저자는 국립 과학 재단 (NSF)의 재정 지원은 &quot;건강과 환경에 대한 중간 적외선 기술 (MIRTHE)&quot;라는 EEC-0540832에게 부여 인정

악기의 1. 준비 <ol><li> 암모니아 광 센서 플랫폼, 레이저 다이오드 컨트롤러, 사용자 정의 내장 된 제어 전자 장치 (CEU), 호흡 샘플러, 공기 펌프, 및 노트북에 외부 전원 공급 장치의 전원을 켭니다. </li><li> 암모니아 센서의 배기 및 냉각 팬 모두가 작동하고 있는지 확인하십시오. 참고 : 하나는 센서의 후면에 위치하고 있으며, 두 번째는 쉽게 접근 할 수있는 센서 내에서 발견된다. </li><li> 음향 검출 모듈 및 니들 밸브 온도는 암모니아 센서 박스의 측면에 위치한 디지털 표시를 확인하여 38.0 ° C에 있는지 확인. 센서가 안정 온도에 전력을 제공하는 시간에서 약 35 분을 기다립니다. </li><li> 아이콘 이름 호흡 샘플러의 바탕 화면에 발견 &quot;ChangeT&quot;를 클릭하여 55 ° C에 유입 배관 및 마우스 피스 온도를 설정합니다. 온도는 &quot;UPD를 클릭 한 다음 위쪽 또는 아래쪽 화살표를 클릭하여 변경할 수 있습니다&quot;온도를 먹었다. 바탕 화면으로 돌아가려면 &quot;종료&quot;를 클릭합니다. 이 시스템을 좀 안정 온도에서 5 분 이상을 허용합니다. 55 ° C에서 샘플러 및 튜브의 온도를 유지하는 것은 암모니아의 표면 손실을 최소화 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 암모니아 센서를 제어하는​​ 노트북에 소프트웨어를 엽니 다. 이 프로그램은 바탕 화면에 &quot;NH 3 브레스 센서 프로그램&quot;라는 이름의 폴더에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 이 폴더 내에서, 사용자는 아이콘 &quot;기본 LabVIEW 소프트웨어&quot;를 선택해야합니다. 이 폴더는 여러 응용 프로그램이 포함되어 있지만 사용자가 원하는 인터페이스에 액세스 할 수 &quot;Mainsequence.vi&quot;를 선택해야합니다. 화면의 왼쪽 상단 모서리에있는 &quot;실행&quot;을 선택합니다. 참고 :이 보정 시퀀스를 잠금 줄을 시작합니다. QEPAS 모니터의 레이저는 자동화 라인 잠금 절차 중에 선택 최적의 전류에서 작동합니다. 이 과정은 약 25 분 소요됩니다. </li><li> 샘플러에 새로운 세션을 생성되도록 개채널 제목​​의 세션이 연결된 플래시 드라이브에 저장됩니다 자신의 파일이 있습니다. 참고 : 이것은 샘플러의 바탕 화면에있는 프로그램 &quot;호흡 샘플러를&quot;개방에 의해 수행된다. 적절하게 세션을 식별하기위한 공간이있다. 세션을 실행하는 동안 생성 된 모든 데이터는이 식별자에서 플래시 드라이브에 저장됩니다. 실험 날짜는 전형적 파일명의 일부로서 사용된다. 입구와 마우스 피스의 온도는 숨 샘플링 프로그램을 시작하기 전에 조정해야합니다. </li><li> 입구 관에 새로운 일회용 마우스 피스를 삽입합니다. 손가락의 암모니아와 마우스 피스 오염을 막기 위해 일회용 장갑을 착용 할 것. </li></ol> 2. 호흡 샘플 컬렉션 참고 : 관련 기관 검토위원회 (윤리위원회)는 인간을 대상으로 관련된 모든 연구를 승인해야합니다. 크게 숨을 암모니아에 영향을 미칠 수있는 많은 요인이있다. 이러한 요인에 의해 직접 호흡 암모니아 측정을 변경할 수전신 암모니아 수준을 ffecting 또는 계측에 폐에서 호흡 대사의 여행에 영향을 미치는로. <ol><li> 주제는 도착 후 약 12​​ 시간 동안 그들이 시험을하기 전에 운동에서 아침을 자제한다는 음식을 섭취하지 데, 공복 상태에서 실험실에 도착 확인합니다. </li><li> 어떤 물질이 이전의 데이터 수집에 적어도 1 시간 동안 입에 도입되지 않은 확인하십시오. 과목 시험 전에 1 시간 이상 자신의 치아가 더 큰 브러시 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 암모니아 센서 앞에있는 피사체를 장착. 유입 파이프를 개최하고, 그들이 암모니아 오염을 방지하기 위해 마우스 피스를 만지지 않도록하기 위해 주제를 지시합니다. </li><li> 샘플러 인터페이스에서 &quot;시작&quot;을 클릭합니다. 주제는 그들이 할 수있는 한의 마우스 피스에 숨을 내쉬고, 또는 운전자는 충분한 것으로 샘플을 판단 할 때까지했다. 참고 :이 최소 10 초를 지속 단일 전체 호기입니다. 입 압력을 대리로 실시간으로 측정한다유량. 컬러 코딩 압력계 피사체 생산에 도움이 50 ㎖ / 초의 호기 유량을 나타내는 물 10cm의 원하는 호기 압력을 유지한다. 이 철 NO를 결정하는 프로토콜에 대한 ATS / ERS에 의해 채택 된 이후이 흐름 속도가 선택되었다. 이 호기 유량은 어린이와 성인에 의해 달성 할 수있다. 마찬가지로 세 날숨 재현성은 10 % 미만으로 다르​​다는 것을 수득한다. </li><li> 호흡 샘플이 완료되면 샘플러 인터페이스에서 &quot;중지&quot;를 클릭합니다. </li></ol> 3. 호흡 샘플 측정 <ol><li> 호흡 샘플을 분석 한 후에, 모니터 작동 기공사는 그 호흡 프로파일의 모든 세그먼트를 분석하는 기능을 갖는다. 관심의 호흡 부분은 단계 III 세그먼트입니다. 이는 이산화탄소의 농도 &quot;고원&quot;특징 및 BRE의 말기에 중에 발견된다ATH. </li><li> 바로 호흡의 압력 강하하기 전에 때 이산화탄소 고원을 시작하고 중지 할 샘플러 인터페이스의 수직 라인을 드래그하여 샘플의 위상 III 부분을 선택합니다. 설명은 그림 1을 참조하십시오. </li><li> 샘플러 터치 스크린 인터페이스에 &quot;저장&quot;을 클릭하여 플래시 드라이브에 데이터를 저장합니다. </li><li> 호흡 데이터가 저장되고 나면, 사용자는 새로운 호흡 샘플을 시작하려면 &quot;시작&quot;을 선택할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 4. 호흡 암모니아에 입 린스와 산도의 효과를 설명 <ol><li> 기준선 암모니아 레벨을 설정하는 3 호흡 샘플. 호흡이 서로 떨어져 적어도 5 분을 가지고 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 60 초 동안 물 30 mL를 철저히 입을 씻어. </li><li> 린스 (제 2)의 60 초 이내에 호흡 샘플을 수집합니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 암모니아의 변화를 관찰하기 위해 다음 시간의 과정을 통해 호흡 샘플을 수집합니다. 참고 : 샘PLES 분마다만큼 자주 수행 할 수 있지만, 더 이상 간격은 일반적으로 사용됩니다. </li><li> 60 초 동안 기본 솔루션의 30 ML의 나누어지는 (물에 탄산 수​​소 나트륨)를 철저하게 입을 헹구고 4.2.1를 반복합니다. </li><li> 60 초 산성 용액의 30 mL를 철저히 입을 헹구고 4.2.1를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 5. 호흡 암모니아에 입구 및 운송 관 온도의 영향을 설명 <ol><li> 입구 온도를 15 분에 걸쳐 샘플 세 호흡은 몸의 온도는 약 30 ° C 이하로 설정 </li><li> 호흡 샘플러의 터치 스크린 인터페이스에 바탕 화면 아이콘을 사용하여 각각 55 ° C에 유입 및 수송 관의 온도를 높입니다. 시스템에서 5 분 이상이 정상 상태에 도달 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 5 분 간격 가열 입구에 샘플 3 호흡. </li></ol>

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Dr. Risby serves as a consultant for Loccioni Humancare the manufacturer of the breath sampler.

실시간 추적 대사 산물을 검출 할 수있는 비 침습 절차의 이점은 명백하다. 그러나 호흡의 연구 분야는이 잠재력을 실현하기 위해 노력하고있다. 호흡 측정은 많은 혼란 변수에 취약 역동적 인 과정이다. 우리의 접근 방식은 중요한 장점을 가지고 : 구체적으로, 호흡 샘플러에 결합 된 쌀 QEPAS 기반 암모니아 모니터의 감도와 속도를 정확하게 측정 밀접한 호흡 수집 요소를 평가하고 확인하는 우리...

암모니아는 단백질 대사 하나의 유비쿼터스 부산물이다. 암모니아 측정 따라서 임상의 다양한 질병 및 건강 상태 2을 평가하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 그러나, 암모니아는 매우 민감하기 때문에, 혈액이나 호흡을 통해, 정확하게 측정하기 어렵다. 일반적으로 사용하지만, 혈액 분석의 정확성 3에 대한 기본 문제 등 다양한 단점을 보유하고 있습니다. 그러나 혈액 분석과 주요 문제는 그들이 오직 episodically 수집하는 현실이다. 암모니아 생리학, 많은 혈당 및 다른 많은 신진 대사 과정처럼, 유체 및도 4를 변경하기 때문에 중요하다. 대조적으로, 호흡 분석이 용이하게 반복 측정을 가능하게 완전히 비 침습하고 신속하게. 이 독특한 방식으로 심각한 충족 요구를 충족 할 수 있기 때문에, 호흡 암모니아 측정이 매력입니다. 호흡 컬렉션은, 그러나, 유일한 문제를 선물한다. 정맥 절개는 본질적으로 JEO을 수행하는 반면여러 가지 예측할 수없는 방법으로 오류 pardy (예를 들어, 지혈대 시간, 땀 오염, 혈액 세포 용혈, 실험실 측정에서의 지연 등 5), 호흡 측정 연구팀은 새로운 도전의 다른 그룹과 경쟁해야 변동성을 호흡, 오염을 구강 점막에 또는 세균 암모니아, 대기 및 장치 습도와 온도의 영향 등 6. 사실, 그것은 알 수없는 생물을 발견 실험 절차를 사용하여 인간에게 실험 장비를 연결에서 작업을 과소 평가하는 것은 바람직하지 못하다. 때문에 이러한 장애에 부분적으로, 호흡 암모니아는 아직 그 잠재력을 충족하지 않았습니다. 여기서, 우리는 신속하고 정확한 결과를 숨 암모니아 측정 프로토콜을 제시한다. 모니터 인터페이스 샘플러, 그리고 인간의 영향에주의 : 우리의 프로토콜은 세 가지 영역에서 힘을 가지고 있습니다. 모니터는 앞서 설명한 7로 라이스 대학에서 동료에 의해 ​​지어졌다. MEA의 기초측정 추 석영 향상된 광 음향 분광 음향 변환기로 압전 석영 튜닝 포크를 사용한다 (QEPAS) 기술이다. 음향 파가 목표 추적 가스 종에 의해 변조 된 레이저 방사선의 흡수에 의해 생성 될 때 광 음향 효과를 발생한다. 미량 가스는 변조 주파수에서 음향 공명 탄성 셀을 이용하여 검출된다. 암모니아 흡수 파장은 그 숨 종을 방해 스펙트럼 간섭에서 자유 롭다 선정되었다. 인간 날숨 측정의 목적을 위해, 모니터의 주요 특징은 넓은 측정 범위 (50 억 부 당 ~부터 적어도 5000 PPB에 ppb가)와 속도 (1 초 측정)을 포함한다. 모니터의 속도는 호흡주기 동안 시간 해상도를 가능하게한다. 모니터는 특별히 디자인 된 호흡 샘플러에 연결된다. 샘플러는 압력 센서와 capnograph으로 구성되어 있습니다. 그것은 표시하고 실시간으로 보관입구 압력과 이산화탄소뿐만 아니라 센서에 의해 결정되는 암모니아 농도의 측정. 이 샘플러 그러므로 호흡이 수집 된 호흡 노력의 품질을 평가하기 위해 기술자를 가능하게한다. 이것은 미국 흉부 학회 / 유럽 호흡기 학회 태스크 포스 (ATS / ERS) (8)에 의해 제안 된 호흡 산화 질소 (NO 철)을 분석하기위한 권장 사항을 초과하는 가능하게한다. 모든 호흡 샘플링의 경우, 일회용 단방향 라인 밸브 호흡 샘플러의 입구 포트에 사용 하였다. 때문에 샘플러에 의해 제공된 모니터와 품질 관리의 속도, 우리는 신중 9 인간의 영향을 평가할 수 있었다. 숨을 지시 할 때 대부분의 과목은, 예를 들어, 처음과 호흡. 경구 pH와 입과 같은 다른 중요한 영향은, 샘플러, 모니터와 관련된 모든 배관 및 호흡 모드의 온도는 다음 공부했다 빨고, 그리고 기초는 fo를하다아래 R 설명 실험. 마지막으로, 그리고 아마도 가장 중요한 것은, 그것은 다수의 고도로 숙련 된 그룹이 완전히 다른 센서와 측정 절차를 사용하여 호흡 암모니아를 측정하는 것을 강조해야합니다. 이러한 중요한 장점과 타당성을 가질 수있다. 완전한 비교는 본 연구의 10,11,12의 범위를 벗어납니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="666">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Rice Ammonia Monitor System</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Not available for commercial purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Loccioni Breath Sampler</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Loccioni Humancare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Single breath version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Disposable Mouth Piece</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">WestPrime Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G011-200</td>
			<td>Manufacturer is AlcoQuant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Lenovo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Old model no longer sold by manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Acid Rinse</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Household acidic drink (coffee, soft drink, citrus juices, etc)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Base Rinse</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Water mixed with a nonexact amount of sodium bicarbonate (Arm &#38; Hammer Baking Soda)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Neutral Rinse</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fast and accurate exhaled breath ammonia measurement

This exhaled breath ammonia method uses a fast and highly sensitive spectroscopic method known as quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) that uses a quantum cascade based laser. The monitor is coupled to a sampler that measures mouth pressure and carbon dioxide. The system is temperature controlled and specifically designed to address the reactivity of this compound. The sampler provides immediate feedback to the subject and the technician on the quality of the breath effort. Together with the quick response time of the monitor, this system is capable of accurately measuring exhaled breath ammonia representative of deep lung systemic levels. 
Because the system is easy to use and produces real time results, it has enabled experiments to identify factors that influence measurements. For example, mouth rinse and oral pH reproducibly and significantly affect results and therefore must be controlled. Temperature and mode of breathing are other examples. As our understanding of these factors evolves, error is reduced, and clinical studies become more meaningful. This system is very reliable and individual measurements are inexpensive. 
The sampler is relatively inexpensive and quite portable, but the monitor is neither. This limits options for some clinical studies and provides rational for future innovations.

주제는 기준선 호흡 암모니아 수준의 넓은 범위를 생성 할 것으로 예상 할 수있다. 건강한 개인은 100-1,000 PPB의 호흡 암모니아 측정과 함께 하루를 시작할 수 있습니다. 유체로 입안을 헹구는 즉시 감지 호흡 암모니아의 양을 변경합니다. 중성 및 산성 유체는 일반적으로 절반 이상에 의해 관찰 암모니아의 양을 잘랐다. 린스의 효과가 떨어지기로 이러한 수준은 기본으로 돌아갑니다. 물 효과는 산...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement at JoVE.com

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Ammonia is an important physiologic metabolite relevant to various disease and wellness states. It is also a difficult molecule to measure in breath, which demands particular precautions be taken to obtain accurate results. Not all factors influencing ammonia are known, but progress can be difficult without accounting for these factors.

빠르고 정확한 날숨 암모니아 측정

This exhaled breath ammonia method uses a fast and highly sensitive spectroscopic method known as quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) that ...

fast-and-accurate-exhaled-breath-ammonia-measurement

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.1K 조회수.  St. Luke's University Hospital. Ammonia is an important physiologic metabolite relevant to various disease and wellness states. It is also a difficult molecule to measure in breath, which demands particular precautions be taken to obtain accurate results. Not all factors influencing ammonia are known, but progress can be difficult without accounting for these factors.

비디오: Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

전체 혈액 자극 분석을 사용하여 프로 염증성 시토킨 IL - 1β의 정확하고 간단한 측정

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

연구

의학

Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye

The presence of placental vascular anastomoses is a conditio sine qua non for the development of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS)1,2. Injection studies of twin placentas have shown that such anastomoses are almost invariably present in monochorionic twins and extremely rare in dichorionic twins1. Three types of anastomoses have been documented: from artery to artery, from vein to vein and from artery to vein. Arterio-venous (AV) anastomoses are unidirectional and are referred to as "deep" anastomoses since they proceed through a shared placental cotyledon, whereas arterio-arterial (AA) and veno-venous (VV) anastomoses are bi-directional and are referred to as "superficial" since they lie on the chorionic plate. Both TTTS and TAPS are caused by net imbalance of blood flow between the twins due to AV anastomoses. Blood from one twin (the donor) is pumped through an artery into the shared placental cotyledon and then drained through a vein into the circulation of the other twin (the recipient). Unless blood is pumped back from the recipient to the donor through oppositely directed deep AV anastomoses or through superficial anastomoses, an imbalance of blood volumes occurs, gradually leading to the development of TTTS or TAPS. The presence of an AA anastomosis has been shown to protect against the development of TTTS and TAPS by compensating for the circulatory imbalance caused by the uni-directional AV anastomoses1,2. 
Injection of monochorionic placentas soon after birth is a useful mean to understand the etiology of various (hematological) complications in monochorionic twins and is a required test to reach the diagnosis of TAPS2. In addition, injection of TTTS placentas treated with fetoscopic laser surgery allows identification of possible residual anastomoses3-5. This additional information is of paramount importance for all perinatologists involved in the management and care of monochorionic twins with TTTS or TAPS. Several placental injection techniques are currently being used. We provide a simple protocol to accurately evaluate the presence of (residual) vascular anastomoses using colored dye injection.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia polycythemia sequence are two potentially devastating problems in perinatal medicine. Both disorders occur only in monochorionic twins and result from unbalanced blood flow through placental vascular anastomoses. We provide a simple protocol to accurately evaluate the presence of vascular anastomoses using colored dye injection of placental vessels after birth.

유색 염료를 사용하여 Monochorionic 태반의 혈관 Anastomoses의 정확하고 간단한 평가

The presence of placental vascular anastomoses is a conditio sine qua non for the development of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia ...

Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures

New remote navigation systems have been developed to improve current limitations of conventional manually guided catheter ablation in complex cardiac substrates such as left atrial flutter. This protocol describes all the clinical and invasive interventional steps performed during a human electrophysiological study and ablation to assess the accuracy, safety and real-time navigation of the Catheter Guidance, Control and Imaging (CGCI) system. Patients who underwent ablation of a right or left atrium flutter substrate were included. Specifically, data from three left atrial flutter and two counterclockwise right atrial flutter procedures are shown in this report. One representative left atrial flutter procedure is shown in the movie. This system is based on eight coil-core electromagnets, which generate a dynamic magnetic field focused on the heart. Remote navigation by rapid changes (msec) in the magnetic field magnitude and a very flexible magnetized catheter allow real-time closed-loop integration and accurate, stable positioning and ablation of the arrhythmogenic substrate.

This report provides a detailed description of a new remote navigation system based on magnetic driven forces, which has been recently introduced as a new robotic tool for human cardiac electrophysiology procedures.

심장 전기 생리학 절차의 정확한 실시간 카테 테르 위치와 절제 원격 자기 탐색

New remote navigation systems have been developed to improve current limitations of conventional manually guided catheter ablation in complex cardiac ...

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Gastric emptying studies in mice have been limited by the inability to follow gastric emptying changes in the same animal since the most commonly used techniques require killing of the animals and postmortem recovery of the meal1,2. This approach prevents longitudinal studies to determine changes in gastric emptying with age and progression of disease. The commonly used [13C]-octanoic acid breath test for humans3 has been modified for use in mice4-6 and rats7 and we previously showed that this test is reliable and responsive to changes in gastric emptying in response to drugs and during diabetic disease progression8. In this video presentation the principle and practical implementation of this modified test is explained. As in the previous study, NOD LtJ mice are used, a model of type 1 diabetes9. A proportion of these mice develop the symptoms of gastroparesis, a complication of diabetes characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction of the stomach10.
This paper demonstrates how to train the mice for testing, how to prepare the test meal and obtain 4 hr gastric emptying data and how to analyze the obtained data. The carbon isotope analyzer used in the present study is suitable for the automatic sampling of the air samples from up to 12 mice at the same time. This technique allows the longitudinal follow-up of gastric emptying from larger groups of mice with diabetes or other long-standing diseases.

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Determination of gastric emptying with a non-invasive [13C]-octanoic acid breath test for tracking gastroparesis in female NOD LtJ mice.

를 사용하여 비 비만 당뇨병 마우스의 위 비우는의 평가 [<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C]-octanoic 산성 호흡 시험

Gastric emptying studies in mice have been limited by the inability to follow gastric emptying changes in the same animal since the most commonly used ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g. Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer&#039;s Disease and Normal Elderly

Lesion Explorer (LE) is a semi-automatic, image-processing pipeline developed to obtain regional brain tissue and subcortical hyperintensity lesion volumetrics from structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. To ensure a high level of accuracy and reliability, the following is a video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

병변 탐색기를 정확하고 신뢰할 수있는 MRI 유도 알츠하이머 병의 볼륨 측정 및 일반 노인을위한 영상 유도, 표준화 된 프로토콜

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Breath-holding techniques reduce the amount of radiation received by cardiac structures during tangential-field left breast radiotherapy. With these techniques, patients hold their breath while radiotherapy is delivered, pushing the heart down and away from the radiotherapy field. Despite clear dosimetric benefits, these techniques are not yet in widespread use. One reason for this is that commercially available solutions require specialist equipment, necessitating not only significant capital investment, but often also incurring ongoing costs such as a need for daily disposable mouthpieces. The voluntary breath-hold technique described here does not require any additional specialist equipment. All breath-holding techniques require a surrogate to monitor breath-hold consistency and whether breath-hold is maintained. Voluntary breath-hold uses the distance moved by the anterior and lateral reference marks (tattoos) away from the treatment room lasers in breath-hold to monitor consistency at CT-planning and treatment setup. Light fields are then used to monitor breath-hold consistency prior to and during radiotherapy delivery.

The current priority in breast cancer radiotherapy is to reduce cardiac doses without compromising target tissue coverage. The voluntary breath-hold technique described here is a simple, inexpensive solution to this problem and capable of being instituted widely without the need for specialized equipment.

왼쪽 유방 방사선 치료에 심장 선량 감소를위한 자발적 호흡 홀드 기술

Breath-holding techniques reduce the amount of radiation received by cardiac structures during tangential-field left breast radiotherapy. With these ...

Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live animal &#8211;&#160;particularly in sites with unique physiological and architectural qualities such as the brain. In vitro and ectopic models cannot account for features such as vasculature, blood brain barrier, metabolism, drug delivery and toxicity, and a host of other relevant factors. Orthotopic models have their limitations too, but with proper technique tumor cells of interest can be accurately engrafted into tissue that most closely mimics conditions in the human brain. By employing methods that deliver precisely measured volumes to accurately defined locations at a consistent rate and pressure, mouse models of human brain tumors with predictable growth rates can be reproducibly created and are suitable for reliable analysis of various interventions. The protocol described here focuses on the technical details of designing and preparing for an intracranial injection, performing the surgery, and ensuring successful and reproducible tumor growth and provides starting points for a variety of conditions that can be customized for a range of different brain tumor models.

The brain is a unique site with qualities that are not well represented by in vitro or ectopic analyses. Orthotopic mouse models with reproducible location and growth characteristics can be reliably created with intracranial injections using a stereotaxic fixation instrument and a low pressure syringe pump.

만들기 해부학 적으로 정확하고 인간의 두뇌 종양의 재현 두개 내 이종 이식

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3 차원 초음파 영상: 골격 조직의 신속 하 고 비용 효율적인 Morphometry

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Fast Inspection of Quality of Indigo Naturalis by Multiple Light Scattering

Quality control of Chinese herbal medicine is a crucial component of Chinese herbal medicine research and development. Faced with the challenges of modernization and internationalization of Chinese herbal medicine, it is urgent to establish thorough and effective procedures for quality identification of Chinese herbal medicine, and there is an urgent need for new analytical and testing techniques that are efficient, accurate, and environmentally friendly. 
Multiple light scattering is a cutting-edge and analytical method that can accurately and rapidly assess the quality of Chinese herbal medicine without altering the nature or state of the sample or using organic reagents. Indigo Naturalis is considered a good remedy for pediatric hyperthermia, psoriasis, leukemia, and ulcerative colitis. In this study, the process of addition of Indigo Naturalis powder in water was recorded precisely using a multiple light scattering instrument. 
The qualitative and quantitative measurements of the instrument can be used to accurately capture the overall trajectory and sinking behavior of Indigo Naturalis powder into water and to establish a rapid evaluation method for the quality of Indigo Naturalis with the transmission and backscattering spectrograms of the sample as qualitative indicators and stability index as a quantitative indicator. The analytical technique based on multiple light scattering provides a fast, accurate, green, and environmentally friendly method for the quality evaluation of Indigo Naturalis and supports the development and transformation of high-quality Indigo Naturalis.

Here, we present a quality evaluation method based on a multiple light scattering technique to evaluate the quality of Indigo Naturalis.

다중 광산란을 통한 Indigo Naturalis의 품질에 대한 빠른 검사

Quality control of Chinese herbal medicine is a crucial component of Chinese herbal medicine research and development. Faced with the challenges of ...

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Exam: Image Acquisition

Over the past twenty years, the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam has transformed the care of patients presenting with a combination of trauma (blunt or penetrating) and hypotension. In these hemodynamically unstable trauma patients, the FAST exam permits rapid and noninvasive screening for free pericardial or peritoneal fluid, the latter of which implicates intra-abdominal injury as a likely contributor to the hypotension and justifies emergent abdominal surgical exploration. Further, the abdominal portion of the FAST exam can also be used outside of the trauma setting to screen for free peritoneal fluid in patients who become hemodynamically unstable in any context, including after procedures that may inadvertently injure abdominal organs. These "non-trauma" situations of hemodynamic instability are often triaged by providers from specialties other than emergency medicine or trauma surgery who are not familiar with the FAST exam. Therefore, there is a need to promulgate knowledge about the FAST exam to all clinicians caring for critically ill patients. Toward this end, this article describes FAST exam image acquisition: patient positioning, transducer selection, image optimization, and exam limitations. Since the free fluid is likely to be found in specific anatomic locations that are unique for each canonical FAST exam view, this work centers on the unique image acquisition considerations for each window: subcostal, right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, and pelvis.

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma FAST Exam: Image Acquisition

The Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam is a diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound examination used to screen for the presence of free fluid in the pericardium and peritoneum. Indications, techniques, and pitfalls of the procedure are discussed in this article.