PWD 웨스턴 대학의 제럴드 M. 키더에 건강 연구 교제 (CIHR)와 CIHR 부여의 캐나다 연구소에 의해 지원됩니다. 저자는 여기에 제시 프로토콜의 개발에 도움을 구 엘프 대학에서 Julang 리를 인정하고 싶습니다.

1. 미디어 준비 <ol><li> 실험이 진행되는 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 느슨해 캡 사용 및 장소를 사전에 용지 2 ~ 3 시간을 준비합니다. 본 프로토콜에서 사용 미디어 : <ol><li> 1 개 B27, 40 NG / ML bFGF를, 20 NG / ML EGF와 보충 DMEM/F12로 구성된 세포 매체를 줄기 준비한다. </li><li> 0.05 IU의 FSH, 0.03 IU LH, 3 MG / ML BSA, 5 μL / ㎖ ITS, 0.23 mM의 나트륨 피루 베이트, 1 MG / ML Fetuin, 1 NG / ML EGF와 보충 M199로 구성된 생식 세포 분화 매체를 준비합니다. 모든 첨가제로 구성하지만, FSH를 생략 기본 매체는, LH 및 EGF는 ° C까지 1 주일을 준비하고 4시에 저장할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 세포 배양 준비 줄기 <ol><li> 이전 12 설명 된대로 신생아 쥐 새끼에서 줄기 세포를 분리. 체외 배아 세포 분화에 대한 구절 2-4에서 줄기 세포를 사용합니다. 의 효율성OLC 형성은 바로 시작 줄기 세포의 품질에 관련되어 있습니다. 그것은 곧 인구가 통과 약 2에서 일반적으로하는 깨끗하고 건강한 나타나는 분화를 시작하는 것이 좋습니다. 또한 배양 줄기 세포 과거 통로 2 부정적인 OLC 형성 효율 (미발표 결과)에 영향을 미칩니다. </li><li> 이전의 하위 문화 줄기 세포 분화를 시작하기 48 시간. 일시 중지 된 모든 구형 세포 집계 및 지출 미디어 배양 접시에서, 혈청 피펫을 사용하고 15 ML 튜브에 장소를 제거합니다. 만 중단 된 구형 세포의 집합체가 아니라 자발적으로 차별화 된 접시의 바닥에 부착 된 세포를 수집하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 5 분 500 XG에서 펠렛은 세포., 상층 액을 버리고, 신선한 줄기 세포 미디어 500 μL에 resuspend을 37 ° C로 예열 부드럽게 부분적으로 세포를 해리하는 집계를 피펫. 적극적으로 세포를 피펫하지 마십시오이 같은의 세포 생존을 줄일 수 있습니다. 낮은 첨부 10cm 세포 배양 접시에 신선한 사전 예열 줄기 세포 매체의 9.5 ML에 부분적으로 해리 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 분화의 시작하기 전에 48 시간 동안 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2 세포 배양 배양기에 세포를 반환합니다. </li></ol> 3. OLC 차별화 <ol><li> 혈청 피펫을 사용하여 15 ML 튜브에서 배양 접시와 장소에서 줄기 세포를 분리, 장착 된 세포를 뒤에 남겨두고. 500 ㎕의 멸균 PBS 500 XG와를 Resuspend에서 펠렛 세포. 활발한 피펫 전체를 사용하여 세포를 20 세포보다 크지 덩어리에 1,000 μL 팁을 낳았다. 주기적으로 분리하는 동안, 세포의 작은 금액을 제거하고, 집계 된 세포가 20 개인 세포의 대단히 짧은 시간에 확인하는 하얀 빛을 현미경으로 확인합니다. 해리 이상 감소 세포 생존에 발생합니다. </li><li> 해리 세포에 9.5 ML PBS를 추가하고 추가 1세포 계수에 대한 혈구이 세포 현탁액의 5 μL. 5 분 500 XG에서 펠렛은 세포. </li><li> 1.32X10 6 세포 / 분화 배지에서 ML의 농도에서 세포를 다시 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 평평한 바닥에 잘 당 24 잘 서스펜션 요리를 500 μl를 추가하여 플레이트 세포. </li><li> 48 시간 동안 5 % CO 2 37 세포 배양 인큐베이터에 24 잘 접시 ° C를 놓습니다. 대응 표시 1.5 ML 튜브에 각 우물과 장소에서 250 μL 매체를 제거합니다. 각 well에 250 ㎕의 신선한 차별화 매체를 추가합니다. 5 분 500 XG에서 보낸 매체를 원심 분리기. 그리고 상층 액을 버린다. 50 μL 신선한 차별화 매체의 모든 펠렛 세포를 resuspend을하고 차별화 접시에 잘 대응하는 문화로 돌아갑니다. </li><li> 매일 48 시간은 차별화의 날 12 반 매체를 변경합니다. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

기능 OLCs 날짜를하려면 생체 분석에 완벽을 사용하여 개발되지 않았습니다. 최근 하야시 외 의해 연구. 체외에서 형성되고 발전 14 생체 내에서 전송되는 세포 PGC 같은에서 자손을 생산할 수 있었다. 그들은 생체 이식 후 회복, 세포처럼 PGC를 형성 할 수 있었다 ES 세포 나 유도 만능 세포로 시작은 성숙 시비, 자손 14를 생성하는 데 사용 될 수 있었?...

초기 배아 발생 동안, 배우자 형성은 원시 생식 세포 (PGC) 형성, 마이그레이션 및 생식 능선의 마지막으로 식민지 등 일련의 단계를 통해 발생합니다. 이 시간 동안 PGCs는 점점 더 성숙 배우자 1에 증식과 분화를 겪는다. PGCs는 배아 hindgut에 allantois의 기지에서 마침내 결국 생식 능선을 식민지화 등의 벽을 따라 마이그레이션하는 것이 사실은 2 공부하기가 대단히 어렵다. 분야의 발전에도 불구하고, PGC 형성과 분화를 이해하려는 연구들은 제한된 수의 위치 및 철새 성격 3,4에 의해 방해되었다. 최근 배아 줄기 세포는 체외 5,6에서 생식 세포를 형성 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 보여왔다. 마찬가지로, 여러 체세포 줄기 세포는 배아 세포가 FOLL 형성 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 표시되었습니다체외 배양 7-11 때문에. 최근 신생아 쥐의 피부에서 분리 된 줄기 세포 배아 같은 세포와 초기 단계의 난자를 12으로 체외에서 분화되었다. 분화 OCT4을 표현하는 줄기 세포의 집합이 증가하고 구조를 닮은 적운-난자 복합체가 형성되었다. 난 모세포와 같은 세포 (OLCs) 문화에서 고른 자연 난자에 비교할 수 있습니다. 40-45 μm의 측정이 문화 방법 OLCs를 사용하면 얻을 수있다 그러한 Gdf9b, VASA 및 DAZL으로 난자에 명시 유사한 표식입니다. 최신 결과 OLCs 12 성숙하거나 기름지게 할 수없는 남아 있습니다. OLCs이 OLCs을 형성하는 데 사용되는 프로토콜은 여전히 내 초기 단계의 생식 세포의 형성과 발전을 연구하는 분석으로 유틸리티가 작동하지 않을 수없는 남아 있지만, 체외 시스템에 마감했다. 그래서에서 OLCs의 형성을 논의 출판물매틱 줄기 세포는 줄기 세포 소스 8로 태아의 돼지 피부를 활용. 유도 분화 초기에 형성된 PGC와 같은 세포, OCT4로 OLCs을 표현 같은 PGC 마커에 VASA, STELLA, C-KIT, 그리고 DAZL 13 전구체로 표시되었던 연구를 확대. 이 데이터는 체외에서 생식 세포의 형성과 분화를 연구하기 위해이 시스템을 활용하는 가능성을 지원합니다. 신생아 쥐의 피부에서 OLCs를 형성하기 위해 이용되는 프로토콜이 비디오 문서에서 설명 될 것입니다. 이 프로토콜은 자신의 증식과 분화 요인이 중요한 명료하게하는 수단을 제공 할 수 생식 세포 발달을 연구하는 체외 모델을 제공합니다.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12500</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0311</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0266</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>ITS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-6003</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetuin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F3385</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FSH</td>
			<td>Sioux Biochemicals</td>
			<td>915</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>LH</td>
			<td>Sioux Biochemicals</td>
			<td>925</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>M199</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31100-035</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>24 well plates</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>144530</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>10 cm dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352095</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

differentiation of newborn mouse skin derived stem cells into germ-like cells in vitro

생식 세포의 형성과 분화를 연구하는 것은 전통적으로 낮은 세포 수 및 개발 배아에서 깊은 자신의 위치로 인해 매우 어려운 일이다. 체외 기반 시스템에서 &quot;폐쇄&quot;의 여부는 배우자 형성에 대한 우리의 이해를 위해 매우 유용 할 수 있습니다. 신생아 마우스 피부에서 고립 된 체세포 줄기 세포에서 난자 세포와 같은 (OLCs)의 형성이 입증되었으며,이 비디오 프로토콜 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 결과 OLCs는 OCT4, 바사, Bmp15 및 Scp3으로 난자와 일치 다양한 마커를 표현한다. 그러나, 그들은 성숙 또는 감수 분열을 완료하는 데 오류로 인해 수정을받을 수없는 남아 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 더 성숙한 배우자로 생식 세포의 초기 형성과 분화를 연구하는 데 유용 시스템을 제공합니다. 초기 분화 OCT4을 표현하는 세포의 수 (잠재적 인 생식 세포와 같은)하지만 현재 F를 ~ 5 %에​​ 도달OLCs의 ormation은 상대적으로 비효율적 남아있다. 특별한주의가 시작 세포 인구가 건강하고 초기 통로이다 않도록주의해야하지만 프로토콜은 비교적 똑바로 앞으로이다.

처음에는 세포가 배양 접시 바닥에 부착 확산. 차별화에 42-72 시간에 작은 정지 OCT4 양성 세포가 형성하고 (그림 1A) 확산. 곧 이러한 세포의 시각화 후 대부분 사라지고 첨부 된 세포 배양 하단에 밀도 식민지 집계를 형성합니다. 몇 일 다음이 집계 문화 표면에서 분리합니다. 이러한 골재의 일부 대형 세포 (그림 1B 및 1C) 관찰 할 수있다. 초기 구상에 따라 세포...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro at JoVE.com

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

최근 몇 년 동안 체외 배양 방법에서 사용하는 생식 세포의 형성은 체세포 줄기 세포의 여러 가지 유형을 사용하여 증명되었습니다. 이 문서에서는 시각적으로 초기 난 모세포 - 유사 세포로 신생아 마우스 유래 줄기 세포의 분화를 발표 할 예정이다.

세균과 같은 세포로 신생아 마우스 피부 유래 줄기 세포의 분화<em&gt; 체외</em

Studying  germ cell formation and differentiation has traditionally been very difficult  due to low cell numbers and their location deep within developing ...

differentiation-newborn-mouse-skin-derived-stem-cells-into-germ-like

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Biology

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

9.2K 조회수.  The University of Western Ontario. 최근 몇 년 동안 체외 배양 방법에서 사용하는 생식 세포의 형성은 체세포 줄기 세포의 여러 가지 유형을 사용하여 증명되었습니다. 이 문서에서는 시각적으로 초기 난 모세포 - 유사 세포로 신생아 마우스 유래 줄기 세포의 분화를 발표 할 예정이다.

비디오: Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem (mES) Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, This promising of science is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease.

When culture in suspension without antidifferentiation factors, embryonic stem cells spontaneously differentiate and form three-dimensional multicellular aggregates. These cell aggregates are called embryoid bodies(EB). Hanging drop culture is a widely used EB formation induction method. The rounded bottom of hanging drop allows the aggregation of ES cells which can provide mES cells a good environment for forming EBs. The number of ES cells aggregatied in a hanging drop can be controlled by varying the number of cells in the initial cell suspension to be hung as a drop from the lid of Petri dish. Using this method we can reproducibly form homogeneous EBs from a predetermined number of ES cells. 

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem mES Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

This video demonstrates how to conduct in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to embryoid bodies using the hanging drop method.

공중 드롭 방법을 사용하여 마우스 배아 줄기 (MES) 세포의 체외 차별에

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either ...

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생물학

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) and endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs). Both cell types are key players in maintaining the integrity of tissue and are probably also involved in regenerative processes and tumor formation.
To study their biology and function in a comparative manner it is important to have both cells types available from the same donor. It may also be beneficial for regenerative purposes to derive MSCs and ECFCs from the same tissue.
Because cellular therapeutics should eventually find their way from bench to bedside we established a new method to isolate and further expand progenitor cells without the use of animal protein. Pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) replaced fetal bovine serum in all steps of our protocol to completely avoid contact of the cells to xenogeneic proteins.
This video demonstrates a methodology for the isolation and expansion of progenitor cells from one umbilical cord.
All materials and procedures will be described.

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells MSCs and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells ECFCs

This protocol describes the isolation and subsequent expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial colony forming cells without the use of animal serum to generate autologous pairs for experimental transplantation purposes.

인간 탯줄의 분리 및 동물 혈청 무료 확장 Mesenchymal Stromal 세포 (MSCS)와 내피 콜로니 형성 전구 세포 (ECFCs)을 유래

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Oligodendrocyte 엽 성의 전구 물질로 배아 줄기 세포의 분화

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the behavior of cells in a standardized in vivo environment. The main advantages of the chicken embryo include low cost, high accessibility, ease of surgical manipulation and lack of a fully developed immune system. Xenotransplantation into chicken embryos can provide valuable information about cell proliferation, differentiation and behavior, the responses of cells to signals in defined embryonic tissue niches, and tumorigenic potential. Transplanting cells into chicken embryos can also be a step towards transplantation experiments in other animal models. Recently the chicken embryo has been used to evaluate the neurogenic potential of human stem and progenitor cells following implantation into neural anlage1-6. In this video we document the entire procedure for transplanting human stem cells into the developing central nervous system of the chicken embryo. The procedure starts with incubation of fertilized eggs until embryos of the desired age have developed. The eggshell is then opened, and the embryo contrasted by injecting dye between the embryo and the yolk. Small lesions are made in the neural tube using microsurgery, creating a regenerative site for cell deposition that promotes subsequent integration into the host tissue. We demonstrate injections of human stem cells into such lesions made in the part of the neural tube that forms the hindbrain and the spinal cord, and into the lumen of the part of the neural tube that forms the brain. Systemic injections into extraembryonic veins and arteries are also demonstrated as an alternative way to deliver cells to vascularized tissues including the central nervous system. Finally we show how to remove the embryo from the egg after several days of further development and how to dissect the spinal cord free for subsequent physiological, histological or biochemical analyses.

In this paper we present a method for transplanting human stem cells into various regions of the central nervous system of the chicken embryo. This provides an in vivo model for assessing the proliferation and differentiation of various types of human stem cells in embryonic tissue environments.

치킨의 배아에 인간 줄기 세포의 Xenotransplantation

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

GFP와 Retroviral 벡터를 사용하여 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)로 인간 체세포를 프로그래밍

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to screen new drug compounds, and to develop new therapies for motor neuron diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many current protocols use a combination of retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) to differentiate mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into motor neurons1-4. However, the differentiation efficiency of mES cells into motor neurons has only met with moderate success. We have developed a two-step differentiation protocol5 that significantly improves the differentiation efficiency compared with currently established protocols. The first step is to enhance the neuralization process by adding Noggin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist and is implicated in neural induction according to the default model of neurogenesis and results in the formation of anterior neural patterning6. FGF signaling acts synergistically with Noggin in inducing neural tissue formation by promoting a posterior neural identity7-9. In this step, mES cells were primed with Noggin, bFGF, and FGF-8 for two days to promote differentiation towards neural lineages. The second step is to induce motor neuron specification. Noggin/FGFs exposed mES cells were incubated with RA and a Shh agonist, Smoothened agonist (SAG), for another 5 days to facilitate motor neuron generation. To monitor the differentiation of mESs into motor neurons, we used an ES cell line derived from a transgenic mouse expressing eGFP under the control of the motor neuron specific promoter Hb91. Using this robust protocol, we achieved 51&plusmn;0.8% of differentiation efficiency (n = 3; p &lt; 0.01, Student's t-test)5. Results from immunofluorescent staining showed that GFP+ cells express the motor neuron specific markers, Islet-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Our two-step differentiation protocol provides an efficient way to differentiate mES cells into spinal motor neurons.

We developed a new protocol to improve efficiency of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. The differentiated ES cells acquired motor neurons features as evidenced by expression of neuronal and motor neuron markers using immunohistochemical techniques.

모터 뉴런에 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 효율적인 분화

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional  motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to  screen ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

간엽 전환을 유도하고 상피의 분석

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Retroviral Infection of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Embryoid Body Cells for Analysis of Hematopoietic Differentiation

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an outstanding model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. They are especially useful for investigating the development of early hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Gene expression in ESCs can be manipulated by several techniques that allow the role for individual molecules in development to be determined. One difficulty is that expression of specific genes often has different phenotypic effects dependent on their temporal expression. This problem can be circumvented by the generation of ESCs that inducibly express a gene of interest using technology such as the doxycycline-inducible transgene system. However, generation of these inducible cell lines is costly and time consuming. Described here is a method for disaggregating ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) into single cell suspensions, retrovirally infecting the cell suspensions, and then reforming the EBs by hanging drop. Downstream differentiation is then evaluated by flow cytometry. Using this protocol, it was demonstrated that exogenous expression of a microRNA gene at the beginning of ESC differentiation blocks HPC generation. However, when expressed in EB derived cells after nascent mesoderm is produced, the microRNA gene enhances hematopoietic differentiation. This method is useful for investigating the role of genes after specific germ layer tissue is derived.

Manipulating temporal gene expression in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be achieved using inducible gene systems. However, generation of these cell lines is costly and time consuming. This protocol achieves rapid expression of a transgene in differentiating ES-derived cells and subsequent analysis of downstream hematopoietic differentiation.

쥐과 배아의 레트로 바이러스 감염은 조혈 분화 분석을위한 세포 유래 배아 바디 줄기 세포

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an outstanding model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. They are especially useful for ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Zebrafish의에서 콩팥 세포 독소 미세 주입은 급성 신장 손상을 모델링하기

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...