이 작품은 Brotto M.에 조 X, 엄마 J와 GO 부여 RC2AR05896에 RO1-AR061385에 AHA SDG 10SDG2630086에 의해 지원되었다

<ol>
	<li>Winegrad, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+intracellular+calcium+movements+in+excitation-contraction+coupling+in+skeletal+muscle.">Role of intracellular calcium movements in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.</a> Fed. 24, 1146-1152 (1965).</li><li>Sandow, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitation-contraction+coupling+in+skeletal+muscle.">Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.</a> Pharmacol. Rev. 17, 265-320 (1965).</li><li>Thornton, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Store-operated+Ca(2+)+entry+(SOCE)+contributes+to+normal+skeletal+muscle+contractility+in+young+but+not+in+aged+skeletal+muscle.">Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) contributes to normal skeletal muscle contractility in young but not in aged skeletal muscle.</a> Aging. 3, 621-634 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca2++overload+and+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+instability+in+tric-a+null+skeletal+muscle.">Ca2+ overload and sarcoplasmic reticulum instability in tric-a null skeletal muscle.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 285, 37370-37376 (2010).</li><li>Brotto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+maintenance+of+intracellular+Ca2++homeostasis+is+linked+to+increased+muscle+fatigability+in+the+MG29+null+mice.">Defective maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is linked to increased muscle fatigability in the MG29 null mice.</a> Cell Res. 14, 373-378 (2004).</li><li>Florkin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Machina+carnis.+The+Biochemistry+of+Muscular+Contraction+in+its+Historical+Development.">Machina carnis. The Biochemistry of Muscular Contraction in its Historical Development.</a> Med. Hist. 17, 316-317 (1973).</li><li>Galvani, A., Aldini, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+viribus+electricitatis+in+motu+musculari+commentarius.">De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius.</a> ApudSocietatem Typographicam. , (1792).</li><li>Fulton, J. F., Fulton, J. F., Wilson, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Selected Reading in the History of Physiology. , (1930).</li><li>Piccolino, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luigi+Galvani+and+animal+electricity:+two+centuries+after+the+foundation+of+electrophysiology.">Luigi Galvani and animal electricity: two centuries after the foundation of electrophysiology.</a> Trends Neurosci. 20, 443-448 (1997).</li><li>Hodgkin, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Croonian+Lecture:+Ionic+Movements+and+Electrical+Activity+in+Giant+Nerve+Fibres.">The Croonian Lecture: Ionic Movements and Electrical Activity in Giant Nerve Fibres.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 148, 1-37 (1958).</li><li>Hodgkin, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Sherrington Lectures VII the Conduction of the Nervous Impulse. , 71964 (1965).</li><li>Ringer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+further+contribution+regarding+the+influence+of+the+different+constituents+of+the+blood+on+the+contraction+of+the+heart.">A further contribution regarding the influence of the different constituents of the blood on the contraction of the heart.</a> J. Physiol. 4, 29-42.3 .</li><li>Ringer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Further+experiments+regarding+the+influence+of+small+quantities+of+lime,+and+other+salts+on+muscular+tissue.">Further experiments regarding the influence of small quantities of lime, and other salts on muscular tissue.</a> J. Physiol. 7, 291-308 .</li><li>Ringer, S., Buxton, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concerning+the+action+of+calcium,+potassium+and+sodium+salts+upon+the+eel's+heart+and+upon+the+skeletal+muscles+of+the+frog.">Concerning the action of calcium, potassium and sodium salts upon the eel's heart and upon the skeletal muscles of the frog.</a> J. Physiol. 8, 15-19 .</li><li>Ringer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regarding+the+action+of+lime,+potassium+and+sodium+salts+on+skeletal+muscle.">Regarding the action of lime, potassium and sodium salts on skeletal muscle.</a> J. Physiol. 8, 20-24 (1887).</li><li>Campbell, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Intracellular Calcium its Universal Role as Regulator. , (1983).</li><li>Mol, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell Cardiol. 16, ll3-ll6 (1984).</li><li>Ridings, J. W., Barry, S. R., Faulkner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aminophylline+enhances+contractility+of+frog+skeletal+muscle:+an+effect+dependent+on+extracellular+calcium.">Aminophylline enhances contractility of frog skeletal muscle: an effect dependent on extracellular calcium.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 67, 671-676 (1989).</li><li>Fitts, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cross-bridge+cycle+and+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 551-558 (2008).</li><li>Kolbeck, R. C., Speir, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diaphragm+contactility+as+related+to+cellular+calcium+metabolism:+Influence+of+theophylline+and+fatigue.">Diaphragm contactility as related to cellular calcium metabolism: Influence of theophylline and fatigue.</a> American Review of Respiratory Disease. 139, 495 (1989).</li><li>Kolbeck, R. C., Nosek, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatigue+of+rapid+and+slow+onset+in+isolated+perfused+rat+and+mouse+diaphragms.">Fatigue of rapid and slow onset in isolated perfused rat and mouse diaphragms.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 1991-1998 (1994).</li><li>Moore, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diaphragm+atrophy+and+weakness+in+cortisone-treated+rats.">Diaphragm atrophy and weakness in cortisone-treated rats.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 67, 2420-2426 (1989).</li><li>Lannergren, J., Westerblad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+decline+due+to+fatigue+and+intracellular+acidification+in+isolated+fibres+from+mouse+skeletal+muscle.">Force decline due to fatigue and intracellular acidification in isolated fibres from mouse skeletal muscle.</a> J. Physiol. 434, 307-322 (1991).</li><li>Westerblad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+gradients+of+intracellular+calcium+in+skeletal+muscle+during+fatigue.">Spatial gradients of intracellular calcium in skeletal muscle during fatigue.</a> Pflugers Arch. 415, 734-740 (1990).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+resistance+to+fatigue+and+altered+calcium+handling+properties+of+sarcalumenin+knockout+mice.">Enhanced resistance to fatigue and altered calcium handling properties of sarcalumenin knockout mice.</a> Physiol. Genomics. 23, 72-78 (2005).</li><li>Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardioprotection+of+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+by+cholesterol-dependent+MG53-mediated+membrane+repair.">Cardioprotection of ischemia/reperfusion injury by cholesterol-dependent MG53-mediated membrane repair.</a> Circ. Res. 107, 76-83 (2010).</li><li>Cai, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MG53+nucleates+assembly+of+cell+membrane+repair+machinery.">MG53 nucleates assembly of cell membrane repair machinery.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 56-64 (2009).</li><li>Shen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+MIP/MTMR14+phosphatase+induces+a+muscle+disorder+by+disrupting+Ca(2+)+homeostasis.">Deficiency of MIP/MTMR14 phosphatase induces a muscle disorder by disrupting Ca(2+) homeostasis.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 769-776 (2009).</li><li>Romero-Suarez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle-specific+inositide+phosphatase+(MIP/MTMR14)+is+reduced+with+age+and+its+loss+accelerates+skeletal+muscle+aging+process+by+altering+calcium+homeostasis.">Muscle-specific inositide phosphatase (MIP/MTMR14) is reduced with age and its loss accelerates skeletal muscle aging process by altering calcium homeostasis.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 2, 504-513 (2010).</li><li>Yazawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRIC+channels+are+essential+for+Ca2++handling+in+intracellular+stores.">TRIC channels are essential for Ca2+ handling in intracellular stores.</a> Nature. 448, 78-82 (2007).</li><li>Brotto, M. A., Nosek, T. M., Kolbeck, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+ageing+on+the+fatigability+of+isolated+mouse+skeletal+muscles+from+mature+and+aged+mice.">Influence of ageing on the fatigability of isolated mouse skeletal muscles from mature and aged mice.</a> Exp. Physiol. 87, 77-82 (2002).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compromised+store-operated+Ca2++entry+in+aged+skeletal+muscle.">Compromised store-operated Ca2+ entry in aged skeletal muscle.</a> Aging Cell. 7, 561-568 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysfunction+of+store-operated+calcium+channel+in+muscle+cells+lacking+mg29.">Dysfunction of store-operated calcium channel in muscle cells lacking mg29.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 379-383 (2002).</li><li>Zhao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azumolene+inhibits+a+component+of+store-operated+calcium+entry+coupled+to+the+skeletal+muscle+ryanodine+receptor.">Azumolene inhibits a component of store-operated calcium entry coupled to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 281, 33477-33486 (2006).</li><li>Renaud, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+force+development+by+Na+,+K+,+Na++K++pump+and+KATP+channel+during+muscular+activity.">Modulation of force development by Na+, K+, Na+ K+ pump and KATP channel during muscular activity.</a> Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 296-315 (2002).</li><li>Brotto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+biochemical+modifications+in+skeletal+muscles+from+malarial+mice.">Functional and biochemical modifications in skeletal muscles from malarial mice.</a> Exp. Physiol. 90, 417-425 (2005).</li><li>Brotto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+and+fatigue-induced+modification+of+function+and+proteins+in+intact+and+skinned+murine+diaphragm+muscle.">Hypoxia and fatigue-induced modification of function and proteins in intact and skinned murine diaphragm muscle.</a> Pflugers Arch. 440, 727-734 (2000).</li><li>Smith, M. A., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+modulation+of+contractile+function+in+respiratory+and+limb+skeletal+muscle.">Redox modulation of contractile function in respiratory and limb skeletal muscle.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 151, 229-241 (2006).</li><li>Bagni, M. A., Cecchi, G., Colomo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myofilament+spacing+and+force+generation+in+intact+frog+muscle+fibres.">Myofilament spacing and force generation in intact frog muscle fibres.</a> J. Physiol. 430, 61-75 (1990).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

수축성 힘과 fatigability의 측정은 골격근 기능의 전반적인 평가하는 것이 중요합니다. 이 분석의 주요 목적은 sarcopenia 및 근육의 피로와 같은 특정 병적 인 조건에서 근육 힘의 변화와 피곤하게하는 속성을 식별하고, 근육 수축성에 마약 / 시약의 효과를 테스트하는 것입니다. 근육 힘이 밀접하게 세포 칼슘 2 관련되어 있기 때문에 + 릴리스 세포 칼슘 2 + 항목과이 둘 사이의...

골격 근육은 중추 신경계의 통제하에 수축성 힘을 뼈대의 뼈에 연결하고 생성합니다. 여기 - 수축 결합 (ECC)는 기계 응답에 전기 자극으로 변환하는 과정을 말합니다. 칼슘 2 + 신호는 골격근의 수축 기능의 필수 구성 요소입니다. 효과적인 칼슘 2 근 소포체 (SR)에서 + 동원은 중요한 근육 세포 1, 2에서 ECC를위한 구성 요소와 세포 칼슘이의 변화 + 신호는 근육 질환 3-5의 숫자에 해당 수축 기능 장애를 기초입니다. 근육 수축성의 적절한 평가는 + 이미지와 다른 assays가 아니라 수축성 수준에서, 골격근 기능에 통찰력을 얻을뿐만 아니라, 운동 수준에하는 것이 필수적 및 CA 2 무료로 제공됩니다. 힘과 속도도의 중요한 속성을 알려 구할 수 있습니다다른 생리학 및 pathophysiological 조건 하에서 근육 전력 및 ECC 프로세스의 상태를 표시합니다. 연구의이 다산의 필드는 매우 풍부한 역사를 가지고 있으며 근육 수축의 많은 이론은 두 천년 6으로 나타났다. 현대 근육 연구는 아마도 레벤후크 6 근육 섬유의 크로스 - 강선과 myofibrils의 현미경 관찰과 1674년에서 1682년까지에서 시작됩니다. 의 신경이 먼 전기 기계 7-9에서 스파크 방전시 메스와 접촉 할 때 거의 100 년 후, 루이지 Galvani는 개구리 근육 계약을 힘차게 그 관찰했다. 수축은 금속 전도체를 통해 근육에 다리 신경을 연결하여 생산 될 수 있습니다. Galvani에 의해지지 복잡한 전기 신호 메커니즘의 세부 사항은 결국 전기 생리학의 기초가되었다 자신의 유명한 방정식 10, 11 호 지킨, 헉슬리와 카츠에 의해 공식화되었다. 린의 놀라운 관찰GER은 + 개구리 심장과 골격 근육 12-15의 수축성에 대한 세포 칼슘 (2)의 효과에 칼슘 2 인식의 첫 번째 주요 단계 + 근육 수축성 16, 17의 핵심 레귤레이터로를 나타냅니다. 1980 년대부터 현재에 이르기까지 근육 수축성 필드에 발견 버스트 인해 근육 수축성과 손쥐 골격근 18 fatigability 프로토콜의 도입으로 실현되었다. 존스와 에드워즈는 19이 ECC 기계의 변화와하지 수축성 장치와 연결되었다고 저주파 간헐적 인 피로 (힘의 운동 유발 성 감소)를 제안하는 첫번째이었다. 동안 후반 1980 년대와 초기 1990 년대에 Kolkeck 외 20 Kolbeck 및 Nosek 21,와 리드 (22)는, 골격 근육 수축성에 theophyllines, cortiosterone, 무료 래디칼의 효과를 연구하기 위해 쥐 모델에서 격막 근육을 사용했다 브룩스 Faulkn어 쥐 22 빠른 및 느린 근육의 반복 힘 및 전력 측정의 측정에보고 처음이었다. 또한, Lannegren, Westerblad, 양고기, 그리고 Westerblad 직접 세포 칼슘 2 + 규제로 전직 생체의 수축성을 연결하는 첫 번째 있었고, 근육의 피로 23, 24의 산증의 역할에 의문을 제기 시작했다. 우리 실험실이 크게 손상 마우스 근육 수축성 연구의 조합을 사용하여 초기 2000 년대 소설 유전자의 이해에 대한 modulatory 및 규제 역할과 근육 ECC에서 근육 수축성, fatigability, 그리고 노화에 중요한 역할과 이후 공헌 세포 칼슘 2 + 모니터링에있다 온전하고 피부 근육 섬유와 분자 - 유전자 조작 3-5, 25-29. 여기 손쥐 절연 soleus과 신근 digitorum longus의의 측정 수축성 (ED에 대한 실험 프로토콜을 설명에 해당하는 L) 근육, 대부분 느린 산화 (타입 I과 IIA 근육 섬유)와 별개의 수축 특성을 가진 대부분 빠른 속도로 glyocolytic 근육 (타입 IIB와 IIx 근육 섬유).에게 이 프로토콜에서 그대로 근육 힘줄이 단지는 격리 된 순수 산소 또는 산소의 혼합 (95 %)과 CO 2 (5 %) 중 함께 제공 ADI PowerLab Radnotti 챔버 시스템에 목욕. 수축성 힘은 잔디 stimulator에서 전기 stimulations에 의해 생성 및 매크로 루틴의 정의는 데이터의 수집, 수집, 디지털화, 스토리지를 제어 할 수 있습니다 ADI PowerLab/400 시스템과 통합 된 힘 변환기를 사용하여 감지되었습니다. 이 설정은 근육 힘, 근육 전원뿐만 아니라 힘이 대 주파수 관계, 근육 피로, 근육 피로, 속도, 근육 수축의 전체 운동 속성의 복구를 측정 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 근육 수축에 마약의 효과는이 실험을 통해 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. </p&gt; 이 방법의 장점은 근육을 계약의 본질적인 속성의 직접 평가를 수 있도록 골격 근육에서 떨어져 neuronal과 혈관 구성 요소를 제거에 누워. 또한, 전 생체의 수축성의 assays는 다양한 이온 투과 채널과 수송의 약리 조작 골격근 기능을 위해 생리적 역할을 정의하기 위해 사용을 가능하게 고립 된 근육을 둘러싸고있는 세포 환경의 조작을 할 수 있습니다. 이 예 생체 시스템은 우리가 최근에 변경된 세포 칼슘 2로 연결 한 특정 돌연변이 근육 준비에 뚜렷한 alternan의 행동 + 등록 할 4 취급을 발견 할 수있다. Alternans은 피곤하게하는 프로필의 감소 단계에서 수축성 힘의 변동 버스트 에피소드로 정의됩니다. 이 이벤트에는 수축성 힘이 순간적으로 힘 D의 이전 수준보다 증가더 많은 칼슘 2 + 출시되고 또는 수축성 기계는 칼슘 2 + 30 더 민감되었다 어느 아마도 때문에 피곤하게하는의 자극을 uring. cyclopiazonic 산 (CPA), 근 - endoplasmic 소포체 칼슘 ATPase (SERCA), 카페인, ryanodine 채널 (RyR)의 작용제의 회복 차단의 치료와 stimulations를 피곤하게하는 반복이 모든 것을 alternans 직접 관련된 제안, 기계 alternans에게 4 일으킬 수 EC 커플 링 프로세스의 변조. 체외 수축성 설정에서의 메카닉 alternans를 유도하고 기록 할 수있는 방법의 시연은 개별 연구 관심 분야에 따라이 시스템 또는 유사한 것들로 획득 할 수 다양한 실험 매개 변수를 표시 할 수있는 예제로 제공하고 있습니다. 이 방법은 근육 생리학을 공부 연구자에 관심이있을 것으로 생각됩니다. 비슷한 설정은 다른에서 격리 된 골격 muscle-tendon/ligament 단지 사용할 수 있습니다해부학 적 위치,뿐만 아니라 단일 섬유와 근육 스트립​​에 있습니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 (선택 사항) </td></tr><tr><td> 2 - 수배 </td><td> Tocris </td><td> 1224 </td><td> 카 2의 숫자 + SOC와 TRP 등 입력 채널의 차단 </td></tr><tr><td> SKF96365 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> SKF-96365 </td><td> 카 2 수의 차단기 SOC와 수용체로 인한 칼슘 2 + 항목 등 + 항목 채널 </td></tr><tr><td> BTP-2 </td><td> Millipore </td><td> 203890 - 5MG </td><td> 비교적 특정 SOC 차단기 </td></tr><tr><td> CPA </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> C1530 </td><td> 치료 SERCA 차단기 </td></tr><tr><td> 카페인 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> C0750 </td><td> 빠른 작업 RyR의 작용제 </td></tr><tr><td> Radnoti 네 단위 조직 장기 목욕 시스템 </td><td> Radnoti </td><td> 159920 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 조합 조직 지원 / 자극 전극 </td><td> Radnoti </td><td> 160151 </td><td> 수직 이쪽은 조직 지원 유형을 지그재그의 한 변 </td></tr><tr><td> 쿼드 브리지 앰프 </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td> FE224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PowerLab/400 </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td></td><td> 이 제품은 더 이상 사용할 수 없습니다. 데이터 수집 시스템의 다른 버전을 선택합니다. </td></tr><tr><td> 힘 변환기 (5 MG - 25 G) </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td> MLT0201/RAD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 차트 v4.02 </td><td> ADInstruments </TD&gt; <td></td><td> LabChart 7.3은 차트 소프트웨어의 최신 버전입니다. </td></tr><tr><td> S8800 듀얼 펄스 디지털 Stimulator </td><td> GRASS 기술 </td><td></td><td> 이 제품은 더 이상 사용할 수 없습니다. S88X 듀얼 출력 광장 펄스 Stimulator는 새로운 stimulator입니다. </td></tr><tr><td> RF 변압기 절연 단위 </td><td> GRASS 기술 </td><td> 모델 SIU5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ex vivo assessment of contractility, fatigability and alternans in isolated skeletal muscles

여기에 설명하는 것은 분리 된 골격 근육의 수축성을 측정 할 수있는 방법입니다. 이러한 근육 힘, 근육 전력, 수축성 속도론, fatigability, 그리고 피로 후 복구와 같은 매개 변수가 같은 흥분으로 여기 - 수축 결합의 특정 측면 (ECC) 프로세스, 수축성 기계 및 칼슘 2 + 처리 능력을 평가하기 위해 얻을 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 신경과 혈액 공급을 제거하고 격리 골격근 자체에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 우리는 정기적으로 변조 칼슘 2 + 신호 경로 불구하고 골격 근육의 수축 속성을 변경 유전자 구성 요소를 식별하는 데이 방법을 사용합니다. 여기, 우리는 체외 근육 수축성 분석에 사용 얻을 수 다양하고 풍부한 정보의 예로서 새로 확인 된 골격 근육 표현형, 즉 메카닉 alternans를 설명합니다. 단일 셀 assays, 유전자 접근 방식과 biochemi와 함께 검정의 조합stry의 assays는 골격근의 ECC의 메커니즘에 중요한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

우리는 직접의 근육 힘, 근육 힘, 수축성 속도론 및 절연 골격 근육의 fatigability를 측정하는 방법을 설명<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 입력란을 자극을 사용하여 시스템을 갖추고 있습니다. 칼슘에 대한 중요 정보<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; 취급 속성과 근육의 수축성 기계는 다른 자극 프로토콜을 사용하여 얻을 수 있습니다.

절연 골격근의 수축성, Fatigability 및 Alternans의 예 VIVO 평가

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

ex-vivo-assessment-contractility-fatigability-alternans-isolated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

23.6K 조회수.  UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. 우리는 직접의 근육 힘, 근육 힘, 수축성 속도론 및 절연 골격 근육의 fatigability를 측정하는 방법을 설명 체외에서 입력란을 자극을 사용하여 시스템을 갖추고 있습니다. 칼슘에 대한 중요 정보 2 + 취급 속성과 근육의 수축성 기계는 다른 자극 프로토콜을 사용하여 얻을 수 있습니다.

비디오: Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

In vivo Micro-circulation Measurement in Skeletal Muscle by Intra-vital Microscopy

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of imaging had invented. While many macroscopic parameters of blood flow reflect flow velocity, changes in blood flow velocity and red blood cell (RBC) flux does not hold linear relationship in the microscopic observations. There are reports of discrepancy between RBC velocity and RBC flux, RBC flux and plasma flow volume, and of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of flow regulation in the peripheral tissues in microscopic observations, a scientific basis for the requirement of more detailed studies in microcirculatory regulation using intravital microscopy. METHODS: We modified Jeff Lichtman's method of in vivo microscopic observation of mouse sternomastoid muscles. Mice are anesthetized,
ventilated, and injected with PKH26L-fluorescently labeled RBCs for microscopic observation.RESULT &amp; CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescently labeled RBCs are detected and distinguished well by a wide-field microscope. Muscle contraction evoked by electrical stimulation induced increase in RBC flux. Quantification of other parameters including RBC velocity and capillary density were feasible. Mice tolerated well the surgery, injection of stained RBCs, microscopic observation, and electrical stimulation. No muscle or blood vessel damage was observed, suggesting that our method is relatively less invasive and suited for long-term observations.

A new versatile method for observation of microcirculation is presented. It is considered suitable for long-term observation, and for combination with pharmacophysiological or molecular biological interventions.

내부 핵심 현미경에 의해 골격근의 생체내 미세 순환 측정

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of ...

연구

생물학

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, &beta;2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and &alpha;-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. &alpha;1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

We describe detailed procedures for the efficient transfection of plasmid DNA into the fibers of foot muscles of live mice using electroporation and the subsequent visualization of protein expression using fluorescence microscopy.

사용 포유류 골격 근육의 유전자 Transfection VIVO에서 Electroporation

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

예 생체내</em혈관 반응성 조사를위한> 절연 골격 Microvessel 준비

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

Isometric and Eccentric Force Generation Assessment of Skeletal Muscles Isolated from Murine Models of Muscular Dystrophies

Critical to the evaluation of potential therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological assessments of muscle function. Because many pre-clinical trials rely on mouse models for these diseases, isolated muscle function has become one of the standards for Go/NoGo decisions in moving drug candidates forward into patients. We will demonstrate the preparation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and diaphragm muscles for functional testing, which are the predominant muscles utilized for these studies. The EDL muscle geometry is ideal for isolated muscle preparations, with two easily accessible tendons, and a small size that can be supported by superfusion in a bath. The diaphragm exhibits profound progressive pathology in dystrophic animals, and can serve as a platform for evaluating many potential therapies countering fibrosis, and promoting myofiber stability. Protocols for routine testing, including isometric and eccentric contractions, will be shown. Isometric force provides assessment of strength, and eccentric contractions help to evaluate sarcolemma stability, which is disrupted in many types of muscular dystrophies. Comparisons of the expected results between muscles from wildtype and dystrophic muscles will also be provided. These measures can complement morphological and biochemical measurements of tissue homeostasis, as well as whole animal assessments of muscle function.

Muscle function measurements contribute to the evaluation of potential therapeutics for muscle pathology, as well as to the determination of mechanisms underlying physiology of this tissue. We will demonstrate the preparation of the extensor digitorum longus and diaphragm muscles for functional testing. Protocols for isometric and eccentric contractions will be shown, as well as differences in results between dystrophic muscles, representing a pathological state, and wildtype muscles.

골격 근육의 Isometric 나기도하고 강제로 생성 평가는 절연 근육질 Dystrophies의 손쥐 모델에서

Critical to the evaluation of potential  therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological  assessments of muscle function. ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

칼슘의 평가는 그대로 골격 근육 섬유에서 불꽃

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The contractile characteristics can be evaluated independently of external influences such as vascular tonus or neurohumoral status. It depicts a scientific approach between single cell measurements with isolated cardiac myocytes and in vivo studies like echocardiography. Thus, papillary muscle preparations serve as an excellent model to study cardiac physiology/pathophysiology and can be used for investigations like the modulation by pharmacological agents or the exploration of transgenic animal models. Here, we describe a method of isolating the murine left anterior papillary muscle to investigate cardiac contractility in an organ bath setup. In contrast to a muscle strip preparation isolated from the ventricular wall, the papillary muscle can be prepared in toto without damaging the muscle tissue severely. The organ bath setup consists of several temperature-controlled, gassed and electrode-equipped organ bath chambers. The isolated papillary muscle is fixed in the organ bath chamber and electrically stimulated. The evoked twitch force is recorded using a pressure transducer and parameters such as twitch force amplitude and twitch kinetics are analyzed. Different experimental protocols can be performed to investigate the calcium- and frequency-dependent contractility as well as dose-response curves of contractile agents such as catecholamines or other pharmaceuticals. Additionally, pathologic conditions like acute ischemia can be simulated.

Murine left ventricular papillary muscle can be used to investigate cardiac contractility in vitro. This article describes in detail the isolation and experimental protocols to study cardiac contractile characteristics.

마우스의 심장 수축력의 조사에 대 한 격리 유두 근육의 수축력 측정

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

은 C-FOS 단백질 면역 조직 검색 : 특정 생리적 반응에 관여 중앙 진학의 마커로서 유용한 도구<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 및<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

의 강성 측정<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여&gt; 마우스 대동맥

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Skeletal muscle is an insulin-responsive tissue and typically takes up most of the glucose that enters the blood after a meal. Moreover, it has been reported that skeletal muscle may increase the extraction of glucose from the blood by up to 50-fold during exercise compared to resting conditions. The increase in muscle glucose uptake during exercise and insulin stimulation is dependent on the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular compartments to the muscle cell surface membrane, as well as phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase II. Isolation and incubation of mouse muscles such as m. soleus and m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is an appropriate ex vivo model to study the effects of insulin and electrically-induced contraction (a model for exercise) on glucose uptake in mature skeletal muscle. Thus, the ex vivo model permits evaluation of muscle insulin sensitivity and makes it possible to match muscle force production during contraction ensuring uniform recruitment of muscle fibers during measurements of muscle glucose uptake. Moreover, the described model is suitable for pharmacological compound testing that may have an impact on muscle insulin sensitivity or may be of help when trying to delineate the regulatory complexity of skeletal muscle glucose uptake.
Here we describe and provide a detailed protocol on how to measure insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated and incubated soleus and EDL muscle preparations from mice using radiolabeled [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose and [14C]mannitol as an extracellular marker. This allows accurate assessment of glucose uptake in mature skeletal muscle in the absence of confounding factors that may interfere in the intact animal model. In addition, we provide information on metabolic viability of incubated mouse skeletal muscle suggesting that the method&#160;applied possesses some caveats under certain conditions when studying muscle energy metabolism.

Intact regulation of muscle glucose uptake is important for maintaining whole body glucose homeostasis. This protocol presents assessment of insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated and incubated mature skeletal muscle when delineating the impact of various physiological interventions on whole body glucose metabolism.

마우스로부터 단리되고 배양된 성숙한 골격근에서의 인슐린- 및 수축-자극된 글루코스 흡수의 측정

Skeletal muscle is an insulin-responsive tissue and typically takes up most of the glucose that enters the blood after a meal. Moreover, it has been ...

Single Myofiber Culture Assay for the Assessment of Adult Muscle Stem Cell Functionality Ex Vivo

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells leave their quiescent state and activate the myogenic program ultimately leading to the repair of damaged tissue concomitant with the replenishment of the muscle stem cell pool. Various factors influence muscle stem cell activity, among them intrinsic stimuli but also signals from the direct muscle stem cell environment, the stem cell niche. The isolation and culture of single myofibers with their associated muscle stem cells preserves most of the interaction of the stem cell with its niche and is, therefore, the closest possibility to study muscle stem cell functionality ex vivo. Here, a protocol for the isolation, culture, siRNA transfection and immunostaining of muscle stem cells on their respective myofibers from mouse EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscles is provided. The experimental conditions outlined here allow the study and manipulation of muscle stem cells ex vivo including investigation of myogenic activity without the inherent need for in vivo animal experiments.

In this protocol an in vitro culturing and functional analysis method for muscle stem cells is described, which preserves most of their interactions with their endogenous niche.

성인 근육 줄기 세포 기능 전 비보의 평가를위한 단일 근섬유 배양 분석

Adult skeletal muscle tissue harbors a stem cell population that is indispensable for its ability to regenerate. Upon muscle damage, muscle stem cells ...