펜실베니아 DCED 주

1. 코스 건설 <ol><li> 물론 바닥을 설치합니다. 물론 크기는 폭 280 1피트 2 휴대용 바닥 타일 (베이지 이벤트 바닥 타일)으로 구성된 7피트로 긴 40피트 있습니다. 주위에 검은 테두리 만 (그림 1)로 배치합니다. </li><li> 다소 단색 환경을 만드는 바닥 타일 맞추기 인접한 벽 페인트. 우리는 그레이 스케일 값으로 사용되는 색상이 제공된다 (표 5). 특정 색상을 사용할 수없는 경우, 우리는 색상 일치 철물점에 타일을 복용하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 조명 템플릿 (그림 1)에 따라 조명을 설치합니다. 디머 스위치에 조명을 연결합니다. </li><li> 그림 설명 (그림 2)에 따라 장애물 페인트. </li></ol> 2. 테스트 영역에게 준비 <ol><li> 원하는 조건에 조명을 조정하고 시작, 중간, 그리고 과정을 포함하는 복도의 끝에서 빛을 미터로 확인. </lI&gt; <li> 비디오 카메라가 기록하는 설정과 카메라의 위치는 그들이 과정을 통해 도보로 피사체를 포착 할 적절한되어 있는지 확인합니다. 우리는 천장 산 또는 선택적으로 카메라를 손으로 유지 될 수있다 좋습니다. </li></ol> 3. 기록 기본은 속도 PWS 산책 <ol><li> 보도의 중심 (물론 열 &quot;D&quot;)에 위치 될 수 있습니다. 참고 : 발가락이 보도의 경계 뒤에 있어야한다. 주제에 지침을 읽고 (그림 3). </li><li> 다리는 검은 색 테두리를 교차 및 경로에 일단 스톱워치를 시작합니다. 다리 산책로의 다른 쪽 끝에서 검은 색 테두리를 교차하면 시간을 중지합니다. PWS1 같은 기록 시간. 주위에 주제를 돌려 반대 방향으로 절차를 반복합니다. PWS2 같은 기록 시간. 최종 PWS로 평균 PWS1 및 PWS2 기록. </li></ol> 4. 장애물 코스 탐색 <ol><li> 랜덤 방식에서, 첫 번째 코스 (그림 4)를 설정합니다. 바닥 타일은 WHI에 따라 그리드 표기채널 장애물이 매핑됩니다. 장애의 정확한 매핑에 제공된 그림을 참조하십시오. 이 장애물을 쉽게 배치를 허용하는 씻을 수없는 마커와 수직 및 수평 축을 따라 타일 번호를하는 것이 도움이된다. 그것은 눈에 띄지 않는 위치에 제공하는 다이어그램에 따라 장애물을 레이블을 도움이됩니다. </li><li> 40피트 산책로의 시작 될 가이드. 주제에 지침을 읽고 (그림 3). 제목은 국경 뒤에 발가락 보도의 중심 (열 &quot;D&quot;)에 위치해야한다. 다리는 검은 색 테두리를 교차 및 경로에 일단 스톱워치를 시작합니다. 다리 산책로의 다른 쪽 끝에서 검은 색 테두리를 교차하면 시간을 중지합니다. 코스 속도 (CS)로이 시간을 기록한다. </li><li> 장애물이 3 점 척도에 히트의 심각도를 채점, 충돌하는 기록. 물론 실행은 독립적 인 관찰자에 의해 나중에 확인을 녹화해야합니다. </li></ol> 5. 장애물의 식별 <ol><li> 기 완료되면RSE 탐색 작업은 물론 센터 (열 D)의 코스와 위치를 얼굴 주위에 주제를 켭니다. 참고 : 과정의 끝에서 정확한 색상을 볼 수 있도록 위치 조정이 필요한 장애물이 회전되어 있는지 확인합니다. 주제에 지침을 읽고 (그림 3). 이때 제 개체 식별 태스크는 투여 될 것이다. 돌아서 연구 길잡이가 30 초 내에 식별 할 수있는 개체의 총 수를 알려달라고 부탁합니다. 이 숫자는 기록되어야한다. </li><li> 그들이 볼 수있는 각 장애물 코스와 지점을 통해 다시 걸을 주제를 말한다. 그들이 장애물과 충돌 할 경우에 중요하지 않다. 그들이 볼 수있는 장애물의 숫자가 기록됩니다. 그것은 그들이 감지 할 수있는 장애물을 기록하는 것이 도움이된다. 이 시간이 초과되지 않습니다. </li></ol> 항목 4와 5는 실행되는 각 과정의 버전에 대해 반복해야합니다.

<ol>
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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

우리는 시각 장애가있는 사람에 장애물 회피를 평가하는 데 사용할 수있는, 실내 휴대용 쉽게 재현, 그리고 상대적으로 저렴한 과정을 설명합니다. 현재 대부분의 장애물 코스 설계 및 테스트 (즉, 예인선) 사이트와 관찰자에 걸쳐 비교하기 어려운, 또는 쉽게 다른 위치 16,17,30에서 수행 할 수없는 영구적 인 instillations 있습니다. 우리의 목표는 다른 위치에 다른 관찰자와 함께 사용?...

저시력 재활 평가는 결정해야 기능 향상에 개입 결과 여부. 성능 측정은 일반적으로 컴퓨터 기반의 읽기 또는 기능 평가 1-9뿐만 아니라 삶의 질은 10 ~ 15을 설문을 포함한다. 또한 장애물을 탐색 할 수있는 저시력 환자의 기능을 평가할 수있는 것은 또한 특히 인공 시각 장치의 경우 기능 개선 18에 대한 단서를 제공 할 수 있습니다. Geruschat 등. 최근이 지역에 17에서 표준 메트릭에 대한 필요성을 강조, 망막 이식 칩 탐색 결과를 발표했다. 현재 더 널리 받아 들여지지 목적, 검증, 및 장애물 회피를위한 용량을 결정하기위한 포괄적 인 기준이있다. 시력 또는 p로 &quot;매우 낮은 비전&quot;을 가진 사람을 위해 탐색 성능에 상관 것이다 기능 테스트 개발인공 비전 roduced하는 것이 바람직 할 것이다,하지만 어려운 목표를 유지하고있다. 이러한 임플란트 망막 칩 18-24 또는 BrainPort 25 및 26와 같은 목소리 감각 교체 장치와 같은 인공 시각 장치의 급성장 필드는, 이들 장치에 의해 수여 탐색 능력을 증가하기 위해 상관 수도 장애물 회피의 테스트를 필요로한다. 이러한 평가는 그들이 자신의 주변을 통과 같이 피사체가 자신의 한계를 이해하는 것을 허용 할뿐만 아니라, 방향 및 이동성 훈련 또는 시각 증진 프로토 타입 장치의 반복 사이에 개선을 측정하기위한 수단을 제공 할 수 있습니다. 이상적으로, 가을 사고 27 개인의 위험을 평가하는 몇 가지 기능이있을 수 있습니다. 우리의 목표는 인공 시각 장치를 사용하여 환자의 탐색 능력의 평가에 유용 할 L 분야에 양도 할 장애물 코스를 만드는 것이 었습니다일반적으로 오우 비전. 장애물 코스 및 시각 장애에 게시 된 문헌의 검토는 PubMed를 데이터베이스를 사용하여 실시되었다. 표준화 된 장애물 코스에게 16,17,28-31,34를 제작하는 많은 시도가 있었다. 이들의 대부분은 정확히 특히 야외 과정위한 설정을 재현하기 어려울 것이라는 의미에서 호환성이 없다. 맥과이어 등. LEBER의 선천성 일과성 환자의 이동 성능을 표시하는 데 사용되는 장애물 코스에 대해 설명합니다. 이 과정은 휴대용 및 소형있는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 그것은 다른 반복을 암기 효과를 방지하기 위해 사용할 수있게 된, 또는 어떤 바닥에없는 장애물에 대한 규정, 조직 변경, 또는 스텝 오버가 있는지 명확하지 않다. 회복과는 과정을 설계 잠재적 인 함정의 예리한 설명을 제공하고, 불행하게도 altern 정확하게 재현 할 수 없을 것입니다 야외 과정에 대한 설명을 앞으로두고위치 (30)는 ative. Velikay - 파렐은 등. 망막 이식 칩을 사용하기 위해 이동 테스트를 설명했다. 이 디자인은 실행할 휴대용 및 간단한있는 장점이 있었다. 이 과정은 다른 사이트에서 재생 될 수 있지만, 물론 건설에 대한 구체적인 정보는 제공되지 않습니다. 또한, 더 많은 관련된 그들이 학습 효과가 있으므로 시간이 18 이상 학습 효과의 손실에 대한 우려를 제거 할 수 있습니다 완전히 코스 암기를 방지 할 수있는, 물론 친숙에 의한 점근 적 수준에 도달했다이었다. 지금까지 설명한 과정 중에 널리 저시력 재활 또는 사회에 의해 채택되지 않았습니다. 이후 맹인 어린이 (피츠버그, PA)와 맹인과 피츠버그의 비전 서비스 재활 (홈스테드, PA) 등록을위한 서부 펜실베니아 대학에서 여섯 시력 작업 치료사 및 방향과 이동성의 전문가 팀과 협의 저자arding 코스 디자인을 제안했다. 식별 기능 장애물 코스의 바람직한 속성이 포함 : 휴대 성을 쉽게 조립 / 분해 및 저장, 모두 희미하고 밝은 조명 조건에서 테스트하기 위해, 그리고 환자의 가정 환경에서 개체를 나타내는 장애물을 포함하여 &quot;실제&quot;상황을 반영 할 수있는 유연성을 위해 그 환자의 부상을 방지하기 위해 연성이면서 반복 충돌을 견딜만큼 충분히 튼튼하다. 또한 그것은 무작위 순서로 투여시하는 것은 물론 암기를 방지 할 수 있도록 같은 방법으로 설계 환경의 몇 가지 유형을 가질 필요가있는 것으로 간주 하였다. 또한,이 과정은 여러 설정에서 재현 가능한 결과를 보여 강한 간 및 내부 평가자의 신뢰성을 가지고 공간 인식을 객관적으로 측정해야한다. 이러한 노력의 결실은 합리적으로 표준 기관에서 재현 될 것으로 예상 될 수있는 장애물 코스를 개발했다복도. 이 과정은 다른 스킬 세트, 탐색을위한 중요한 테스트를 위해 설계되었습니다. 과정의 각 단계는 일상적인 탐색 활동에서 발생하는 장애의 몇 가지 특정 유형에 초점을 시도합니다. 첫 번째 과정은 모두 바닥에 배치되어 상대적으로 높은 반면 목표를 탐색 할 수있는 능력을 평가하지만, 회전의 다수를 필요로한다. 두 번째 과정은 높고 낮은 두 대비, 바닥 텍스처가 변경되어 장애물, 그리고 공중에 정지 물체를 탐색 할 수있는 능력을 평가합니다. 마지막 과정은 명암이 있습니다 스티로폼 장애물을 탐색 할 수있는 능력을 평가, 표면은 바닥에 변화를 눈부심, nonStyrofoam 장애 (직물), 바닥 타일 색상 변경을 통해 강화해야 장애물과에없는 장애물의 추가 바닥. 과정은 2, 1 표시, 3 라벨의 용이성을 위해, 그러나이 지정은 난이도가 증가하는 것으로 해석되어서는 안됩니다. 각 수준 내에서 THR있다물론 암기를 방지하기 위해 무작위로 할 수있는 과정의 전자 버전.

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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, beige</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beige</td>
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		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Male loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Female loop</td>
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		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, Edging</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Black</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">Wall Paint: Satin Premium Plus Internal Satin Enamel Custom Color Match</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Behr, Inc Santa Ana CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Greyscale value = 45</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DuJour (#70002-6)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">DuJour Greyscale value = 15</td>
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		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fired Earth (#6011-1)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fired Earth Greyscale value = 95</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Styrofoam obstacles</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Universal Foam Products, Orlando CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639982</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid Black</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">615542</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Stainless Steel</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">614416</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid White</td>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Charcoal</td>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Smoke</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fisher Scientific Traceable Dual Range Light Meter</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06-662-63</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">International Light, Newburyport MA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5 1/2 in clamp light</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">203198</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">GE 65-Watt indoor incandescent flood light bulb</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">163209</td>
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a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

우리는 초저 비전을 가진 사람들에 장애물 회피를 평가하는 데 사용할 수있는 실내, 휴대용, 표준화 된 과정을 설명합니다. 여섯 시력 컨트롤과 36 좋았다고하지만 그렇지 않으면 건강한 성인 남성 (N = 29)과 여성 (N = 13) 명 (연​​령 범위 19~85년은), BrainPort 감각 대체 장치의 테스트를 포함하는 세 가지 연구 중 하나를 대상으로 하였다. 주제는 사전에 코스를 탐색하도록 요청하고, 이후 BrainPort 훈련했다. 그들은 두 개의 서로 다른 위치에서 837 물론 실행의 총을 완료했다. 방법 및 표준 편차는 컨트롤 형식, 과정, 조명, 및 방문을 통해 계산 하였다. 우리는 과정의 반복이 제대로 디자인 된 것을 보여주기 위해 PPWS (퍼센트 선호 보행 속도) 및 오류 %의 데이터를 서로 다른 범주를 비교하는 선형 혼합 효과 모델을 사용했다. 이 과정은 관리하기가 간단하고 비교적 저렴​​하고, 이동성 기능을 테스트 할 수있는 가능한 방법을 보여줘왔다. 데이터 분석 demonstratES 즉 퍼센트 에러의 결과뿐만 아니라 백분율 바람직한 보행 속도를 위해, 세 개의 각 과정이 달라, 그 각 레벨 내에 세 반복의 각은 동일하다. 이 관리하는 동안 과정의 랜덤 수 있습니다. 약어 : 선호하는 보행 속도 (PWS) 물론 속도 (CS) 비율 선호 보행 속도 (PPWS)

주제 여섯 시력 눈을 가리고, 시력, 36 좋았다고하지만 그렇지 않으면 건강한 성인 (연령 범위 19-85년), 남성 (N = 29)과 여성 (N = 13) 주제는 BrainPort 감각의 테스트를 포함하는 세 가지 연구 중 하나를 대상으로 하였다 대체 장치 (Wicab 매디슨, WI). 모든 연구는 피츠버그 IRB의 대학에 의해 승인되었습니다 및 모든 주제는 승인 된 동의서 문서에 서명했다. 모든 연구는 각 주체가 자신?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

우리는 초저 비전을 가진 사람들에 장애물 회피를 평가하는 데 사용할 수있는 실내, 휴대용, 표준화 된 과정을 설명합니다. 이 과정은 관리하기가 간단하고 비교적 저렴​​하고, 신뢰할 수 있고 재현 할 것으로 나타났다.

초저 비전의 시각 기능과 인공 비전의 평가를위한 표준화 된 장애물 코스

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K 조회수.  University of Pittsburgh.  우리는 초저 비전을 가진 사람들에 장애물 회피를 평가하는 데 사용할 수있는 실내, 휴대용, 표준화 된 과정을 설명합니다. 이 과정은 관리하기가 간단하고 비교적 저렴​​하고, 신뢰할 수 있고 재현 할 것으로 나타났다. 

비디오: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

약시의 억제의 측정 및 치료

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

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Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal vasculature of various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ICGA is especially useful to image the posterior choroidal vasculature of the eye due to its capability of penetrating through the pigmented layer with its infrared spectrum. ICGA time course can be divided into early, middle, and late phases. The three phases provide valuable information on the pathology of eye problems. Although time-course ICGA by intravenous (IV) injection is widely used in the clinic for the diagnosis and management of choroid problems, ICGA by intraperitoneal injection (IP) is commonly used in animal research. Here we demonstrated the technique to obtain high-resolution ICGA time-course images in mice by tail-vein injection and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We used this technique to image the choroidal lesions in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Although it is much easier to introduce ICG to the mouse vasculature by IP, our data indicate that it is difficult to obtain reproducible ICGA time course images by IP-ICGA. In contrast, ICGA via tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time-course images comparable to human studies. In addition, we showed that ICGA performed on albino mice gives clearer pictures of choroidal vessels than that performed on pigmented mice. We suggest that time-course IV-ICGA should become a standard practice in AMD research based on animal models.

Indocyanine Green Angiography (or ICGA) performed by tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time course images to characterize abnormalities in mouse choroid.

시간 코스 인도시 아닌 형광 안저 혈관 조영술로 연령 관련 황반 변성의 마우스 모델에서 맥락막 혈관의 이상을 검출

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

쥐의 망막에 Elvax 40W를 통해 서방 약물 전달 : 만성 질환의 치료를위한 시사점

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes (ILM), and in conjunction with astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells they establish the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). BRB limits material transport between the bloodstream and the retina while the ILM acts as a basement membrane that defines histologically the border between the retina and the vitreous cavity. Labeling M&#252;ller cells is particularly relevant to study the physical state of the retinal barriers, as these cells are an integral part of the BRB and ILM. Both BRB and ILM are frequently altered in retinal disease and are responsible for disease symptoms.
There are several well-established methods to study the integrity of the BRB, such as the Evans blue assay or fluorescein angiography. However these methods do not provide information on the extent of BRB permeability to larger molecules, in nanometer range. Furthermore, they do not provide information on the state of other retinal barriers such as the ILM. To study BRB permeability alongside retinal ILM, we used an AAV based method that provides information on permeability of BRB to larger molecules while indicating the state of the ILM and extracellular matrix proteins in disease states. Two AAV variants are useful for such study: AAV5 and ShH10. AAV5&#160;has a natural tropism for photoreceptors but it cannot get across to the outer retina when administered into the vitreous when the ILM is intact (i.e., in wild-type retinas). ShH10 has a strong tropism towards glial cells and will selectively label M&#252;ller glia in both healthy and diseased retinas. ShH10 provides more efficient gene delivery in retinas where ILM is compromised. These viral tools coupled with immunohistochemistry and blood-DNA analysis shed light onto the state of retinal barriers in disease.

To investigate the blood-retinal barrier permeability and the inner limiting membrane integrity in animal models of retinal disease, we used several adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants as tools to label retinal neurons and glia. Virus mediated reporter gene expression is then used as an indicator of retinal barrier permeability.

도구로 아데노 관련 바이러스를 사용하여 질병 망막 장벽을 연구하는

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes ...

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been introduced as an efficient treatment option. In biological and chemical sciences, crosslinking refers to new chemical bonds formed between reactive molecules. Hence, the aim of corneal collagen CXL is to synthetically increase the formation of crosslinks between collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. Despite the fact that the efficiency of the conventional CXL (C-CXL) protocol has already been shown in several clinical studies, it might benefit from improvements in duration of the procedure and removal of corneal epithelium. Hence, in order to provide a coherent evaluation of two new and optimized CXL protocols, we studied keratoconus patients who had undergone one of the three CXL treatments: iontophoresis (I-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and conventional CXL (C-CXL). A-CXL is a 6 time faster CXL procedure using a ten time higher UVA irradiance but still including an epithelium removal. Iontophoresis is a transepithelial non-invasive technique in which a small electric current is applied to improve riboflavin penetration throughout the cornea. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we conclude that regarding the depth of treatment penetration, conventional CXL protocol remains the standard for treating progressive keratoconus. Accelerated CXL seems to be a quick, effective and safe alternative to treat thin corneas. The use of iontophoresis is still being investigated and should be considered with greater caution.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

원추 각막의 각막 콜라겐 가교의 세 가지 서로 다른 프로토콜 : 기존의가, 가속 및 이온 토 포레 시스

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

Suprachoroidal 세포 Autograft 건조 연령 관련 황 반 변성에 의해 재생 치료: 예비 Vivo에서 보고서

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Puncture-Induced Iris Neovascularization as a Mouse Model of Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant for targeting neovascular glaucoma, a sight-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. This method is based on the induction of iris vascular response by a series of self-sealing uveal punctures on BALB/c mice and takes advantage of the postpartum maturation of mouse ocular vasculature. Mouse pups undergo uveal punctures from postnatal day 12.5, when the pups naturally open their eyes, until postnatal day 24.5. Due to the transparency of the cornea, iris vasculature can be analyzed easily through time by noninvasive in vivo methods. Furthermore, the semitransparent iris of BALB/c mice can be flatmounted for detailed immunohistologic analysis with minimal non-specific background staining. In this model, angiogenesis is mainly driven by the inflammatory and plasminogen activating systems. The puncture-induced model is the first to induce iris neovascularization in small rodents, and has the advantage of allowing direct noninvasive in vivo analysis of the angiogenic process. Moreover, the model can be combined with angiogenic modulating substances, which highlights its potential in the study of angiogenesis with an in vivo perspective.

Iris neovascularization, a common complication of ischemic retinal disease, may lead to sight-threatening neovascular glaucoma. Here, we describe a murine protocol for inducing experimental iris neovascularization that may be used for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis-modulating substances.

마우스 모델 Rubeosis Iridis의 아이리스 Neovascularization 펑크 유발

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This protocol demonstrates a step-by-step guide on this technique in Long Evans rats and C57BL/6 mice. Under general anesthesia, a "purse-string" suture is applied on the conjunctiva, around the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The fellow eye serves as an untreated control. Over the duration of our study, which was a period of 8 weeks for rats and 12 weeks for mice, IOP remained elevated, as measured regularly by rebound tonometry in conscious animals without topical anesthesia. In both species, the sutured eyes showed electroretinogram features consistent with preferential inner retinal dysfunction. Optical coherence tomography showed selective thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Histology of the rat retina in cross-section found reduced cell density in the ganglion cell layer, but no change in other cellular layers. Staining of flat-mounted mouse retinae with a ganglion cell specific marker (RBPMS) confirmed ganglion cell loss. The circumlimbal suture is a simple, minimally invasive and cost-effective way to induce ocular hypertension that leads to ganglion cell injury in both rats and mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced by applying a circumlimbal suture in rats and mice, leading to functional and structural deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells consistent with glaucoma.

쥐와 쥐에 Circumlimbal 봉합에 의해 유도 된 녹 내장의 모델

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

비-침략 적 쥐에서 Dorsiflexor 근육 기능 평가

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

건조에 노출 된 후 인간 각막 상피 세포의 대사 활동에 인공 눈물 제형의 효과

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...