이 작품은 독일 연구 협회 (KFO 196 &quot;Signaltransduktion BEI adaptativen 싶게 maladaptiven kardialen 리모델링-Prozessen&quot;, 1638 / 1-2 FR)에 의해 심장 혈관 연구, 건강 연구의 독일 센터의 일부에 대한 DZHK (독일 센터에 의해 지원되었다 , BMBF (교육 및 연구 독일 정부) 이니셔티브)이다.

주 : 분리 과정의 기본 단계는도 1에 도시 된 모든 단계가 다음 프로토콜에서 상세히 설명된다.. 유두근 분리, 기관 목욕 챔버에 장착, 수집 및 분석은 연속적인 의무 시간 척도에서 수행된다. 모든 동물 실험은 동물의 보호에 관한 독일 법률에 따라 수행하고, 하이델베르크 대학의 윤리 심사위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 계측 1. 준비 <ol><li> 수축력을 위해 측정은 다중 챔버 기관 목욕 설정을 사용합니다. 생체 수축력 기관 목욕 설정의 구성 요소는 그림 2에 표시됩니다. 참고 : 유두근의 준비 및 실험 프로토콜의 시작 사이의 시간 설정, 장비를 최소화하고 실험 tissue.This를 수집 제공하기로 버퍼를 사전 준비하려면조직 실험을 실시 가능한 남아있는 시간의 양을 최대 ES. </li><li> 컴퓨터와 데이터 수집 장비를 시작합니다. 장기 목욕 열 (사전에 32 ° C)의 전원을 켜고 설정 온도에 단위를 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 수집 장비를 준비합니다. 소프트웨어 설명서에 언급 된 데이터를 기록 시작합니다. </li><li> 확인하고 각 채널 (필요한 경우) 캘리브레이션을 수행하고 인증 된 중량에 의해 공급 -2- g 력 (즉, 채널과 관련된) 각각의 힘 센서로부터 공급 된 전기 신호를 표준화하는 모든 채널을 제로. </li><li> 장기 목욕 챔버에 가스 공급 (95 %, O2 / 5 % CO 2)를 켭니다. 지속적으로 전체 프로토콜 측정하는 동안 모든 실 가스. </li></ol> 버퍼 및 생리 솔루션 2. 준비 <ol><li> 119 mM의 NaCl을 최종 농도를 달성하기-Henseleit 크렙스 완충액을 제조; 25 밀리미터의 NaHCO3; 4.6 밀리미터의 KCl; 11MM 혈당; 1 mM의 나-Pyruvate; 1.5 mM의 염화칼슘 (2); 1.64 mm의 4 황산; 1.18 mM의 KH 2 PO 4 (표 1 생리 솔루션을 참조) 7.4으로 산도를 조정합니다. </li><li> 추가 30MM 2,3- 부탄 monoxime (BDM) 50 IE 헤파린 / ml의 단계 2.1에 설명 된대로 분리시 사용하는 별도의 크렙스 - Henseleit 버퍼 ​​솔루션을 준비합니다. 4 ° C를 (표 1 제조 솔루션을 참조) 쿨 솔루션입니다. 표 1에 기재된 시뮬레이션 허혈, 허혈 용액을 제조 하였다. </li><li> 칼슘 +의 프로토콜 용 - 의존 수축력 요청 최종 농도 크렙스 - Henseleit 완충 용액에 칼슘을 추가합니다. 참고 : 직접 사용하기 전에이 솔루션을 준비하고 Calciumcarbonate의 침전을 방지하기 위해 carbogen와 GASS. 사용하기 전에 32 ° C에 Prewarm 솔루션입니다. </li></ol> 유두 절제술 절차를 수행하는 동안 사용되는 가스 처리 튜브 및 해부 접시 3. 준비 <ol><li> 부드러운 가스 연결전문가가 작동 가스와 연결 (산소 100 %, 또는 carbogen)에 튜브 (외부 직경 2-4mm)를 노래. </li><li> 해부 접시 내부 피팅 가스 처리 관의 닫힌 고리를 만듭니다. 가스 처리 튜브를 연속 기포가 보장 수회 천공. 이 관은 가스 배출은 여러 번 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 핀 그것에 결합 될 수 있도록 저부 (0.5 cm 두께)에 실리콘 엘라스토머와 해부 접시를 준비한다. 이 접시를 여러 번 사용될 수있다. </li></ol> 마우스의 왼쪽 전방 유두 근육 4. 분리 참고 : 유두근의 분리를 시작하기 전에, 가스 라인이 막힘의 명확 있는지 확인합니다. <ol><li> 유두근의 제조를 시작하기 전에 상기 프로토콜 1-3 절에서 설명한 바와 같이 기관 욕 설정을 준비한다. 실험의 날에 모든 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li><li> 자궁 경부 전위 accordi로 (약 8~12주 이전) 마우스를 희생전문적인 작업과 제도적 지침에 NG. </li><li> 앞발을 고정하여 지느러미의 위치에있는 동물을 수정하고 해부 보드에 발을 뒷다​​리, 날카로운 뼈 가위로 갈비뼈를 절단하여 양측의 흉부 측면을 연 다음 횡단 잘라 다이어프램을 잘라. 심낭을 제거합니다. 지금 심장과 대동맥 액세스 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 심장에 가까운 혈관 truncus에 무딘 집게로 마음을 수정하고 폐에서 가위와 주변 조직에 신속하게 마음을 분리합니다. </li><li> 산소 (단계 2.2)과 가스실 냉각 준비 솔루션 가득 페트리 접시에 뛰는 심장을 전송합니다. 심장이 이길 집게로 심장 정점을 터치를 통해 부드럽게 심장의 수축을 자극 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 즉시 마음이 완전히 exsanguinous이다, O 2로 냉각 준비 솔루션 (단계 2.2)로 가득하고 가스실 해부 접시에 전송할 수 있습니다. 사용이 단계 실체 현미경에서. </li><li> 난방 수정마음 (우심실이 운영자의보기에서 오른쪽에 위치) 지느러미에서 볼 수 있도록 우심실을 통해 작은 핀을 실온. </li><li> 사용하여 미세 수술 가위 심실에서 조직을 연결, 방실 수준 모두에서 심방을 잘라 분리하고 버린다. 기계적 압력을 피 마음의 정점에 AV-밸브 수준에서 심실 벽을 통해 상처를 수행합니다. </li><li> 뇌실을 열고, 따라서 좌심실 유두 근육 모두를 살펴 가진, 집게와 왼쪽면 무료 벽을 고정한다. </li><li> 약간 유두근 준비에 판막 항해의 일부를 보존 왼쪽 전방 유두근의 양쪽에있는 심실 조직 측면을 절단과 접촉을 피하거나 최대한 유두 근육을 스트레칭. 유두 근육에 남아있는 심실 벽의 조직을 해부하다. </li><li> 유두근 준비의 양쪽에 부착 실크 쓰레드 (7/0, 0.5 미터)aration, 판막 항해에 하나는 근육 부분에 하나. 온도 32 ° C가 제안으로, 장기 목욕 솔루션으로 가득 carbogen와 가스실 기관 목욕 실에서 준비를 수정합니다. </li></ol> 유두근 5. 평형과 자극 <ol><li> 즉시 기관 욕에 정착 후 1 Hz에서 자극의 주파수에서 직사각형 펄스 (2 MS의 기간 및 100mA의 전류) 유두근 제제를 자극한다. </li><li> 지속적인 변화 또는 사용 기관 목욕 유형의 설정에 따라 자주 사용 설명서 변경 (매 5 분)에 의해 중, 장기 목욕 솔루션의 빈번한 변화를 확인합니다. </li><li> 도달에 점차적으로 최대 트 힘까지 텐션을 증가시킨다. 겉치레의 증가가 트의 힘에 더 보강으로 따르지 않을 경우 최대 트 힘에 도달. </li><li> 평형의 45 ~ 60 분 후, 실험 프로토콜을 시작합니다. </li></ol> 참고 : 아래에 설명 된 실험 프로토콜은 생리와 병리 생리 학적 조건에서 심장 수축력의 특성을 표준 연습을 포함한다. 대표 섹션에서 우리는 또한 대표적인 결과를 보여주는 구체적으로 이러한 프로토콜을 설명 (또한 표 2 참조). <ol><li> 녹화 및 실험 프로토콜 분석 <ol><li> 기록을 위해, 적절한 시간 해상도 (취득 비율 ≥의 1kHz에서)에 적합한 소프트웨어를 사용합니다. </li><li> 트 힘의 크기 (높이), 긴장 (TTP)와 (예를 들어 그림 4 참조, ADInstruments의 5.5 도표를 포함합니다) 소프트웨어 프로그램에서 언급 한 바와 같이 반 최대한의 휴식 시간 (R 50는 각각 / TFall를) 피크 시간을 포함하여 매개 변수를 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+intracellular+free+calcium+concentration+during+long+exposures+to+simulated+ischemia+in+isolated+mammalian+ventricular+muscle.">Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration during long exposures to simulated ischemia in isolated mammalian ventricular muscle.</a> Circ Res. 71 (1), 58-69 (1992).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

이 논문에서는 마우스에서 심장 생리학 및 병리학 관련된 여러 과학 질문에 응답뿐만 아니라 형질 전환 라인 분석 및 새로운 약학 적 접근법의 검색을 지원하는 데 사용할 수있는 시험 관내 뮤린 유두근 수축력을 조사하는 방법을 서술 심장 기능 장애를 치료한다. 우리는 심근 수축력의 생리 병리학 적 및 약리학 적 특성을 평가하기 위해,이 방법의 사용을 예시한다 (도 3 참조)...

심장 수축성 그들의 역할을 참조 이온 채널 단백질 등의 조사는 다른 pathomechanisms를 발견하고 그러한 허혈 및 심장 마비와 같은 심장 질환에 대한 새로운 치료 전략을 구축하는 것이 필수적이다. 포유류 심근 수축 기능은 다양한 이온 채널, 전송기 및 다른 단백질에 의해 조절되는 것으로 알려져있다. 활동 전위는 2 + 채널이 세포 외 공간에서 칼슘 유입에 이르게이어서 칼슘 2 +에 휴대 수축 2 트리거 칼슘 2 + 릴리스 (CICR 1), 유도 된 칼슘 전압 의존 sarcolemmal의 L 형의 활성화를 불러 일으켰다. 생리 학적 또는 병리학 적 스트레스에 심장 수축력과 적응에 중심적인 역할을 -signaling 칼슘. 카테콜아민 따라서 캠프를 합성 아데 닐 레이트 사이 클라 (AC)을 자극, 심장 β 아드레날린 수용체를 활성화합니다. 활성화되는, PROTEIN 칼슘 2 + 과도 심장 수축력의 1,3,4의 수정의 결과로 L 형 칼슘 채널, phospholamban 및 ryanodine 수용체와 같은 다른 세포와 막 관련 단백질을 인산화 (PKA)을 키나제. 캠프 포스 (PDE)에 의해 분해된다. β - 아드레날린 수용체 이외의 GS-결합 수용체의 활성화는 또한 캠프의 축적으로 이어집니다. 절연 심실 근육 스트립 수축력 측정 기술은 물론 더 큰 포유류 5-8 확립된다. 유전자의 가능성이 생쥐 대상에 기초하여, 쥐 심장 생리학을 분석하는 방법을 확립하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 생쥐에서 고립 근육 준비의 생리적 특성에 대한 기존의 데이터는 실험 조건 9-12에 따라 다릅니다. 한 방법은 좌심실 유두근 사전의 심장 수축력을 분석하는 데 사용됩니다체외에서 parations. 심장 수축력의 조사는 혈압, neurohumoral 자극과 신체 대사 스트레스 등의 생체 내 심장 수축력을 수정 영향의 부재에서 수행된다. 계약 근육 준비의 박동 속도는 엄격하게 정의 임의로 변경 될 수 있습니다. 트 위치 력 특정 칼슘 농도로서 자극, 주파수 또는 온도를 상회의 맥락에서 분석 될 수있다. 또한,이 방법은 상이한 신호 경로 구성 요소를 조사하고, 상기 언급 된 실험 조건을 제어함으로써, 유전자 변형 마우스 모델의 심장 성능을 비교하기 위해 사용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9434&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5280&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">223506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P 5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3-Butanedione monoxime</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3917</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H312, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-?Isobutyl-?1-?methylxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 302, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoprenaline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5627</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H319-H335</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Heparine 250.000 IE/10ml</td>
			<td>ratiopharm</td>
			<td>PZN 3874685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histamine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7250</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H 317-H319- H334-H335</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contractility measurements on isolated papillary muscles for the investigation of cardiac inotropy in mice

성인 마우스 마음에서 격리 유두근는 다른 생리 / 병리 적 조건에서 심장 수축력을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 수축 특성은 독립적으로 혈관 TONUS neurohumoral 또는 상태와 같은 외부의 영향을 평가할 수있다. 그것은 고립 된 심장 근육 세포와 단일 세포 측정 사이와 심 초음파 등의 생체 내 연구의 과학적인 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 우수한 모델이 심장 생리학 / 병태를 연구하고되는 약물에 의해 변조 또는 트랜스 제닉 동물 모델의 탐색과 같은 조사를 위해 사용될 수있다, 따라서, 유두근 제제는 역할을한다. 여기, 우리는 장기 목욕 설정에서 심장 수축력을 조사하기 위해 쥐의 좌전 유두근을 분리하는 방법을 설명합니다. 심실 벽으로부터 격리 근육 스트립 제제와 대조적으로, 유두근은 근육 tissu TOTO을 손상시키지 않고 제조 할 수있다심각 전자. 장기 화장실 설치는 여러 온도 조절, 기체를 첨가 전극 장착 된 장기 목욕 챔버로 구성되어 있습니다. 격리 된 유두 근육 기관 목욕 실에서 해결 전기적 자극한다. 경련 유발 력은 그러한 힘 진폭 트 및 동력학 분석되는 트 같이 압력 변환기 및 파라미터를 이용하여 기록된다. 다른 실험 프로토콜 같은 카테콜아민 또는 다른 약제로서 수축 화제의 칼슘 및 주파수 별 수축뿐만 아니라, 용량 - 반응 곡선을 조사하기 위하여 수행 될 수있다. 또한 허혈과 같은 병리학 적 급성 조건을 시뮬레이션 할 수있다.

절연 뮤린 유두근 제제의 수축력 측정이 원고의 프로토콜은 생리 학적 조건 하에서 실험 재현성있는 결과를 달성하기 위해 최적의 상태로 조정된다. 최적의 실험 조건을 정의하기 위해 우리는 기관 욕 온도 및 세포 외 칼슘 농도 (도 12 참조) 가변 파일럿 실험을 수행 하였다. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜은 1.5 mm의 세포 외 칼슘 농도 및 32 ° C의 온도로 수행 하였다. 기저 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice at JoVE.com

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

뮤린 좌심실 유두근는 체외에서 심근 수축력을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 문서 자세히 분리 실험 프로토콜 심장 수축 특성을 연구에 대해 설명합니다.

마우스의 심장 수축력의 조사에 대 한 격리 유두 근육의 수축력 측정

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K 조회수.  Universität Heidelberg.  뮤린 좌심실 유두근는 체외에서 심근 수축력을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 문서 자세히 분리 실험 프로토콜 심장 수축 특성을 연구에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

이온 채널 유학을위한 패치 클램프 및 재관류 기법으로 표현 Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

연구

생물학

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks in vivo. In this regard, the search for experimental models to build blood vessel networks in vivo is of utmost importance 1. The feasibility of bioengineering microvascular networks in vivo was first shown using human tissue-derived mature endothelial cells (ECs) 2-4; however, such autologous endothelial cells present problems for wide clinical use, because they are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities and require harvesting from existing vasculature. These limitations have instigated the search for other sources of ECs. The identification of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in blood presented an opportunity to non-invasively obtain ECs 5-7. We and other authors have shown that adult and cord blood-derived ECFCs have the capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo 7-11. Importantly, these studies have also shown that to obtain stable and durable vascular networks, ECFCs require co-implantation with perivascular cells. The assay we describe here illustrates this concept: we show how human cord blood-derived ECFCs can be combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a single cell suspension in a collagen/fibronectin/fibrinogen gel to form a functional human vascular network within 7 days after implantation into an immunodeficient mouse. The presence of human ECFC-lined lumens containing host erythrocytes can be seen throughout the implants indicating not only the formation (de novo) of a vascular network, but also the development of functional anastomoses with the host circulatory system. This murine model of bioengineered human vascular network is ideally suited for studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human vascular network formation and for the development of strategies to vascularize engineered tissues.

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse vasculature.

Immunodeficient 마우스의 생체 공학 인간 Microvascular 네트워크

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

예 생체내</em혈관 반응성 조사를위한> 절연 골격 Microvessel 준비

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

We describe a method to directly measure muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics and fatigability of isolated skeletal muscles in an in vitro system using field stimulation. Valuable information on Ca2+ handling properties and contractile machinery of the muscle can be obtained using different stimulating protocols.

절연 골격근의 수축성, Fatigability 및 Alternans의 예 VIVO 평가

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to nonmarrow tissue have not been completely clarified. We describe here the technique of intravital microscopy applied to the mouse cremaster microcirculation for analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration in vivo. Intravital microscopy of the M. cremaster has been previously introduced in the field of inflammatory research for direct observation of leucocyte interaction with the vascular endothelium. Since sufficient peripheral stem and progenitor cell migration includes similar initial steps of rolling along and firm adhesion at the endothelial lining it is conceivable to apply the M. cremaster model for the observation and quantification of the interaction of intravasculary administered stem cells with the endothelium. As various chemical components can be selectively applied to the target tissue by simple superfusion techniques, it is possible to establish essential microenvironmental preconditions, for initial stem cell recruitment to take place in a living organism outside the bone marrow.

Intravital microscopy of the mouse M. cremaster microcirculation offers a unique and well-standardized in vivo model for the analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration.

주변 줄기 세포 이주의 분석을위한 마우스 Cremaster 근육에있는 미세 혈관의의 intravital 현미경

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

마우스입니다 관류 신장 기법

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. The development of new, innovative strategies for miRNA/siRNA therapy is based on an extensive knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data suggest that small RNAs are exchanged between cells in a gap junction-dependent manner, thereby inducing gene regulatory effects in the recipient cell. Molecular biological techniques and flow cytometric analysis are commonly used to study the intercellular exchange of miRNA. However, these methods do not provide high temporal resolution, which is necessary when studying the gap junctional flux of molecules. Therefore, to investigate the impact of miRNA/siRNA as intercellular signaling molecules, novel tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of these small RNAs at the cellular level. The present protocol describes the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) microscopy to elucidating the gap junction-dependent exchange of miRNA molecules between cardiac cells. Importantly, this straightforward and non-invasive live-cell imaging approach allows for the visualization and quantification of the gap junctional shuttling of fluorescently labeled small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution. The data obtained by 3D-FRAP confirm a novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation, where small RNAs act as signaling molecules within the intercellular network.

Here, we describe the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) for the analysis of the gap junction-dependent shuttling of miRNA. In contrast to commonly applied methods, 3D-FRAP allows for the quantification of the intercellular transfer of small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution.

3D-FRAP 현미경을 이용한 miRNA의 gap junction 의존적 전달 분석

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

Intramyocardial 쥐에 주입 하 여 심장 관련 유전자 조작 비보에 대 한 간단 하 고 효율적인 방법

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

Analyzing the &alpha;-Actinin Network in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Single Molecule Localization Microscopy

The maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes is a critical issue for their application in regenerative therapy, drug testing and disease modeling. Despite the development of multiple differentiation protocols, the generation of iPSC cardiomyocytes resembling an adult-like phenotype remains challenging. One major aspect of cardiomyocytes maturation involves the formation of a well-organized sarcomere network to ensure high contraction capacity. Here, we present a super resolution-based approach for semi-quantitative analysis of the &#945;-actinin network in cardiomyocytes. Using photoactivated localization microscopy a comparison of sarcomere length and z-disc thickness of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac cells isolated from neonatal tissue was performed. At the same time, we demonstrate the importance of proper imaging conditions to obtain reliable data. Our results show that this method is suitable to quantitatively monitor the structural maturity of cardiac cells with high spatial resolution, enabling the detection of even subtle changes of sarcomere organization.

Analyzing the &#945;-Actinin Network in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Single Molecule Localization Microscopy

The formation of a proper sarcomere network is important for the maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We present a super resolution-based approach that allows for the quantitative evaluation of the structural maturation of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, to improve culture conditions promoting cardiac development.

단일 분자 국소화 현미경 검사를 사용하여 인간 iPSC 파생 심근세포에서 α-액티닌 네트워크 분석

The maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes is a critical issue for their application in regenerative therapy, drug testing and disease modeling. ...

Dissection of the Endolymphatic Sac from Mice

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the human phenotypes. Although important progress has been done in the understanding of the development and function of the neurosensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibula, limited knowledge is available regarding the development, cellular composition, molecular pathways and functional characteristics of the endolymphatic sac. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of visualizing and microdissecting this tissue, which is an epithelium comprised of only one cell layer. The study presented here describes an approach to access and microdissect the endolymphatic sac from the wild-type mouse inner ear at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in a pendrin-deficient mouse model of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent endolymphatic sac is presented. This reporter mouse can be used to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac with limited dissection and determine its size. It can also be used as an educational tool to teach how to dissect the endolymphatic sac. These dissection procedures should facilitate further characterization of this understudied part of the inner ear.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>생쥐의 내림프낭 해부

This study describes how to dissect the endolymphatic sac from the inner ear of the mouse at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in an Slc26a4-null mouse model of enlargement of the endolymphatic sac. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent reporter expressed in the endolymphatic sac is presented as a model to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac, and educational tool.

생쥐의 내림프낭 해부

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the ...