이 작품은 NIH (U54CA143837), NIH MD 앤더슨 암 센터 지원 보조금 (CA016672), V 재단 (SAC) 및 Kanzius 연구 재단 (SAC, 이리, PA)에서 제한없는 연구 보조금에 의해 투자되었다. 우리는 행정 지원, 외과 종양학, MD 앤더슨 암 센터에서 크리스틴 재 감사합니다.

완전한 실험 개요는도 1에 도시된다. 더 자세한 사항은 아래의 1-3 단계에 묘사되어있다. 1. NP 콜로이드의 평가 RF 난방 : 예를 들어 금 나노 입자 <ol><li> 일반적으로, 각각의 NP 샘플이 조사되고 들면 제 배경 이온 및 오염 물질을 제거하는 탈 이온 (DI) 물로 원심 분리 필터를 통해 샘플을 여러 번 세척 하였다. 모든 이온과 오염 물질이 씻겨되는 액체가 DI 워터와 유사한 RF 가열 속도 (시간)이 AuNP 현탁액에서 제거 된 것입니다. 이러한 정제 공정은 얻어지는 NP에 높은 농도를 허용. 이것은이 예에서 금 나노 입자를 사용하지만, 기본 원리는 다른 NP 재료에 적용 할 수 있다는 것을 주목할 가치가있다. </li><li> 예를 들어, 지름 5 ㎚의 상업적으로 이용 가능한 금 나노 입자의 500 ㎖ 병을 정화하고 전기 무선 인터넷의 13.56 MHz의 RF 필드에 대상ELD 강도 90 kV의 / m. <ol><li> ~ 여섯 50 kDa의 원심 분리기 필터 튜브 사이의 주식 AuNP 솔루션 및 분할에서 125 mL를 취하여. 3,000 rpm에서 원심 분리기. 2 분 5 초. 더 원액을 여과 버퍼와 리필 필터를 제거합니다. 모두 500 ㎖를 여과 될 때까지 반복합니다. </li><li> DI 물과 비슷한 양으로 필터링 된 버퍼를 교체하고 약 8 배 (또는 필터링 된 버퍼 RF의 시간 DI 물에 해당 될 때까지)를 반복합니다. UV-VIS 분석은 또한 오염물 흡수 피크를 모니터링하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다. 버퍼 오염 물질은 완전히 각 필터로, 피펫 약 0.5 ml의 DI 물을 제거하고 반복 피펫 팅에 의해 금 나노 입자를 재현 탁하고 나면. 이것은 완전히 필터에서 금 나노 입자를 제거하고 전체 재 부유를 허용해야합니다. 한 15 ㎖의 에펜 도르프 튜브에 여섯 현탁액을 결합합니다. </li><li> 금 나노 입자는 정제, 농축 한 후, I​​CP-OES 및 / 또는 ICP-MS, UV-VI와 concentratio의 데이터에 대한 제타 전위를 사용하여 샘​​플을 분석N과 순이익 안정성, 각각. SEM 및 / 또는 TEM 분석은 형태 학적 데이터를 얻기 위해 사용될 수있다. 이러한 기술에 대한 상세한 샘플 준비는 문헌 4에서 찾아 볼 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> Kanzius RF의 이전 연구 8에 설명 된 시스템, 또는이 시스템의 유도, (아무 샘플 현재에) 공기 RF 전기장이 될 수 있도록 1.3 ㎖의 원통형 석영 큐벳을 배치 ~ 큐벳 내부 90 kV의 / M을 사용. 표준 식염수 샘플 (0.9 % 염화나트륨) 전기 필드 ~ 1.1 kV의 / m로 감소 될 것이다. 이러한 비교는 서로 다른 시스템간에 이루어질 수 있도록하는 데 사용되는 대략적인 조건이다. <ol><li> 피펫 석영 큐벳에 정제 AuNP 콜로이드의 1,000 ㎎ / ℓ의 시료 1.3 ㎖ 및 RF 필드에이를 소개합니다. 이렇게 맞춤형 테플론 샘플 홀더를 사용하여 수행 할 수있다. 120 초 동안 또는 샘플이 전기 불꽃 또는 빠른 비등을 방지하기 위해 70 °의 C에 도달 할 때까지 RF 필드에 샘플을 노출. 캘리포니아IR 카메라 및 관련 소프트웨어를 사용하는 열 화상 화 데이터 (뿐만 아니라 제어 분야) pture. 이 과정을 세 번 반복합니다. </li><li> DI 물 버퍼에서 금 나노 입자를 추출하는 다른 50 kDa의 원심 분리 필터를 통해 샘플을 고를. 세 번 다시, RF 필드에 버퍼를 재 노출. AuNP 콜로이드와 배경 DI 물 버퍼 사이의 홈런의 차이로 인해 금 나노 입자 자신에게 인사를 결정합니다. ~의 홈런을 얻을 것으로 예상 0.3 ° C / 초와 ~ 0.25 ° C / 초 AuNP 따라 HR을 제공하기 위해 0.05 ° C / 초. 생체 외 / 생체 실험에 1.3 ㎖의 물을 필터에 남아있는 금 나노 입자를 재현 탁. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 나노 입자를 이용한 RF 유도 고열 : 체외 연구 <ol><li> 이러한 시험 관내 연구는 2 차원 단일 층을 형성하는 암 세포 유형 중 어느 타입에 적용될 수있다. 이 실험에서 인 Hep3B 세포 유래 인간의 간세포 암을 사용합니다. <ol><li> 플레이트 ~ 50,000 CEL성장 배지 1 ㎖와 12 - 웰 플레이트의 앞 세 개의 우물에 LS. 이 6 번 (컨트롤로 NP 연구를위한 3 개의 판과 3 개의 판을 사용)을 반복합니다. NPS를 도입하기 전에 24 시간 동안 37.5 ° C에서 알을 품다. 5 분 동안 바이오 안전성 내각 UV 빛 노출을 사용하여 첫 번째 NPS를 소독. </li><li> 각에 잘 1,000 ㎎ / L AuNP 솔루션의 0.1 ML을 소개하고 또 다른 24 시간 동안 둡니다. 세 제어 셀 플레이트의 각 웰에 물 0.1 ㎖를 추가하고 또한 24 시간 동안 둡니다. </li><li> 24 시간이 경과 한 후, 세포 미디어를 대기음 및 표면 바인딩 된 금 나노 입자를 제거하는 PBS로 세척. 세포 미디어를 교체합니다. 세포는 현재 RF 노출에 대한 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> RF 필드에서 각 12도 전지 팩을 넣습니다. 세포가 31 ° C로 냉각 될 때까지 기다립니다 RF 발생기의 전원을 켜고 5 분 동안 노출. 세포 미디어의 최종 온도는 ~ 37 ℃가 될 것입니다 RF 필드를 끕니다. 세포를 제거하고 분석하기 전에 24 시간 동안 인큐베이터에 배치합니다. <ol> &lt;리&gt; 보육 및 대기음 세포 미디어에서 세포를 제거합니다. MTT 시약 0.4 ml로 잘뿐만 아니라 각 셀 매체의 1.6 ML을 추가합니다. 4 시간 동안 세포를 품어. 대기음 매체 및 디메틸 설폭 사이드 (DMSO) 중에서 2 ㎖로 대체. 벤치 로커의 셀 플레이트를 놓고 DMSO는 MTT 시약을 용해 할 수 있도록 10 분 동안 둡니다. 마지막으로, 광학적으로 피펫 100 개의 96 - 웰 플레이트에 각 μL와는 SPECTROstar 나노 플레이트 리더로 ​​플레이트 리더를 사용하여 570 nm에서 잘 읽어 보시기 바랍니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 나노 입자를 이용한 RF 유도 고열 : 생체 내 연구 <ol><li> 이러한 생체 내 연구는 동소 또는 자궁외 쥐 모델에서 고형 종양을 형성하는 암의 유형에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 이 실험은 이소성 종양 BALB-C 누드 마우스 모델에서 인 Hep3B 간암 세포를 사용한다. </li><li> 참고 : 모든 생체 실험은 모든 관련 지침, 규정 및 규제 기관 준수에 실행. 또한, 설명하는 프로토콜은 텍사스 대학 MD 앤더슨 암 센터 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의지도와 승인하에 수행되었다. <ol><li> 적절한 성장 배지와 조직 배양 플라스크에서 세포의 적절한 수 (100 ~ K)을 성장한다. 세포 배양 기간 동안 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C 배양기에서 배양한다. </li><li> 트립신 (플라스크에서 분리)와 세포를 치료하고 매 25 μL에 대한 2 백만 세포의 솔루션을 생산하고 있습니다. (얼음) 리겔의 동일한 양을 추가하고 최종 주입 용액을 제조 잘 혼합. 마우스의 뒷면에 원하는 위치에이 솔루션을 주사하고 종양이 원하는 크기 (대부분의 세포에 대한 2-4 주)에 성장하는 시간의 적당량을 기다립니다. RF 노출 전에, BALB-C 누드 마우스는 고체 자궁외 종양에게 0.5 cm 직경를 부담해야한다. </li></ol></li><li><ol><li> anae 의해 (이 경우 BALB-C 누드 마우스) 사용되는 마우스를 준비IP의 주사 케타민과 자일 라진의 솔루션을 sthetizing. 쥐가 잠 동안, 37 ℃에서 온도 조절 실에 보관 총 20 마우스는 모든 베어링과 유사한 크기의 종양이 필요합니다. 더 AuNP 주사로 두 그룹 : 나머지 10 마우스는 RF 노출 및 비 RF 노출 컨트롤 사이에 분할됩니다 동안 열 마우스 (후자 인 PBS 주사 만)와 함께 및 금 나노 입자없이 사용됩니다. </li><li> 일단 적절히 마취 직접 27 G 바늘로 1-CC 주사기를 이용하여 종양에 금 나노 입자를 주입. AuNP 솔루션은 PBS 0.1 ㎖에 200 ㎎ / L의 오 농도에 있어야합니다. 분사 후 닦아 알코올을 혈액을 흡수하고 주사 부위를 닦아 수술 면봉을 사용합니다. </li><li> 그런 RF 발생기의 수신 머리에 처리 될 마우스 마운트. 종양이 전송 머리에 가장 가까운 수 있도록 마우스가 위치해야합니다. 피 처리되지 않은 영역을 차폐뿐만 아니라 센시구리 테이프로, 같은 눈, 귀, 발가락 등의 분야를 세 심하게 배. 아무 책임도 상승이 발생하지 않도록 구리 테이프가 적절하게 접지면과 접촉되어 있는지 확인합니다. 또한, 노광 영역은 원하는 치료 부위의 크기보다 적어도 1cm의 간격이 있어야. </li><li> 위치 IR 열 화상 카메라 종양 치료 영역이 표시되도록. 5 분 동안 RF를 켭니다. 그 결과 온도 곡선을 기록한다. 치료는 즉시 온도보다 42 ° C의 정지 처리를 실현합니다. </li></ol></li><li><ol><li> 그들은 의식이 될 때까지 RF 노출은 따뜻한 실에서 마취에서 마우스를 복구 한 후. </li><li> 나중에 같은 쥐 48 시간과 실험을 (- 3.4.1 3.3.1 단계)를 반복합니다. </li><li> 실험 후, 기관 프로토콜 및 절차에 따라 마우스를 안락사. 종양의 무게를 기록한다. 조직 학적 분석을 위해 포르말린을 사용하여 종양은 고정 및 파라핀을 포함 할 수 있습니다. 종양 섹션은 일반적으로 재치 더러워H의 헤 마톡 실린 및 에오신 및 계측 치료 효과, 예를 들어, KI-67와 관련된 대상에 대해는, 등 카스파 제 3을 절단. </li></ol></li></ol>

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우리는 공개 아무것도 없어.

이러한 프로토콜은 실험자 완전히 (이 경우는 금 나노 입자) 암 치료를위한 RF 유도 고열을 증가 할 수있는 나노 정도를 분석 할 수있다. 첫 번째 프로토콜은 특히 고농도 정제 AuNP 샘플에서 열 생산을 분석 다룬다. 다른 그룹은 주로 금 나노 입자는 금 나노 입자 자체 9-11 아니라 현탁 버퍼로부터 열 생산을보고되었지만, 그들의 RF 시스템은 직경이 금 나노 입자의 낮은 농도&gt; 10 ㎚뿐만 아?...

(때문에 고유의 전기 유전율) 생체 조직에 의한 RF 에너지의 흡수는 결국 고열에 의해 세포 죽음에 이르게 시간의 함수로 높은 조직의 온도에서 발생합니다. 그것은 암 고열이 암세포 내에 내부화 그대로 인접 건강한, 정상 세포를 남기고 RF-열 변환기로서 작용 대상 나노 물질의 사용을 통해 최적화 될 수 있다고 가정한다. 몇몇 보고서는 이미 국민 연금 다양한하는 암 괴사 1-4 원조 효과적인 RF 열원의 역할을 할 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 이들 관해서, 금 NP에 (금 나노 입자) 3-5, 탄소 나노 튜브 1 및 양자점 06 모두 시험 관내 및 생체 내 RF 실험에 사용될 때 7 흥미로운 특성을 나타내왔다. RF 필드에 노출이 된 NP의 가열기구의 정확한 특성은 여전히​​ 논의되고 있지만, 일련의금 나노 입자를 사용하여 기본적인 실험은 NP의 크기와 응집 상태 모두에서 큰 의미를 두었다. 그것은 RF 필드 8에 노출되면 직경 &lt;10 nm의 만 금 나노 입자를 가열 할 것으로 나타났다. 금 나노 입자가 응집되는 경우이 가열기구는 크게 감쇠된다. 이 집계 조건은 효과적인 RF 치료 4 endolysomal 세포 구획 내에서 AuNP 콜로이드 안정성을 최적화에 중요성을 배치 체외 모델 내에서 확인되었다. 그러나,이 데이터를 수집하고 평가하는 데 사용되는 기술과 실험 원리 특히 NP 콜로이드로부터 RF 열 프로파일을 검증하는 경우에 문제가 될 수있다. 몇몇 보고서는 국민 연금이있는 일시 중단 배경 이온 정지 줄 난방의 주요 RF 열 생산의 소스가 아닌 국민 연금 자체 9-12 될 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 우리의 최근 종이 (8)는 t을 확인했지만그는 10 ㎚ 이하의 직경의 금 나노 입자의 열을 생성하는 RF 상호 작용의 사용, 우리는이 문서를 통해보다 자세히 이러한 프로토콜을 설명하는 것을 목표로하고 있습니다. 또한 프로토콜 및 시험 관내 및 간암 모델 생체 내 실험에서 모두 온열 열 보호제로서 금 나노 입자의 효과를 평가하기 위해 필요한 기술들을 설명한다. 우리는 구연산 덮인 금 나노 입자의 간단한 콜로이드에 주로 초점을하지만, 동일한 기술은 항체 및 화학 요법 복합 단지와 같은 다른 AuNP 하이브리드에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 원칙을 준수하여 실험자 희망 빠르게 효과적인 RF 유도 열 온열 요원이 될 수있는 나노 물질에 대한 가능성을 평가 할 수 있어야한다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagent/Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 ml gold nanoparticles (5 nm)</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, INC</td>
			<td>15702-5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-4/-15 Centrifugal Filter Units (50 kDa)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC805024/UFC910096</td>
			<td>(4 ml and 15 ml volumes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM X1 Cell Culture Media</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-101-CV</td>
			<td>(add extra nutrients as necessary)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135-500 ml</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper Tape</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>16072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanzius RF System (13.56 MHZ)</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR SC 6000, FLIR Systems, Inc. (Boston, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>Contact FLIR</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.3 ml Quartz Cuvette</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon Sample holder with Rotary Stage</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPECTROstar Nano Microplate reader</td>
			<td>BGM Labtech</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Applied Nanofluorescence, Houston, TX)</td>
			<td>NS1 NanoSpectralyzer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICP-OES</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Optima 4300 DV</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zetasizer</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Zen 3600 Zetasizer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocols for assessing radiofrequency interactions with gold nanoparticles and biological systems for non-invasive hyperthermia cancer therapy

기존에 비해 독성이 덜하고 침략 암 치료는 매우 바람직하다. 최소한의 독성을 일으키는 깊이 체내에 침투 RF 전기 필드의 사용은, 현재 비 침습성 암 치료의 유력한 수단으로 연구되고있다. 이는 나노 입자를 내재화 공단과 RF 에너지의 상호 작용이 궁극적으로 세포 괴사로 끝나는, 다음 셀 (고열)가 과열 될 수있는 열을 해방시킬 수있는 것이 구상된다. 비 생물학적 시스템의 경우, 우리는 고농도 NP 콜로이드에 의해 해방 된 열을 정량화에 관한 자세한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 생물학적 시스템의 경우, 시험 관내 실험의 경우, 우리는 효율적으로 크게 데이터를 모호하게 대량 미디어 난방 유물없이 RF 에너지에 암 세포를 노출하기 위해 준수해야하는 기술과 조건을 설명합니다. 마지막으로, 우리는 상세한 방법론 F 줄또는 이소성 간 암 종양 생체 마우스 모델에서.

1. 예를 들어 금 나노 입자 : NP 콜로이드의 RF 가열을 평가. 1.1 절 다음 한 - 1.2.3을 5 나노 미터, 10 나노 미터 직경의 금 나노 입자의 고도의 집중, 안정, 정제 솔루션을 기대합니다. 원액을 구입 한 그대로, 500 ㎖에서 1000 ㎎ / L의 농도에서 용액의 적어도 4 밀리리터를 구하는 것이 기대 금 나노 입자와이 농도의 배경 DI 물 완충 용액 사이의 홈런의 차이는해야 ~ 0.25 ° C / 초 및 <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy at JoVE.com

Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy | Medicine | Video

Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy

우리는 13.56 MHz의 고주파 (RF)의 상호 작용을 조사하는 데 사용되는 프로토콜을 설명하는 두 비 생물학적, 생물학적 시스템 (생체 외 / 생체)의 금 나노 입자 콜로이드와 전기 분야. 이러한 상호 작용은 암 치료에 응용 프로그램에 대한 조사를 받고 있습니다.

비 침습 온열 암 치료를위한 금 나노 입자 및 생물 시스템과 고주파의 상호 작용을 평가하기위한 프로토콜

Cancer therapies  which are less toxic and invasive than their existing counterparts are highly  desirable. The use of RF electric-fields that penetrate ...

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10.7K 조회수.  University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.  우리는 13.56 MHz의 고주파 (RF)의 상호 작용을 조사하는 데 사용되는 프로토콜을 설명하는 두 비 생물학적, 생물학적 시스템 (생체 외 / 생체)의 금 나노 입자 콜로이드와 전기 분야. 이러한 상호 작용은 암 치료에 응용 프로그램에 대한 조사를 받고 있습니다. 

비디오: Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

인간의 췌장 Islets위한 염색법 프로토콜

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

연구

의학

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

In molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI) are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. PET is characterized by its excellent sensitivity and quantification ability while OI is notable for non-radiation, relative low cost, short scanning time, high throughput, and wide availability to basic researchers. However, both modalities have their shortcomings as well. PET suffers from poor spatial resolution and high cost, while OI is mostly limited to preclinical applications because of its limited tissue penetration along with prominent scattering optical signals through the thickness of living tissues.
 Recently a bridge between PET and OI has emerged with the discovery of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI)4-6. CLI is a new imaging modality that harnesses Cerenkov Radiation (CR) to image radionuclides with OI instruments. Russian Nobel laureate Alekseyevich Cerenkov and his colleagues originally discovered CR in 1934. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle travels at a superluminal speed in a dielectric medium7,8. The charged particle, whether positron or electron, perturbs the electromagnetic field of the medium by displacing the electrons in its atoms. After passing of the disruption photons are emitted as the displaced electrons return to the ground state. For instance, one 18F decay was estimated to produce an average of 3 photons in water5. 
 Since its emergence, CLI has been investigated for its use in a variety of preclinical applications including in vivo tumor imaging, reporter gene imaging, radiotracer development, multimodality imaging, among others4,5,9,10,11. The most important reason why CLI has enjoyed much success so far is that this new technology takes advantage of the low cost and wide availability of OI to image radionuclides, which used to be imaged only by more expensive and less available nuclear imaging modalities such as PET.
 Here, we present the method of using CLI to monitor cancer drug therapy. Our group has recently investigated this new application and validated its feasibility by a proof-of-concept study12. We demonstrated that CLI and PET exhibited excellent correlations across different tumor xenografts and imaging probes. This is consistent with the overarching principle of CR that CLI essentially visualizes the same radionuclides as PET. We selected Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche) as our therapeutic agent because it is a well-known angiogenesis inhibitor13,14. Maturation of this technology in the near future can be envisioned to have a significant impact on preclinical drug development, screening, as well as therapy monitoring of patients receiving treatments.

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Use of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for monitoring preclinical cancer treatment is described here. This method takes advantage of Cerenkov Radiation (CR) and optical imaging (OI) to visualize radiolabeled probes and thus provides an alternative to PET in preclinical therapeutic monitoring and drug screening.

암 치료 모니터링을위한 Cerenkov 발광 이미징 (CLI)

In  molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI)  are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. ...

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

유아의 뇌 신진 대사와 혈류 역학의 비 침습적 광학 측정

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. Percent capillary recruitment is assessed by dividing the increase in capillary density induced by postocclusive reactive hyperemia (postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density minus baseline capillary density), by the maximal capillary density (observed during passive venous occlusion). Percent perfused capillaries represents the proportion of all capillaries present that are perfused (functionally active), and is calculated by dividing postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density by the maximal capillary density. Both percent capillary recruitment and percent perfused capillaries reflect the number of functional capillaries. The forearm blood flow (FBF) technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function: The ratio FBFmax/FBFbase is computed as an estimate of vasodilation, by dividing the mean of the four FBFmax values by the mean of the four FBFbase values. Forearm vascular resistance at maximal vasodilation (FVRmax) is calculated as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) divided by FBFmax. Both the capillaroscopy and forearm techniques are readily acceptable to patients and can be learned quickly.
The microvascular and endothelial function measures obtained using the methodologies described in this paper may have future utility in clinical patient cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies. As we have published reports demonstrating that microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are found in initial stages of hypertension including prehypertension, microvascular and endothelial function measures may eventually aid in early identification, risk-stratification and prevention of end-stage vascular pathology, with its potentially fatal consequences.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The forearm blood flow technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function.

Microvascular 및 내피 기능의 비 침습적 평가

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of ...

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research. In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study different biological processes in animals non-invasively. However, a major technical limitation in existing intravital imaging modalities is the inability to combine non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with single-cell resolution capabilities. We show here how transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye circumvents such significant limitation offering a versatile experimental platform that enables non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the transplantation procedure in the mouse and provide representative results using a model with clinical relevance, namely pancreatic islet transplantation. In addition to enabling direct visualization in a variety of tissues transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye, this approach provides a platform to screen drugs by performing long-term follow up and monitoring in target tissues. Because of its versatility, tissue/cell transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye not only benefits transplantation therapies, it extends to other in vivo applications to study physiological and pathophysiological processes such as signal transduction and cancer or autoimmune disease development.

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

A new approach combining intraocular transplantation and confocal microscopy enables longitudinal, non-invasive real-time imaging with single-cell resolution within grafted tissues in vivo. We demonstrate how to transplant pancreatic islets into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye.

길이, 비 침습적을위한 안구의 앞쪽 상공 회의소에 이식<em&gt; 생체에</em실시간으로 단일 셀 해상도&gt; 영상

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research.  In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study ...

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to return to normal in a large majority of patients2, which is mainly due to current lack of clinical treatment for acute stroke. This necessitates understanding the physiological effects of cerebral ischemia on brain tissue over time and is a major area of active research. Towards this end, experimental progress has been made using rats as a preclinical model for stroke, particularly, using non-invasive methods such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coupled with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging3,10,17. Here we present a strategy for inducing cerebral ischemia in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that mimics focal cerebral ischemia in humans, and imaging its effects over 24 hr using FDG-PET coupled with X-ray computed tomography (CT) with an Albira PET-CT instrument. A VOI template atlas was subsequently fused to the cerebral rat data to enable a unbiased analysis of the brain and its sub-regions4. In addition, a method for 3D visualization of the FDG-PET-CT time course is presented. In summary, we present a detailed protocol for initiating, quantifying, and visualizing an induced ischemic stroke event in a living Sprague-Dawley rat in three dimensions using FDG-PET.

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

과 양전자 방출 단층 촬영을 이용하여 비 침습적 영상 및 뇌허혈의 분석 생활 쥐<sup&gt; (18)</sup&gt; F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

비 침습적 영상에 대한 생쥐 모델 검색 및 모니터 난소 암 재발

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

라이브 마우스의 직렬 내시경 이미징을 사용하여 소장 병변에 대한 새로운 치료제의 효능의 비 침습적 평가

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

비-침략 적 쥐에서 Dorsiflexor 근육 기능 평가

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (OS-CMR) is a diagnostic technique that uses the inherent paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin as an endogenous source of tissue contrast. Used in combination with standardized vasoactive breathing maneuvers (hyperventilation and apnea) as a potent non-pharmacologic vasomotor stimulus, OS-CMR can monitor changes in myocardial oxygenation. Quantifying such changes during the cardiac cycle and throughout vasoactive maneuvers can provide markers for coronary macro- and microvascular function and thereby circumvent the need for any extrinsic, intravenous contrast or pharmacologic stress agents.
OS-CMR uses the well-known sensitivity of T2*-weighted images to blood oxygenation. Oxygenation-sensitive images can be acquired on any cardiac MRI scanner using a modified standard clinical steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine sequence, making this technique vendor-agnostic and easily implemented. As a vasoactive breathing maneuver, we apply a 4-min breathing protocol of 120 s of free breathing, 60 s of paced hyperventilation, followed by an expiratory breath-hold of at least 30 s. The regional and global response of myocardial tissue oxygenation to this maneuver can be assessed by tracking the signal intensity change. The change over the initial 30 s of the post-hyperventilation breath-hold, referred to as the breathing-induced myocardial oxygenation reserve (B-MORE) has been studied in healthy people and various pathologies. A detailed protocol for performing oxygen-sensitive CMR scans with vasoactive maneuvers is provided.
As demonstrated in patients with microvascular dysfunction in yet incompletely understood conditions, such as inducible ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery stenosis (INOCA), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), or microvascular dysfunction after heart transplantation, this approach provides unique, clinically important, and complementary information on coronary vascular function.

The assessment of microvascular function by oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in combination with vasoactive breathing maneuvers is unique in its ability to assess rapid dynamic changes in myocardial oxygenation in vivo and, thus, may serve as a critically important diagnostic technique for coronary vascular function.