This work was funded by the Creative Inquiry Program for Undergraduate Research and the Calhoun Honors College at Clemson University.

1 일반 Trypanosome 축산 <ol><li> SDM79 미디어 준비 (표 1)에 대한 고체의 무게를 측정. </li><li> 4 50 ML 원뿔에서 °의 C 또는 지퍼락 백에 보관하십시오. 참고 : 시약 6 개월 이상 안정적이다. </li><li> 해동 소 태아 37 ° C의 수조에서 혈청 (FBS), 그리고 반전에 의해 주기적으로 섞는다. 참고 : FBS는 멸균 솔루션으로 공급 업체에서 수신된다. FBS 살균 필터 기생충의 성장을 지원하는 능력을 감소시킨다. </li><li> 전체 병 해동되면, 열은 혈청 성분의 석출을 최소화하기 위해 주기적으로 혼합, 56 ° C의 수조에 30 분 동안 혈청을 비활성화한다. </li><li> 해동 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신 용액 (펜 / 연쇄상 구균), 헤민 (50 mM의 수산화 나트륨 2 ㎎ / ㎖) 및 실온에서 기본 배지 독수리 비타민 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 1,000 ml의 눈금 실린더에, 액체 성분 (표 2)에 SDM79 고체 (표 1) 20.2 g을 추가하고 저어 접시에 잘 섞는다. </li><li> 7.35로 산도를 조정하고, 물을 850 ml의 볼륨을 가지고. </li><li> 필터는 필터 병의 바닥에 진공 호스를 연결하여 미디어를 소독. 솔루션이 필터링 될 때까지 진공을 적용합니다. </li><li> 생물 안전 캐비닛에 필터 상단을 제거하고 FBS 불 활성화 열 150 mL를 넣고. 멸균 모자 및 인감 미디어 병에서 플라스틱 덮개를 제거합니다. </li><li> 다음의 예외 SDM79와 동일한 방식으로 SDM80 매체를 준비; 포도당 또는 글루코사민을 추가하고 글루타민없이 MEM을 사용하지 마십시오. 열 불 활성화 FBS 150ml의 대신에, 135 불 활성화 투석 된 FBS, 열 ml의 열 불 활성화 FBS 15ml를 추가. </li><li> 27 ° C에서 10 ml의 적절한 매체와 25cm 2 플라스크에 5 % CO 2 문화 PCF 기생충. NOTE : 세포 사이토 혈구 또는 흐름을 이용하여 매일 계산한다 (섹션 6 참조), 배양 물 1 × 105, 5 × 106 세포 / ml 사이의 밀도로 유지해야한다. </li></ol> 2 TR형광 리포터 구성체 PCF 기생충의 ansfection 참고 : 강화 된 노란색 형광 단백질에 융합 돌라의 퍼 옥시 타겟팅 시퀀스 (PTS2)를 포함 리포터 단백질은 기생충으로 표현된다, glycosome 역학을 따르십시오. 융합 단백질을 코딩하는 서열은 프로모터 procyclin 튜 불린 intergenic 영역 게놈에 직접 상동 재조합과 선택 블라스트 내성 유전자를 포함 pXS2bla 12 내로 클로닝된다. T7 중합 효소 및 테트라 사이클린 억제 (PF29-13)를 코딩하는 유전자를 품고 Procyclic 세포주 타겟팅 구조, pXS2로 형질 전환됩니다 PTS2eYFP. <ol><li> 표 3에 나열된 구성 요소를 혼합하여 cytomix를 준비합니다. RT에서 살균 및 저장 필터링합니다. </li><li> DNA (1 μg / μL), 5 ㎕를 제한 효소 완충액 33 μL, 물 10 μL 피펫 팅하여 MluI로 플라스미드 DNA를 선형화하고, 2 μ; 마이크로 원심 튜브에 효소 MluI 리터. 1 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 품어. </li><li> 제한 제한 효소 소화에 결합 완충액 중 1 부피를 첨가하여 다이제스트 정제. 소용돌이로 교반하여 바인딩 버퍼와 소화 DNA를 섞는다. 간단히 튜브의 바닥에 시료를 수집하는 원심 분리기. </li><li> 2 ML 수집 튜브에 열을 바인딩 DNA를 삽입하고 전송 컬럼에 완충 용액을 바인딩 / DNA를 소화. </li><li> 1 분 동안 10,000 XG에 원심 분리기. 원심 분리 후, 포집 관에서 여과 액을 취소하고 포집 관에 열을 반환합니다. </li><li> 1 분 동안 10,000 XG에서 SPW 세척 버퍼와 원심 분리기 700 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 포집 관에서 폐기 여과 액 컬렉션 튜브에 열을 반환하고 SPW에게 세척 단계와 원심 분리를 반복합니다. </li><li> 10,000 XG에 3 분 취소 여과, 포집 관에 반환 열, 원심 분리기 빈 열 잔류 에탄올을 제거합니다. </li><li> 생물 안전 캐비닛에서, COL 던져멸균 microcentrifuge 관에서 성귀 튜브와 장소 열. </li><li> , DNA를 용출 열 멸균의 25 μl를 추가하고 2 분 동안 실온에서 배양합니다. 1 분 동안 10,000 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 열에 바이오 안전성 후드에서 멸균의 또 다른 25 μl를 추가하고 2 분 동안 실온에서 배양. </li><li> 1 분 동안 10,000 XG 속도로 원심 분리기. </li><li> 생물 안전 캐비닛에서 새로운 멸균 microcentrifuge 관에 DNA의 전체 볼륨을 전송합니다. 참고 :이 단계는 원심 분리 동안 열린 덮개에서 오염을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 필터 살균 cytomix의 400 μL에 살균, 정화, 선형화 된 DNA (10 μg)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 15 분 동안 800 XG에서 원심 분리하여 5 X10 7 -10 8 세포를 6 절에서 설명하고 수확으로 세포를 계산합니다. </li><li> 상층 액을 붓고 1 ㎖의 혈청 학적 피펫을 사용하여 DNA + cytomix의 450 μL에있는 세포 펠렛을 resuspend. </li><li> CE를 포함하는 전송 솔루션<html> LLS, 일렉트로 챔버에서 멸균 4mm 갭 큐벳과 장소 큐벳에 DNA 및 cytomix. </li><li> &quot;지수 붕괴&quot;를 선택하고 수동으로 다음과 같은 설정을 입력 전압 : 1.5 kV로, 용량 : 25 수동 초점, 저항 : Ω, 및 큐벳 : 4mm입니다. 를 눌러 펄스입니다. 펄스가 완료되면, 전기 천공 큐벳을 챔버로부터 분리하고 바이오 캐비닛로 복귀. </li><li> 새로운 멸균 플라스크, 피펫 SDM79 10 ㎖로. SDM79 10 mL로 플라스크에 형질 전환 세포를 전송합니다. </li><li> 27 ° C, 5 % CO 2에서 24 시간 동안 약물의 선택없이 품어. 24 시간 후에, G418 (15 μg / ㎖), 하이 그로 마이신 (50 μg / ㎖), 및 블라스트 (/ ㎖ 10 μg)를 추가한다. 마약 SDM79의 9 ML에 약물로 형질 전환 된 세포를 1 ㎖를 전달합니다. </li><li> 섹션 6 및 7 세포 형광 아르에서 설명하고, 7 × 105 / ㎖ (1)의 셀 밀도에 도달 한 바와 같이 장기간 저장 (3.1-3.3) 용 stabilates을 매일 세포를 분석한다. </li></ol>ve_title &quot;&gt; 3. Stabilates 만들기 <ol><li> 미디어를 동결하려면 소독 cytomix 및 필터하기 위해 100 %의 글리세롤의 동일한 볼륨을 추가합니다. </li><li> cryovial의 셀 800 μL (1 × 10 7)에 동결 매체의 200 μl를 추가,이 스티로폼 랙 사이에 반전과 장소에 의해 부드럽게 혼합하고 -80 ° C에서 동결. </li><li> (~ 24 시간) 냉동 일단, 액체 질소로 전송 세포. NOTE : C는 세포 생존율의 감소에 이르게 ° -80 이상에서 스토리지로, 24 시간 후에 2 LN 세포로 이동하는 것이 중요하다. </li></ol> 4 해동 냉동 주식 <ol><li> 약 10 분 동안 실온에서 C와 해동 °에서 -80 냉동 유리 병을 제거합니다. </li><li> 새로운 멸균 플라스크에 마약 SDM79의 피펫 9 ML. 이 플라스크에 해동 세포를 추가합니다. (1 × 10 5 / ㎖의 최종 농도) 새로운 플라스크에 SDM79의 9 ml의이 문화의 한 ML을 추가하여 세포에게 1:10 전달합니다. </li><li> 10 7 세포 / ㎖의 밀도에 도달하기 전에, 설정 시작 사이토최대 희석 분석. </li></ol> 5 사이토 설치 <ol><li> 흐름 cytometer를 켜고 cflow는 Plus 프로그램을 엽니 다. 참고 : 모든 샘플을 실행하기 전에 유체가 단계 5.2-5.7에 따라 역류 세척 및 세척해야한다. </li><li> 모금이 빈 튜브를 저장하는 nanopure 물 튜브를 교체합니다. </li><li> &quot;역류&quot;버튼을 선택합니다. </li><li> 백 플러시가 완료되면, SIP 및 폐기에서 microcentrifuge 관을 제거합니다. </li><li> 모금에 새로운 nanopure 물 1 ㎖를 포함하는 새로운 microcentrifuge 관을 배치합니다. </li><li> cflow는 프로그램의 새도를 선택합니다. &quot;실행 제한&quot;에서 2 분 동안 시간을​​ 설정합니다. &quot;유체&quot;에서 &quot;빠른&quot;과 &quot;실행&quot;을 선택합니다. </li><li> 두 분의 제한 시간이 완료되면, &quot;샘플 데이터 삭제&quot;버튼을 클릭합니다. </li></ol> 흐름 사이토를 사용하여 6 셀 카운팅 <ol><li> 샘플 물을 교체하는 계산합니다. &quot;설정실행 제한 &quot;30 초는,&quot;빨리 &quot;를&quot;유체 실행 &quot;을&quot;을 선택하고 선택 &quot;. </li><li> 30 초 시간 제한은 cflow는 완료 플러스 ㎕의 &quot;마지막 실행.&quot;각 문화에 대한 반복 횟수에 따라 이벤트를 / 제공 할 것입니다 후. NOTE : 세포를 1 × 10 7 세포 / ml에 도달하기 전에, 희석 분석을 진행. 희석 한 분석이 완료된 후 세포는 중단되어야한다. 장기간 배양 세포는 환경 조건에 반응하는 능력을 잃게된다. </li></ol> 흐름 사이토를 사용하여 7 측정 형광 <ol><li> 형광을 평가하기 위해, 만 이벤트에 &quot;실행 제한&quot;및 &quot;천천히&quot;를 &quot;유체&quot;로 설정하십시오. &quot;설정 임계 값&quot;을 선택합니다. &quot;기본 임계 값&quot;에서, (드롭 다운 상자), &quot;영구의 이벤트를 제거&quot; &quot;FSC-H&quot;를 선택 미만 30000을 입력합니다. 다음 &quot;닫기&quot;, &quot;적용&quot;을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 선택220, 히스토그램 &quot;새로운 플롯 창 중 하나의 버튼을 누르고&quot;FSC-A FL1-A &quot;를&quot;드롭 다운 목록에서 다음을 선택 &quot;. 참고 : 530 nm 파장에서 FL1-A 측정 형광. </li><li> &quot;실행&quot;을 선택하고 모든 문화에 대해 반복합니다. </li><li> 2 분 2 분, 물 유체 라인을 통해 세제 용액을 실행합니다. </li></ol> 8 희석 분석 실험 <ol><li> 이 25cm 배양 플라스크 SDM79 3 ㎖의 1 × 105 세포 / ml의 밀도로 세포를 전달하고 이후 즉시 통과 한 후 3 시간 및 24 시간에서 형광을 측정한다. </li></ol> 제 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 선택 cflow는 플러스에 탭을 &quot;분석&quot;. </li><li> 클릭 &quot;새 플롯을 확인합니다.&quot;선택 &quot;FSC-A&quot;와 드롭 다운 목록에서 &quot;히스토그램&quot;버튼이 나타납니다. 채널을 선택합니다 &quot;FL1-A.&quot; </li><li> 분석을 잘 선택합니다. &quot;게이트&quot;버튼을 선택하고 수동으로 문을 그립니다관심의 인구. </li><li> 흐름 플러스는 셀이 게이트 내에서 &quot;횟수&quot;와 &quot;이 플롯의 %&quot;를 제공 할 것입니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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T., Schumann, U., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+and+maintenance+of+mammalian+peroxisomes+involves+a+de+novo+PEX16-dependent+pathway+from+the+ER.">The origin and maintenance of mammalian peroxisomes involves a de novo PEX16-dependent pathway from the ER.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 173, 521-532 (2006).</li><li>Hoepfner, D., Schildknegt, D., Braakman, I., Philippsen, P., Tabak, H. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Glycosomes은 필수, 동적, 기생충 특정 세포 기관이다. 이러한 세포 소기관의 생합성, 유지 보수, 증식과 리모델링을 조절하는 과정은 가능성이 치료 목적으로 악용 될 수 약물 표적을 포함한다. 이러한 약물 표적의 가능성이 높은 풍부 불구 glycosome 생합성의 필드는 주로 급격한 동적, 소기관 반응을 모니터링하는 다루기 쉬운, 높은 스루풋 시스템의 부족으로, 다른 유기체와 유사한 프로세스를 연구 ...

Trypanosoma brucei 소 아프리카 인간 수면병 및 소모성 질환, nagana을 발생합니다. 이들 질환의 치료에 사용되는 약물은 백신을 사용할 수없는, 낡은 매우 독성이며, 약제 내성의 개발을위한 잠재적 인 신규 한 약물 표적에 대한 검색을 필요로한다. 수명주기, T. 중 brucei, 곤충 벡터와 포유류의 호스트 번갈아; 기생충이 생존해야하는 매우 다른 환경을 제시 두 호스트. 기생충이 상이한 환경 조건에 노출되는 형태로 대사 및 변경이 발생할 수. 가장 극적인 변화 중 일부는 단일 막 경계 기생충 특정 microbodies에서 관찰되고, glycosomes 13 불린다. 포도당 수준이 상대적으로 높은 아르 (~ 5 mM)을 혈류와 혈류 기생충 (BSF)의 작용도 ë 통해 독점적으로 ATP를 생성ILE 미토콘드리아 대사는 14을 억압한다. 다른 진핵 달리하는 작용은 세포질에서 발생 T. brucei는 glycosomes (14, 15)에서 당분 해 효소의 대부분을 compartmentalizes. 기생충은 bloodmeal 동안 체체 파리에 의해 촬영 및 즉석 섭취되는 15 분 이내에 발견 할 수없는 수준으로 떨어지는 혈당 강하를 경험하게된다. 곤충들의 대사, procyclic 형태 (PCF)는 기생충보다 유연하고 글루코스뿐만 아니라, 프롤린 등의 아미노산, ATP 16-18의 합성에 사용될 수있다. 비교 단백체 연구는 라이프 사이클 glycosomal에 따라 변화와 혈류 기생충 증가 당분 단백질과 미토콘드리아 단백질과 TCA 사이클과 호흡 체인 13, 19에 관여하는 미토콘드리아 단백질을 알 수있다. 많은 연구가 BSF와 PCF glycosomes의 차이점에 초점을 맞추고있는 반면, 거의 ENV에 대한 응답으로 발생하는 PCF의 glycosomes의 변화에​​ 대해 알려진ironmental 변경됩니다. 파리의 hindgut에서 포도당 수준은 수유 20시 일시적인 증가로 낮다. 시험 관내 (in vitro) 연구에서 대부분으로, PCF 기생충은 포도당을 포함하는 배지에서 재배되고 있습니다. 그러나, 최근의 연구는 크게 님의 PCF 대사 변경 가용성 17 포도당 것을 증명하고있다. 글루코오스, 프롤린 흡수 및 프롤린 탈수소 효소 활성의 증가 (18)의 부재. 미토콘드리아 대사의 변화가 예상 glycosome 조성물 및 형태의 변화를 수반하지만, 이것은 직접 평가되지 않았다. 전자 및 형광 현미경은 일반적인 기술은 T.에 glycosome 역학을 연구하는 데 사용됩니다 brucei 2,21-24. 이러한 프로토콜은 시간 및 비용이 많이, 실시간 연구 및 높은 처리량 프로토콜에 적응하기 어려운 노동이다. , 소기관 형광 리포터 시스템을 U 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해포유류와 효모 시스템의 세포 기관을 공부 나오지는 T.에 사용하기 위해 수정되었습니다 brucei 12. 형광등 - 세포 소기관 기자 시스템은 광범위하게 효모, 식물 및 동물 세포 25 ~ 27로 높은 진핵 생물에서 사용되어왔다. 이러한 시스템에서, 형광 단백질은 특정 세포 내 소기관으로 단백질을 표적 아미노산 서열에 융합된다. 대상 단백질의 분해 나 합성은 형광을 통해 측정되고, 세포 기관의 구성의 변화는 세포의 형광의 변화에​​ 의해 반영됩니다. 강화 된 노란색 형광 단백질 (EYFP)의 오픈 리딩 프레임 타입 II 페 록시 타겟팅 시퀀스 (PTS2) 12에 융합 될 때, PTS2eYFP 단백질 성숙, 수입 능력 glycosomes 형광으로 가져가 유동 세포 계측법을 통해 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. glycosome 조성의 변화는 세포의 형광의 변화에​​ 의해 반영됩니다. 이 시스템은 레졸에 도움이 될 수 있습니다glycosome 조성물 중의 환경 변화에 의한 규제 메커니즘 ving. 이 원고 생방송 기생충 실시간 glycosome 역학을 모니터링하는 유동 세포 계측법과 관련 PCF 기생충에 glycosome 리포터 시스템의 생성을 설명하고, 그것이 다른 환경에 응답 glycosome 조성의 변화를 수행하기 위해 사용 된 방법의 예를 제공한다. 신선한 미디어 glycosome 구성의 변화를 트리거로 요약하면, glycosome 조성물은 세포의 포도당 농도와 로그 상 문화의 통과에 의해 영향을 받는다. 이 시스템은 트리 파노 솜 및 기타 기생충의 다른 세포 소기관의 동적 거동을 연구하기 위해 수정 될 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1257">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:396px;">Adenosine</td>
			<td style="width:425px;">Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">A10781</td>
			<td style="width:256px;">SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Alanine</td>
			<td>Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td>A15804</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-arginine</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>1820</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>102569</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Basal Medium Eagle Vitamin Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6891</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH0224</td>
			<td>Cytomix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S311-100</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EZNA Gel Extraction kit</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>D2500-01</td>
			<td>DNA purifiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Research grade Serum</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>03-600-511</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Folic acid</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>101725</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucosamine HCl</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194671</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15023-021</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>CalBiochem</td>
			<td>3520</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>Ac15892-0010</td>
			<td>Freezing media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Graces insect cell media powder</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11300-043</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemin</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194025</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guanosine</td>
			<td>Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd</td>
			<td>A11328</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>194025</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP214-500</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-methionine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP388-100</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM Amino Acids (50X)</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-030-CI</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NEAA Mixture (100X)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>13-114E</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Minimal Essential Medium (1X) with L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-010-CM</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MOPS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP308-500</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Biocarbonate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-phenylalanine</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>102623</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisheer</td>
			<td>P290-212</td>
			<td>Cytomix ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-proline</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP392-100</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-serine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>56-45-1</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pyruvic acid, sodium salt</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>113-24-6</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-taurine</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>A0295</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-threonine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>72-19-5</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-tyrosine</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>103183</td>
			<td>SDM79 Ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">E.Z.N.A.Cycle Pure kit</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>D6492-02</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Binding buffer</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>PDR041</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPW wash buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Omega Biotek</td>
			<td>PDR045</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gene Pulser Xcell&#160;</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>165-2660</td>
			<td>Trypanosome transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4 mm electroporation cuvettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trypanosome transformation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using fluorescent proteins to monitor glycosome dynamics in the african trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei는 가축 일에, 인간의 아프리카 트리파노소마 증 (HAT) 또는 수면 질병 및 소모성 질환, nagana 원인 kinetoplastid 기생충이다. 포유류의 호스트의 혈류와 체체 파리 벡터 사이의 기생충 번갈아. 많은 세포 소기관의 구성은 서로 다른 세포 외 조건 2-5에 대한 응답으로 변경됩니다. Glycosomes은 작용에 관여하는 효소의 많은 실형되는 고도로 전문화 페 록시이다. 개발과 환경 규제 방식 4-11 Glycosome 구성이 변경됩니다. 현재 glycosome 역학을 연구하기 위해 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 기술은 전자와 형광 현미경 아르; 비싸고, 시간과 노동 집약적 및 고 처리량 분석에 쉽게 적응하지 않은 방법. 이러한 제한, 형광등 glycosome 기자 시스템을 극복하기 위해12 glycosomes하는 융합 단백질을 지시하는 퍼 옥시 대상 시퀀스 (PTS2)에 융합되는 노란색 형광 단백질 (EYFP)를 강화하는 설립되었습니다. PTS2eYFP 융합 단백질의 수입시에, glycosomes 형광된다. 소기관 저하 및 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 측정 될 수있는 형광 손실 재활용 결과. 셀은 다수의 (5000 세포 / 초)와 같은 고정 및 장착으로 광범위한 샘플 준비없이 실시간으로 분석 할 수있다. 이 방법은 환경 조건의 변동에 응답하여 소기관 조성의 변화를 검출 신속한 방법을 제공한다.

이 시스템에서, glycosome 조성물 글루코스 의존적 변화가 관찰되었다. 세포가 포도당 함유 미디어에서 재배 될 때,이 인구가 관찰된다; 한 밝고 한 희미한 (그림 2A). 희미한 세포는 밝은 세포가 성숙하고 미성숙 glycosomes (12)의 혼합물을 항구 동안 PTS2eYFP을 가져 오지 않은 미숙 glycosomes를 항구. 포도당 미디어에 존재하는 경우, glycosome 단백질의 mislocalization는 15,28 치명적?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome at JoVE.com

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

형광 단백질을 사용하면 아프리카 Trypanosome에서 Glycosome 역학을 모니터링하려면

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in ...

using-fluorescent-proteins-to-monitor-glycosome-dynamics-african

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K 조회수.  Clemson University Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center. Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

비디오: Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) to Monitor Lymphocyte Proliferation

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is an effective and popular means to monitor lymphocyte division1-3. CFSE covalently labels long-lived intracellular molecules with the fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein. Thus, when a CFSE-labeled cell divides, its progeny are endowed with half the number of carboxyfluorescein-tagged molecules and thus each cell division can be assessed by measuring the corresponding decrease in cell fluorescence via Flow cytometry. The capacity of CFSE to label lymphocyte populations with a high fluorescent intensity of exceptionally low variance, coupled with its low cell toxicity, make it an ideal dye to measure cell division. Since it is a fluorescein-based dye it is also compatible with a broad range of other fluorochromes making it applicable to multi-color flow cytometry. This article describes the procedures typically used for labeling mouse lymphocytes for the purpose of monitoring up to 8 cell divisions. These labeled cells can be used both for in vitro and in vivo studies.

The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester CFSE to Monitor Lymphocyte Proliferation

CFSE covalently labels long-lived intracellular molecules with the fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein. As such, when a CFSE-labeled cell divides, its progeny have half the amount of fluorescence, which can thereby be used to assess cell division. This article describes the procedures typically used for labeling mouse lymphocytes with CFSE.

림프구 확산을 모니터 Carboxyfluorescein 디아 세 테이트 Succinimidyl 에스터 (CFSE)의 사용

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is an effective and popular means to monitor lymphocyte division1-3.  CFSE covalently labels long-lived ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins into a wide variety of target cells1,2. The T6SS is composed of 13 core components and displays structural similarities with the tail-tube of bacteriophages3. The phage uses a tube and a puncturing device to penetrate the cell envelope of target bacteria and inject DNA. It is proposed that the T6SS is an inverted bacteriophage device creating a specific path in the bacterial cell envelope to drive effectors and toxins to the surface. The process could be taken further and the T6SS device could perforate other cells with which the bacterium is in contact, thus injecting the effectors into these targets. The tail tube and puncturing device parts of the T6SS are made with Hcp and VgrG proteins, respectively4,5.
The versatility of the T6SS has been demonstrated through studies using various bacterial pathogens. The Vibrio cholerae T6SS can remodel the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic host cells by injecting an "evolved" VgrG carrying a C-terminal actin cross-linking domain6,7. Another striking example was recently documented using Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is able to target and kill bacteria in a T6SS-dependent manner, therefore promoting the establishment of bacteria in specific microbial niches and competitive environment8,9,10.
In the latter case, three T6SS-secreted proteins, namely Tse1, Tse2 and Tse3 have been identified as the toxins injected in the target bacteria (Figure 1). The donor cell is protected from the deleterious effect of these effectors via an anti-toxin mechanism, mediated by the Tsi1, Tsi2 and Tsi3 immunity proteins8,9,10. This antimicrobial activity can be monitored when T6SS-proficient bacteria are co-cultivated on solid surfaces in competition with other bacterial species or with T6SS-inactive bacteria of the same species8,11,12,13.
The data available emphasized a numerical approach to the bacterial competition assay, including time-consuming CFU counting that depends greatly on antibiotic makers. In the case of antibiotic resistant strains like P. aeruginosa, these methods can be inappropriate. Moreover, with the identification of about 200 different T6SS loci in more than 100 bacterial genomes14, a convenient screening tool is highly desirable. We developed an assay that is easy to use and requires standard laboratory material and reagents. The method offers a rapid and qualitative technique to monitor the T6SS-dependent bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity by using a reporter strain as a prey (in this case Escherichia coli DH5&alpha;) allowing a-complementation of the lacZ gene. Overall, this method is graphic and allows rapid identification of T6SS-related phenotypes on agar plates. This experimental protocol may be adapted to other strains or bacterial species taking into account specific conditions such as growth media, temperature or time of contact.

We describe a qualitative assay to monitor bacterial competition mediated by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type VI secretion system (T6SS). The assay relies on the survival/killing of Escherichia coli target cells carrying a lacZ-reporter. This technique is adjustable to assess the bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity of T6SS-proficient microorganisms.

T6SS로 인한 세균 경쟁을 모니터링 할 비주얼 분석

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular  nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins  into a wide variety of ...

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5) is a life-threatening pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Upon congenital or neonatal infection, the virus can infect and replicate in the developing brain, which may induce severe neurological damage, including deafness and mental retardation. Despite the potential severity of the symptoms, the therapeutic options are limited by the unavailability of a vaccine and the absence of a specific antiviral therapy. Furthermore, a precise description of the molecular events occurring during infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is still lacking since observations mostly derive from the autopsy of infected children. Several animal models, such as rhesus macaque CMV, have been developed and provided important insights into CMV pathogenesis in the CNS. However, despite its evolutionary proximity with humans, this model was limited by the intracranial inoculation procedure used to infect the animals and consistently induce CNS infection. Furthermore, ethical considerations have promoted the development of alternative models, among which neonatal infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has recently led to significant advances. For instance, it was reported that intraperitoneal injection of MCMV to Balb/c neonates leads to infection of neurons and glial cells in specific areas of the brain. These findings suggested that experimental inoculation of mice might recapitulate the deficits induced by HCMV infection in children. Nevertheless, a dynamic analysis of MCMV infection of neonates is difficult to perform because classical methodology requires the sacrifice of a significant number of animals at different time points to analyze the viral burden and/or immune-related parameters. To circumvent this bottleneck and to enable future investigations of rare mutant animals, we applied in vivo imaging technology to perform a time-course analysis of the viral dissemination in the brain upon peripheral injection of a recombinant MCMV expressing luciferase to C57Bl/6 neonates.

Use of In vivo Imaging to Monitor the Progression of Experimental Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neonates

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of neonates represents an important cause of mental retardation, yet the molecular events leading to virus-induced pathogenesis are still poorly understood. To investigate the dynamics of brain infection, we adapted whole-animal in vivo imaging to perform time-course analysis of neonates infected with a luciferase-recombinant virus.

사용<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 이미징 신생아의 실험 쥐 거대 세포 바이러스 감염의 진행 상황을 모니터링 할 수

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5) is a life-threatening  pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Upon congenital or neonatal  infection, the virus ...

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection and also the primary cause of preventable blindness in the world. An essential determinant for successful infection of host cells by Chlamydia is the bacterium's ability to manipulate host cell signaling from within a novel, vacuolar compartment called the inclusion. From within the inclusion, Chlamydia acquire nutrients required for their 2-3 day developmental growth, and they additionally secrete a panel of effector proteins onto the cytosolic face of the vacuole membrane and into the host cytosol. Gaps in our understanding of Chlamydia biology, however, present significant challenges for visualizing and analyzing this intracellular compartment. Recently, a reverse-imaging strategy for visualizing the inclusion using GFP expressing host cells was described. This approach rationally exploits the intrinsic impermeability of the inclusion membrane to large molecules such as GFP. In this work, we describe how GFP- or mCherry-expressing host cells are generated for subsequent visualization of chlamydial inclusions. Furthermore, this method is shown to effectively substitute for costly antibody-based enumeration methods, can be used in tandem with other fluorescent labels, such as GFP-expressing Chlamydia, and can be exploited to derive key quantitative data about inclusion membrane growth from a range of Chlamydia species and strains.

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

A live cell fluorescent protein based method for illuminating cellular vacuoles (inclusions) containing Chlamydia is described. This strategy enables rapid, automated determination of Chlamydia infectivity in samples and can be used to quantitatively investigate inclusion growth dynamics.

시각화 및 정량하기 위해 형광 단백질을 사용하여<em&gt; 클라미디아</em&gt; 액포 성장 역학 살아있는 세포에서

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of ...

The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine via a series of lymphatic vessels and nodes that converge at the superior mesenteric lymph duct. Cannulation of the mesenteric lymph duct thus enables the collection of mesenteric lymph flowing from the intestine. Mesenteric lymph consists of a cellular fraction of immune cells (99% lymphocytes), aqueous fraction (fluid, peptides and proteins such as cytokines and gut hormones) and lipoprotein fraction (lipids, lipophilic molecules and apo-proteins). The mesenteric lymph duct cannulation model can therefore be used to measure the concentration and rate of transport of a range of factors from the intestine via the lymphatic system. Changes to these factors in response to different challenges (e.g., diets, antigens, drugs) and in disease (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, HIV, diabetes) can also be determined. An area of expanding interest is the role of lymphatic transport in the absorption of orally administered lipophilic drugs and prodrugs that associate with intestinal lipid absorption pathways. Here we describe, in detail, a mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model which enables evaluation of the rate and extent of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system for several hours following intestinal delivery. The method is easily adaptable to the measurement of other parameters in lymph. We provide detailed descriptions of the difficulties that may be encountered when establishing this complex surgical method, as well as representative data from failed and successful experiments to provide instruction on how to confirm experimental success and interpret the data obtained.

Here we describe a technique to cannulate the mesenteric lymph duct in rats which enables quantification of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system following intestinal delivery. The technique can be adapted to assess mesenteric lymph concentrations and/or transport of fluid, immune cells, peptides, proteins and lipophilic molecules.

장간막 림프 덕트 유관 쥐 모델 : 창자 림프 약물 운송의 평가에 응용

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine ...

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo study of the late stage has been limited as traditional methodologies require the removal of the brain to determine the presence of the parasites.
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive, highly sensitive form of optical imaging that enables the visualization of a luciferase-transfected pathogen in real-time. By using a transfected trypanosome strain that has the ability to produce late stage disease in mice we are able to study the kinetics of a CNS infection in a single animal throughout the course of infection, as well as observe the movement and dissemination of a systemic infection.
Here we describe a robust protocol to study CNS infections using a bioluminescence model of African trypanosomiasis, providing real time non-invasive observations which can be further analyzed with optional downstream approaches.

This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

생물 발광 영상은 아프리카 트리파노소마 증의 늦은 단계의 감염을 감지하는

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton that is the driving force for plasma membrane extension around the particle. In addition, efficient engulfment of large material relies on focal exocytosis of intracellular compartments. This process is highly dynamic and numerous molecular players have been described to have a role during phagocytic cup formation. The precise regulation in time and space of all of these molecules, however, remains elusive. In addition, the last step of phagosome closure has been very difficult to observe because inhibition by RNA interference or dominant negative mutants often results in stalled phagocytic cup formation. 
We have set up a dedicated experimental approach using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) combined with epifluorescence to monitor step by step the extension of pseudopods and their tips in a phagosome growing around a particle loosely bound to a coverslip. This method allows us to observe, with high resolution the very tips of the pseudopods and their fusion during closure of the phagosome in living cells for two different fluorescently tagged proteins at the same time.

&quot;Phagosome Closure Assay&quot; to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

We describe an experimental setup to visualize with unprecedented high resolution phagosome formation and closure in three dimensions in living macrophages, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. It allows monitoring of the base of the phagocytic cup, the extending pseudopods, as well as the precise site of phagosome scission.

&quot;Phagosome 폐쇄 분석은&quot;사용하여 입체적으로 Phagosome 형성을 시각화하는 총 내부 반사 형광 현미경 (TIRFM)

Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by specialized cells to internalize and eliminate microorganisms or cellular debris. It relies on profound rearrangements ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

B 형 간염 바이러스 리포터 시스템 개발은 복제주기의 초기 단계를 모니터링하기

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple condensation reactions. DHDDS (dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase) is a eukaryotic long-chain cis-PT (forming cis double bonds from the condensation reaction) that catalyzes chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, an allylic diphosphate) via multiple condensations with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). DHDDS is of biomedical importance, as a non-conservative mutation (K42E) in the enzyme results in retinitis pigmentosa, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, the present protocol was developed in order to acquire large quantities of purified DHDDS, suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, the usage of protein fusion, optimized culture conditions and codon-optimization were used to allow the overexpression and purification of functionally active human DHDDS in E. coli. The described protocol is simple, cost-effective and time sparing. The homology of cis-PT among different species suggests that this protocol may be applied for other eukaryotic cis-PT as well, such as those involved in natural rubber synthesis.

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

A simple protocol for overexpression and purification of codon-optimized, human cis-prenyltransferase, under non-denaturing conditions, from Escherichia coli, is described, along with an enzymatic activity assay. This protocol can be generalized for production of other cis- prenyltransferase proteins in quantity and quality suitable for mechanistic studies.

인간의 과발현과 정제<em&gt; 시스</em&gt; - 프레 닐 트랜스퍼 라제<em&gt; 대장균</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most colonized hosts, the commensal reservoir does serve as a repository for infectious disease, and the presence of high fungal titers in the gut is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we describe a method to visualize C. albicans cell morphology and localization in a mouse model of stable gastrointestinal colonization. Colonization is established using a single dose of C. albicans in animals that have been treated with oral antibiotics. Segments of gut tissue are fixed in a manner that preserves the architecture of luminal contents (microorganisms and mucus) as well as the host mucosa. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization is performed using probes against fungal rRNA to stain for C. albicans and hyphae. A key advantage of this protocol is that it allows for simultaneous observation of C. albicans cell morphology and its spatial association with host structures during gastrointestinal colonization.

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize Candida albicans cell shape and localization in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.

시투 혼성화에서 형광을 사용하여 뮤린 위장에서 칸디다 알비칸스의 시각화

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most ...