We wish to thank the following individuals: Drs. Tim Krohne and Eyal Banin (along with Dr. Mandy Lehmann and David Friedlander) for generous help developing the differentiation protocols. Dr. Felicitas Bucher provided assistance differentiating the RPE cells used in this study. We also acknowledge the National Eye Institute (NEI grants EY11254 and EY021416), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM grant TR1-01219), and the Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) for very generous funding for this project.

줄기 세포 유래 망막 색소 상피 1. 감독 차별화 주 : 모든 인큐베이션 단계는 5 % CO 2에서 37 ℃에서 수행 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 유지 보수 미디어 (; 표 1 MM)의 배아 줄기 또는 엉덩이 라인 (매일 공급)를 유지한다. 라인이 품질 관리 기준을 충분히 도달했으면, 마우스 배아 피더 세포의 층에이를 유지 보수 (MEFs에)은 250,000의 밀도 / 웰의 여섯 웰 플레이트에 시딩. 제노없는 배양 또한 터커 외. (40)에 의해 확립 된 프로토콜은 다음 생성 될 수있다. </li><li> 줄기 세포 식민지 포화 상태에 도달 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 니코틴 아미드 (; 표 1 DM / NIC)와 차별화 미디어로 전환; 매일 공급. </li><li> RPE 차별화를 강화하기 위해, 문화 삼주 후, 니코틴 및 중 하나를 Activin-A 또는 IDE-1 (표 1 DM / NIC / AA 또는 DM / NIC / IDE1)와 차별화 미디어로 전환합니다. </lI&gt; <li> 문화 오주 후, DM / NIC로 전환. 매일 먹이를 더 이상 공급 후 노란색 하루를 돌려 미디어 정지의 pH를 표시 한 번 필요하지 않습니다. </li><li> (그림 2D-F와 3A 참조)만큼 잘라 제거 할 큰이 나타나는 색소 세포의 섬 기다립니다. </li></ol> 2. 분리 안료 독도 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 외투 세포 자연 환경 (이종이없는 것이 바람직하다) 본뜬 매트릭스 24- 웰 플레이트의 웰. 참고 : 각막 블레이드 날카로운, 뾰족한 집게 따기위한 매우 유용합니다. 따기 동안 분화 된 세포의 전체 시트를 분리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 신중하게 작업하고 처음에 접시의 중앙에 식민지를 선택하여이 피하십시오. </li><li> (; 표 1 DM) 필요에 따라 차별화 미디어를 24 웰 플레이트의 많은 우물을 입력합니다. 착색 된 콜로니의 수에 의존 할 것이다 이러한 결정수집. </li><li> 해부와 세포 배양 후드에서 수동으로 착색 된 섬을 잘라. 약 2-6 조각으로 메스를 사용하여 원래 판의 맨 아래에 각각의 섬을 잘라 날카로운 집게로 착색 된 부분을 잡아. </li><li> 각 24 웰에 1-2 착색 된 조각을 전송합니다. </li><li> 세포가 준수 할 때까지 3~5일을 위해 미디어를 변경하지 마십시오, 다음 미디어에게 일주일에 세 번 변경 시작합니다. (그들은이 시간 이후 준수하지 않는 경우, 가능성은 결코 좋은입니다). </li><li> (; 표 1 DM) - 전형적인 문화의 이미지가 그림 3b에 도시되어 차별화 미디어 3-4 주 동안 세포를 확장합니다. 세포는 여전히 전체를 잘 채울 수 있지만 더 이상 기다리는 것은 해결 될 수 없다. 일주일에 세포를 세 번 피드. </li><li> 약 3 주 후, 수동 날카로운 집게로 필요한 경우 대단히 짧은 흰색 세포의 클러스터를 제거합니다. 필요한 경우가 아니면이 단계를 수행하지 마십시오 - 그것은 오염 물질을 소개하기 쉽습니다. 그것은에 이상적입니다단계 1.6 원래 색소 식민지에서 RPE의 순수한 인구를 얻으려고. </li></ol> 3.과 Passaging 줄기 세포 유래 망막 색소 상피 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 세포 해리 용액 200 μL를 가진 세포를 분리하여 37 ℃에서 5-8 분 동안 (바람직 희석 바람직하다 통하여 불 활성화 될 수있는 시약의 트립신 생략), 및 DM 희석하여 비활성화. 모든 세포를 씻어하고 (두 24 우물에서 세포를 풀링을 고려, 몇 세포가 포함되어 잘 선택한 경우)을 재현 탁하기 위해 200 μL 피펫을 사용합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 (5 분 800 XG)는, 3 ㎖의 DM 미디어에서 뜨는 및 재현 탁를 폐기합니다. </li><li> 다시 플레이트 세포 하나 (또는​​ 2) 잘 당 DM의 3 ㎖ 한 매트릭스 코팅 6 자에 24 우물에서 (1 : 5 확장). </li><li> 세포가 ~ 90 % 컨 플루 언트 될 때까지 1~2주 대한 확대; 완전히 차별화 된 순수 문화의 이미지는 그림 3C에 표시됩니다. </li><li> 1 ml의 세포 D와 세포를 분리37 ° C에서 약 5-8 분 issociation 솔루션은, DM 희석하여 비활성화 모든 세포를 씻어 1,000 μL 피펫을 사용하고이를 재현 탁. </li><li> (5 분 800 XG) 스핀 다운 18 ML의 DM 미디어에서 뜨는 및 재현 탁를 폐기합니다. </li><li> (6 팽창 1) 또는 (2) 75cm 플라스크 하나가 코팅 된 (1 : 7.5 확장) 여섯 매트릭스로 한 각 6- 웰 플레이트에서 다시 셀 웰 당 3 ㎖ DM 6- 웰 코팅. </li><li> 충분한 세포를 얻을 때까지 반복 3.4-3.8 필요한 단계를 반복합니다. 참고 : 오히려 각 통로 RPE의 탈분화를 유도하기 때문에 계대를 통해 문화를 증폭 계획보다 확장 가능한 한 많은 식민지를 수집하려고합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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J., Singh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+retinal+degenerative+diseases+with+human+iPS-derived+cells:+current+status+and+future+implications.">Modeling retinal degenerative diseases with human iPS-derived cells: current status and future implications.</a> Expert Review Of Ophthalmology. 8, 213-216 (2013).</li><li>Singh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iPS+cell+modeling+of+Best+disease:+insights+into+the+pathophysiology+of+an+inherited+macular+degeneration.">iPS cell modeling of Best disease: insights into the pathophysiology of an inherited macular degeneration.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 22 (3), 593-607 (2013).</li><li>Buchholz, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+efficient+directed+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+into+retinal+pigmented+epithelium.">Rapid and efficient directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigmented epithelium.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 2 (5), 384-393 (2013).</li><li>Fuhrmann, S., Levine, E. M., Reh, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraocular+mesenchyme+patterns+the+optic+vesicle+during+early+eye+development+in+the+embryonic+chick.">Extraocular mesenchyme patterns the optic vesicle during early eye development in the embryonic chick.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 127 (21), 4599-4609 (2000).</li><li>Borowiak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+molecules+efficiently+direct+endodermal+differentiation+of+mouse+and+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Small molecules efficiently direct endodermal differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4 (4), 348-358 (2009).</li><li>Tucker, B. A., Anfinson, K. R., Mullins, R. F., Stone, E. M., Young, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+synthetic+xeno-free+culture+substrate+for+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+induction+and+retinal+differentiation.">Use of a synthetic xeno-free culture substrate for induced pluripotent stem cell induction and retinal differentiation.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 2 (1), 16-24 (2013).</li><li>Ramsden, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells+in+retinal+regeneration:+past,+present+and+future.">Stem cells in retinal regeneration: past, present and future.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 140 (12), 2576-2585 (2013).</li><li>Zhao, T., Zhang, Z. -. N., Rong, Z., Xu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunogenicity+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 474 (7350), 212-215 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+conversion+of+human+fibroblasts+into+retinal+pigment+epithelium-like+cells+by+defined+factors.">Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into retinal pigment epithelium-like cells by defined factors.</a> Protei., &amp; Cell. 5 (1), 48-58 (2013).</li></ol>

None of the authors have any commercial disclosures to declare.

이 논문에서 우리는 효율적으로 순수 만능 줄기-RPE 문화의 큰 숫자를 생성하는 단계를 설명합니다. 우리는 우리가 강하게 transcriptomics, 단백질 체학, 대사 체학 및 기능에 따라 hRPE 유사 만능 줄기-RPE를 생성 할 수 있습니다를 Activin이 감독 분화 프로토콜을 사용하여 이전에 보여 주었다 및 RCS 쥐 12,31,32를 이식 할 때 그들은 망막 변성을 지연하는 것이 . 만능-RPE를 생성하는 과정은 시간이 ?...

The various cell types that occupy the retina are organized in a functional architecture. The photoreceptors in the back of the retina are responsible for converting light into electrical impulses through phototransduction. However, phototransduction cannot occur without the coordinated efforts of other neighboring cell types including Mueller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A monolayer of RPE cells partitions the sensory retina from the choriocapillaris, the primary blood supply for photoreceptors, and are ideally situated to control multiple functions important for photoreceptor homeostasis. In fact, the RPE and photoreceptors are so co-dependent they are widely considered to be one single functional unit. (For a review of all the diverse functions of the RPE see Strauss, 20051.) Death or dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium cells can induce age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in industrialized countries2-4. 
AMD is a multifactorial disease of RPE, photoreceptors, and the choroidal vasculature; risk factors are diverse and include combinations of environmental and genetic influences5,6. Treatments for AMD are very limited, but one promising potential therapy is RPE cell replacement7,8. While the outcomes have been mixed, the transplantation of RPE cells in AMD patients (and in other patients with retinal degeneration) and also in rodent models of retinal degeneration, has the potential to transiently prevent significant photoreceptor atrophy9-23. (The animal model commonly used for these studies are Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, which harbor a mutation in the MerTK gene. This mutation renders RPE cells incapable of phagocytosing photoreceptor outer segments and promotes retinal degeneration24.) While the reported survival rates of implanted RPE in the subretinal space of RCS rats and mice vary greatly, there is potential for them to survive for several months or years9,10,12,20. 
RPE cells can be obtained in sufficient numbers for transplantation by deriving them from pluripotent stem cells9-14,25-28. Several independent groups have demonstrated that these cells function in similar ways to their somatic counterparts, and long term studies suggest that they are safe upon implantation in rat and mouse disease models9,10,12,14,19,20,25,29-32. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells instead of embryonic stem cells may be advantageous since ethical issues and immunological challenges associated with allogeneic RPE may be obviated33,34. Another exciting application for iPS technology is disease modeling35. The ability to interrogate large numbers of RPE cells derived from patients with RPE diseases could be invaluable for understanding their molecular bases. This type of study has been performed recently with Best disease patient RPE and could pave the way for similar studies of inherited maculopathies36. 
The derivation of RPE from stem cells is a relatively simple process and can be done entirely in xeno-free conditions. The simplest strategy is to derive monolayers of RPE cells spontaneously, however, the yield can be significantly improved using directed differentiation techniques. But these techniques involve the use of exogenous protein factors that can be expensive and often generated in bacteria or other non-human sources10,12,37. In our studies we followed an established protocol10 that utilizes nicotinamide and Activin A, a signaling factor that has been shown to be sufficient for RPE specification38. Here we will demonstrate that the small molecule IDE-1 can adequately replace Activin A, thus reducing costs and alleviating concerns associated with the use of recombinant proteins39. Additionally, we utilize xeno-free serum replacement, and we culture the differentiating RPE cells on a synthetic xeno-free substrate. RPE cells have been shown previously to differentiate very effectively using this approach40.
When differentiated as a monolayer, we visualize pigmented colonies containing RPE cells after as early as five weeks12. Once they reach sufficient size, they can be manually excised and transferred to another dish for expansion. RPE cells are notorious for dedifferentiating with each passage, and the use of anything older than five passages should be avoided (we find that sufficient numbers of cells for characterization and transplantation in animal models can easily be generated after two or three passages). Once fully differentiated, we employ multiple techniques to characterize the cells anatomically and functionally to ensure that they will serve as adequate replacements for diseased RPE. The description of these techniques, and protocol for implanting the iPS-RPE in the subretinal space of rodents, are beyond the scope of this methods paper and have been previously published12,32,41. 
While developing standardized protocols for effective derivation of iPS-RPE is clearly important for the clinics, there is also significant preclinical work to still be done in animal models. There are concerns regarding immunogenicity of iPS-derived cells, and multiple different implantation techniques, including implanting cells on artificial substrates, are being explored42,43. For these reasons, we feel that the publication of standardized protocols is beneficial to facilitate both clinical and preclinical studies. Especially if direct comparisons will be done of iPS-RPE cells derived in different labs by different research groups.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Recombinant Human/Murine/Rat Activin A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">120-14E</td>
			<td>10 ug x 2</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Synthemax-T Surface 6 Well Plates</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Corning</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">TrypLE-Express Enzyme (1X), no phenol red&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12604-021</td>
			<td>500 mL x 1&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Vacuum Filter/Storage Bottle System, 0.1&#181;m pore, 500mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431475</td>
			<td>Case(12) x 1&#160;</td>
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efficient derivation of retinal pigment epithelium cells from stem cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이,이 논문에서 설명하는 단계는, 이전에보고 된 바와 같이 (10, 12)를 용이하게 줄기 세포에서 RPE를 생성하는데 사용될 수있다. 몇 주 동안 만능 줄기 라인을 유지 한 후, 색소 식민지 5-7주 (7 주 된 문화가 그림 2A-C에 나와 있습니다) 후 식민지에서 나타나기 시작. 이러한 식민지 문화가 유지 될 때 주 동안 계속 증가 할 수 있습니다. 도 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

줄기 세포에서 망막 색소 상피 세포의 효율적인 유도

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

efficient-derivation-retinal-pigment-epithelium-cells-from-stem

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Developmental Biology

9.1K 조회수.  The Scripps Research Institute. Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

비디오: Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

배아 줄기 세포에서 심장 전구 세포의 유도

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

연구

발생학

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of techniques to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has generated interest and excitement towards the possibility of customized personal regenerative medicine. However, the efficiency of stem cell differentiation towards a desired lineage remains low. The purpose of this study is to describe a protocol to derive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from iPS cells (iPS-RPE) by applying a tissue engineering approach to generate homogenous populations of embryoid bodies (EBs), a common intermediate during in vitro differentiation. The protocol applies the formation of specific size of EBs using microwell plate technology. The methods for identifying protein and gene markers of RPE by immunocytochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are also explained. Finally, the efficiency of differentiation in different sizes of EBs monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of RPE markers is described. These techniques will facilitate the differentiation of iPS cells into RPE for future applications.

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols to derive the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using different sizes of embryoid bodies.

배아의 몸의 다른 크기에 의해 유도 다 능성 줄기에서 망막 색소 상피 세포 (RPE)를 도출 (IPS) 세포

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

인간 다 능성 줄기 세포에서 멜라닌 세포의 공급이없는 유도

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different methods. Here, we produced iPS cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system. All obtained iPS cell lines exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens up the possibility of using cells from diseased fetuses to develop new therapies for birth defects.

In this study, we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system.

트랜스포존 시스템을 사용하여 마우스 양수 세포로부터 다 능성 줄기 세포의 제조

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

수평 한 전체적인 거치 : 피부의 두껍고, 3 차원 조직 단면도를위한 비발 한 가공 그리고 화상 진찰 의정서

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

인간의 배아 또는 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 망막 안료 상피 세포의 급속 한, 감독 차별화

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

생활 그대로 Zebrafish에 단일 셀 Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

꼬마 선 충 생식 핵의 분포, 단백질, 및 골격을 전산 분석

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies have demonstrated the wide differentiation capacity that these cells possess. The ovary represents a promising candidate for cell-based therapies due to the fact that it is rich in MSCs and that it is frequently discarded after ovariectomy surgeries as biological waste. This article describes procedures for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of MSCs derived from the canine ovary, without the necessity of cell-sorting techniques. This protocol represents an important tool for regenerative medicine because of the broad applicability of these highly differentiable cells in clinical trials and therapeutic uses.

Herein, we describe a method for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from canine ovarian tissue.

파생 및 개 난소 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 분화

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell therapy is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies proposed to cure these diseases, with already encouraging preliminary results in humans. However, the method of preparation of the graft has a significant impact on its functional outcomes in vivo. Indeed, RPE cells grafted as a cell suspension are less functional than the same cells transplanted as a retinal tissue. Herein, we describe a simple and reproducible method to engineer RPE tissue and its preparation for an in vivo implantation. RPE cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells are seeded on a biological support, the human amniotic membrane (hAM). Compared to artificial scaffolds, this support has the advantage of having a basement membrane that is close to the Bruch&#39;s membrane where endogenous RPE cells are attached. However, its manipulation is not easy, and we developed several strategies for its proper culturing and preparation for grafting in vivo.

We describe a method to engineer a retinal tissue composed of retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells cultured on top of human amniotic membranes and its preparation for grafting in animal models.

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 파생 된 이식 적합 한 망막 색소 상피 조직 공학

Several pathological conditions of the eye affect the functionality and/or the survival of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These include some forms ...