Name: proteome-wide quantification of labeling homogeneity at the single molecule level
Uploaded: 2019-04-19T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level at JoVE.com

The authors thank Masae Ohno and Kazuya Nishimura for experimental assistance and advice. This work was supported by PRESTO (JPMJPR15F7), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Grants-in-aid for Young Scientists (A) (24687022), Challenging Exploratory Research (26650055), and Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (23115005), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and by grants from the Takeda Science Foundation and the Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. S.L. acknowledges support from the RIKEN International Program Associate (IPA) program.

1. Cell preparation
<ol>
	<li>Cultivate HeLa cells in a 10 cm dish at 37 &#176;C under 5% CO2 in Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum.</li>
	<li>Collect exponentially growing cells once they have reached 70% confluency, following ATCC instructions17.
	<ol>
		<li>Rinse cells with 5 mL of 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4). Remove PBS.</li>
		<li>Add 1 mL of 0.1% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Incubate 5 min at 37 &#1...

<ol>
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This paper describes a protocol to quantify the labeling homogeneity of each labeled protein species in cells after separation with SDS-PAGE (step 3). The separation method can be substituted with other methods such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, which allow separation and fractionation of cellular proteins with high resolution, while requiring special equipment23. The labeling method using NHS-ester in the current protocol can be replaced with other methods using maleimide...

Proteome analysis, which aims to quantify the entire set of protein molecules expressed in the cell, is a valuable approach in current biological and medicinal studies. This analysis commonly relies on mass spectrometry, which identifies protein species based on spectra generated through protein ionization1,2,3. An alternative method for proteome analysis is electrophoresis, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), capillary electrophoresis and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. This method relies on non-specific fluorescent labeling of all the protein molecules in the analyzed cells, followed by electrophoretic separation and detection and quantification of each protein species. To achieve the required non-specific protein labeling, one strategy is to use fluorescent dyes that can bind to proteins via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, such as Coomassie Blue and Sypro-Ruby4,5,6. An alternative strategy is to use covalent labeling with dyes containing N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester or maleimide, which can covalently bind to proteins through common residues such as primary amines and thiols, respectively7,8.
Meanwhile, the sensitivity of fluorescence detection is ideal for analyzing low-abundance proteins and small numbers of cells. Single molecule fluorescence imaging is one of the most sensitive methods that allows the detection of individual fluorescent dyes and labeled proteins in vitro and in vivo9,10,11,12,13,14,15. Application of this imaging method to electrophoresis-based proteome analysis is expected to enable highly sensitive and quantitative assays by counting individual fluorescently-labeled proteins. However, it remains unclear whether labeling with fluorescent dyes is homogeneous enough across all the protein molecules, and how this homogeneity is affected by different protein species (Figure 1). Simple bulk solution measurements can be used to obtain a molar ratio of fluorescent dyes to proteins called &#8216;coupling efficiency&#8217;8 or &#8216;labeling efficiency&#8217;, but this property does not provide information on the homogeneity of the labeling among protein molecules.
Here, we describe the protocol for an assay to investigate the labeling homogeneity for all protein species in the cell (Figure 2)16. The two key steps of this assay are protein purification and imaging. In the first step, all the proteins in the cells are fluorescently labeled and biotinylated, then extracted separately using gel electrophoresis followed by electroelution. In the second step, fluorescence properties of individual protein molecules in the extracted samples are evaluated based on single molecule imaging. From this data, parameters important for the counting analysis, such as the percentage of proteins labeled with a least one dye, which we call labeling occupancy (LO)16, and the average number of fluorescent dyes bound to a single protein molecule (n&#772;dye), can be characterized. In the protocol, an optimized procedure for labeling the HeLa cell proteome with NHS ester-based Cyanine 3 (Cy3) dye is presented as an example, and can be modified with other labeling procedures according to desired research goals.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:637px;" width="638">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">22x22x0.15 mm coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">470019-004</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">488 nm Argon laser</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Innova 70C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">488 nm dichroic mirror</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FF495-Di03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">488 nm emission filter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FF02-520/28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">560 nm dichroic filter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Di02-R561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">560 nm emission filter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FF02-617/73</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">560 nm fiber laser</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MBP Communications</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F-04306-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">60x oil immersion lens</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PLAPON 60x</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Avidin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nacalai-tesque</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">03553-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Biotin-PEG-amine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">21346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Biotinylated Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nanocs</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Borate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nacalai-tesque</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A9547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dojindo</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">C008-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cy3 NHS-ester dye</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PA13101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dialyzer&#160; - D-tube, 6-8 kDa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">71507-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nacalai-tesque</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14112-94</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nacalai-tesque</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EMCCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">IiXon 897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Epi fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Gel viewer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ImageQuant LAS 4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Penicillin, streptomycine and Amphoterecin mix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Diener Electronic</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">NC0792960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Size purification column 10K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">UFC5010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteome-wide quantification of labeling homogeneity at the single molecule level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Figure 4 represents raw image data for different molecular weight fractions of proteins from HeLa cell lysate, as well as the positive and negative control. While both the protein sample and positive control exhibit 100&#8211;500 spots per image, the negative control displays none or a few spots, showing that the protocol sufficiently inhibits non-specific binding of dyes to the coverslip surface. Spot intensity histograms for the protein samples and the posi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level at JoVE.com

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

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Single-molecule localization microscopy probes the position and motions of individual molecules in living cells with tens of nanometer spatial and ...

Characterization at the Molecular Level using Robust Biochemical Approaches of a New Kinase Protein

Extensive whole genome sequencing has identified many Open Reading Frames (ORFs) providing many potential proteins. These proteins may have important ...

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Cap-dependent protein synthesis is the predominant translation pathway in eukaryotic cells. While various biochemical and genetic approaches have allowed ...

Single Cell Analysis Of Transcriptionally Active Alleles By Single Molecule FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk ...