approaches studying primate pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives are crucial to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, development, and evolution. To make primate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) more accessible, this paper presents a non-invasive method to generate human and non-human primate iPSCs from urine-derived cells, and their maintenance using a feeder-free culturing method.
The urine can be sampled from a non-sterile environment (e.g., the cage of the animal) and treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail during primary cell culture to reduce contamination efficiently. After propagation of the urine-derived cells, iPSCs are generated by a modified transduction method of a commercially available Sendai virus vector system. First&#160;iPSC colonies may already be visible after 5 days, and can be picked after 10 days at the earliest. Routine clump passaging with enzyme-free dissociation buffer supports pluripotency of the generated iPSCs for more than 50 passages.

The present protocol describes a method to isolate, expand, and reprogram human and non-human primate urine-derived cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as instructions for feeder-free maintenance of the newly generated iPSCs.