Name: minimally-invasive technique for injection into rat optic nerve
Uploaded: 2015-05-19T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 34 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve at JoVE.com

This study was supported by NeuralStem, Inc., and Johns Hopkins Project RESTORE.

참고 : 모든 동물의 절차는 존스 홉킨스 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 마취 기계는 필요에 따라 매년 검사 및 교정을 필요로한다. 1. 마취 및 위치 <ol><li> 마취. <ol><li> 2~3% 이소 플루오 란과 마취하에 모든 수술 절차를 수행합니다. 발가락 핀치와 호흡 속도에 의해 마취의 적절한 수준을 확인합니다. 쥐가 발가락 핀치에 대한 응답으로 주저하지 않는 것을 확인합니다. 참고 : 움찔 너무 늦기 마취를 표시하고 시작하기 전에 더 이상 마취 또는 더 높은 이소 플루오 란 농도를 필요로 할 수있다. 매 2 초 마취를 나타내는 너무 느립니다 1 호흡보다 호흡 속도가 너무 높고, 이소 플루오 란 농도의 번개가 필요할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 절차 중에 머리의 움직임을 피하기 위해 필요한 동물을 고정. 수술 눈에 리도카인 한 방울을 놓습니다. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 인공 눈물마다 10 분을 사용합니다. 주기0.01 ㎎ / ㎏ SC 사전에 작동하고 모든 6 ~ 8 시간의 프레 노르 핀의 주입이 필요. </li></ol></li><li> 위치. <ol><li> 정위 프레임에 쥐를 넣고 가열 패드 따뜻한 유지. 눈에 노출을 피하기 위해 알코올 복용 케어 두피 모피 젖은. 수술 후 감염의 위험을 최소화하기 위해 멸균 도구 및 무균 기술을 사용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 눈 관리 <ol><li> 측면 결막에 4-0 봉합사를 놓고 부드러운 견인을 허용하기에 충분한 봉합사로 묶어. </li></ol> 3. 해부 <ol><li> 초기 해부. <ol><li> .도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이, 크기 10 메스를 사용하여 궤도 릿지를 덮는 피부 ~ 1 인치 절개를 피부와 하부 근막 후퇴 신중 근막을 얻어 해부. 수술에 과도한 출혈을 방지하기 위해, 근막을 해부하면서 혈관을 절단하지 마십시오. PL 전략적으로 사용제압면 팁 지혈을 제공합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 깊은 해부. 참고 : 아래로 소켓에서 눈을 당겨 결막에 부드러운 견인과 함께, 우수한 궤도 근육이보기에 올 것이다. 시신경을 노출하기 위해 절단이 근육 및 레트로 안와 지방이 제거되어야한다. 지방은 폐기 할 수 있으며 주사 후 대체되어서는 안된다. 이 시점에서, 시신경 근막은 경질에 싸여 혈관 (그림 1)과 함께, 시신경 자체의 번들로 볼 수 있어야합니다. <ol><li> 적은 외상 피어싱 만들기 위해 메스 또는 31 게이지 경 바늘을 사용하여 경질의 작은 절개를합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 피펫 인젝터 <ol><li> 50 ~ 100 μm의 직경에 유리 마이크로 피펫을 당깁니다. 안정성을 제공하기 위해, 미세 조작기에 마이크로 피펫을 탑재하고 주입 펌프에 연결 해밀턴 주사기에 부착. </li><li> 구슬을 당겨 (또는 줄기 세포)전후 메틸 블루 용액 0.5 μL 부피와 함께 역행 마이크로 피펫으로 0.5-1.0 μL 부피 재구성. 주 : 분당 0.5 μL로 설정 주입 속도는 시신경에 외상을 방지한다. </li></ol> 5. 주입 <ol><li> 단지 흠 경질 위의 시신경 상에 마이크로 피펫의 팁을 낮 춥니 다. 참고 : 최소한의 피해 시신경 결과에 유리 팁의 작은, 그러나 활발한 움직임. 주입 펌프가 시작될 때, 메틸 청색 염료 주입 시신경의 영역을 강조한다. 염료는 지주막 하 공간에 누출하지 않고 시신경 내에서 현지화 된 상태로 유지해야한다. </li><li> 줄기 세포 주입이 완료되면 결정 및 메틸 블루 제를 주입 도즈로 주입 펌프를 끄지 메틸 청색의 제 2 대역을 따르. 높은 방지하기 위해 주입 각 1 μL 볼륨 2 분 동안 시신경 내에서 여전히 마이크로 피펫을 유지마이크로 피펫의 철수시 압력 방출. 참고 : 또 다른 방법은 수동으로 조작 할 수있는 공기 충전 주사기에 피펫 팁을 연결하는 것입니다. 어느 쪽이든, 시신경의 손상을 최소화하기 위해 과도한 힘을 피하십시오. 우리는 각각의 시신경에 볼륨 더 이상 2보다 μl를 주입하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol> 6. 후속 <ol><li> 즉시. <ol><li> 주입이 완료되면, 지혈을 제공하기 위해 사용되는 임의의면을 따라 팁을 마이크로 피펫을 제거한다. 3-0 실크 피부를 봉합하고 결막 봉합을 제거합니다. </li><li> 그들이 마취에서 나타날 때까지 가열 패드에 따뜻한 쥐를 유지합니다. 이 흉골 드러 누움을 유지하기 위해 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 무인 동물을 두지 마십시오. 완전히 회복 될 때까지 다른 동물의 회사에 수술을 한 동물을 반환하지 않습니다. </li><li> 동물 과도한 혼수, 운동 실조, 또는 수고 숨쉬기를 포함하여 고통의 징후를 보이는 경우G는, 매일 세 번까지의 근육 부 프레 노르 핀 (0.05 ㎎ / ㎏)와 적절한 진통제를 관리 할 수​​ 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 장기간. <ol><li> 다음 24 ~ 48 시간 동안, 부종 또는 방전 상처에서 또는 가창, 구부리고 모양이 아닌 스타일리스트, 또는 식사를하지 고통의 징후를 포함하여 수술의 합병증 쥐를 관찰합니다. 필요에 따라 수의사 또는 윤리 안락사와의 협의를 생각해 보자. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Dahlmann-Noor, A., Vijay, S., Jayaram, H., Limb, A., Khaw, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+approaches+and+future+prospects+for+stem+cell+rescue+and+regeneration+of+the+retina+and+optic+nerve.">Current approaches and future prospects for stem cell rescue and regeneration of the retina and optic nerve.</a> Canadian journal of ophthalmology Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie. 45 (4), 333-341 (2010).</li><li>Quigley, H. A., Iglesia, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells+to+replace+the+optic+nerve.">Stem cells to replace the optic nerve.</a> Eye. 18 (11), 1085-1088 (2004).</li><li>Ghaffarieh, A., Levin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+nerve+disease+and+axon+pathophysiology.">Optic nerve disease and axon pathophysiology.</a> International review of neurobiology. 105, 1-17 (2012).</li><li>Fukui, Y., Hayasaka, S., Bedi, K. S., Ozaki, H. S., Takeuchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+study+of+the+development+of+the+optic+nerve+in+rats+reared+in+the+dark+during+early+postnatal+life.">Quantitative study of the development of the optic nerve in rats reared in the dark during early postnatal life.</a> Journal of anatomy. 174, 37-47 (1991).</li><li>Celestre, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+approaches+to+the+cervical+spine.">Minimally invasive approaches to the cervical spine.</a> The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 43 (1), 137-147 (2012).</li><li>Hallas, B. H., Wells, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Technique+for+Multiple+Injections+into+the+Mammalian+Optic+Nerve.">A Novel Technique for Multiple Injections into the Mammalian Optic Nerve.</a> Kopf Carrier. 54, (2001).</li><li>Harvey, A. R., Hellstrom, M., Rodger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+and+transplantation+in+the+retinofugal+pathway.">Gene therapy and transplantation in the retinofugal pathway.</a> Progress in brain research. 175, 151-161 (2009).</li><li>Adachi-Usami, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+neuritis--from+diagnosis+to+optic+nerve+transplantation.">Optic neuritis--from diagnosis to optic nerve transplantation.</a> Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi. 104 (12), 841-857 (2000).</li><li>Slater, B. J., Vilson, F. L., Guo, Y., Weinreich, D., Hwang, S., Bernstein, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+nerve+inflammation+and+demyelination+in+a+rodent+model+of+nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy.">Optic nerve inflammation and demyelination in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.</a> Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 54 (13), 7952-7961 (2013).</li><li>Zarbin, M. A., Arlow, T., Ritch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+nanomedicine+for+vision+restoration.">Regenerative nanomedicine for vision restoration.</a> Mayo Clinic proceedings. 88 (12), 1480-1490 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have no meaningful disclosures to report.

Direct injection into the optic nerve of stem cells or other products intended to facilitate regeneration provides a convenient model compared to other means of injections into the CNS. This technique takes less time, requires less total anesthesia, avoids drilling or removing skull or bone tissue, reduces complications rates and allows for more rapid recovery following surgery. 
The most critical steps in this protocol include: 1. Adequate hemostasis in the surgical field to allow clear visua...

시신경은 중추 신경계 (CNS) 등 시신경염, 녹내장 및 외상 등의 안과 조건을 포함 재생 연구를위한 이상적인 위치를 제공합니다. 줄기 세포의 다양한 주사 어느 축삭 카운트를 증가 및 / 또는 퇴행성 질환 예방 효능을 입증되거나 손실 미엘린 장착에 약속을 보여 주었다. 1,2 인간의 시신경이 약 3.0-3.5 mm의 직경 chiasm에 망막에서 여행 약 120 만 병렬 축삭이 포함되어 있습니다. (3) 실험실에서 인간의 질병을 모델링하기 위해, 쥐가 자주 사용되어왔다. 성인 쥐의 시신경은 약 0.5 mm의 직경 내에서 약 10 만 축삭이 포함되어 있습니다. 중추 신경계의 주요 제한 4 중 하나를 재생 연구 직접 뼈없는 액세스입니다. 동물에 합병증 및 수술 위험은 두개골이나 척추가 제거 될 때 더 높다. 의 장점과 유사척추 최소 침습 방법, 두개골의 서비스 감소 합병증과 더 빠른 회복을 열지 않고 5 직접 시신경 주사. 이 기법은 이전 연구에서 이용되고있다. (6)이 원고 및 첨부 영상에서는 쥐 시신경에 줄기 세포를 주입하는 최소 침습 절차를 보여준다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lewis rat</td><td>Charles River</td><td>4</td><td>Any rat strain will work.</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia machine</td><td>Surgivet</td><td>CDS9000</td><td>CDS 9000 Small Animal Anesthesia Machine - Pole Mount</td></tr><tr><td>Infusion pump</td><td>Stoelting</td><td>53129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope</td><td>National Optical</td><td>409-411-1105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-optic light source</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-562-21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection and Stereotaxic Instrument</td><td>Stoelting</td><td>51400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Puller</td><td>Kopf</td><td>750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>18150-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable scalpel blades</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>810-15-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iridectomy scissors</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>Uniband LA-4XF</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

minimally-invasive technique for injection into rat optic nerve

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central nervous system in a minimally-invasive surgery without bone removal. This technique describes an approach to visualization and direct injection of the optic nerve following minor fascial dissection from the orbital ridge, using a conjunctival traction suture to gently pull the eye down and out. Representative examples of an injected optic nerve show successful injection of dyed beads.

실험의 결론에서, 래트를 희생시키고 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 관류. 시신경 조심스럽게 해부하고 저온 유지 절편에 마운트 하였다. 2 에반스 청색 염료 사이트를 시각화하기 위해 주입되는 저전력 쥐 전체 시신경의 일례를 도시한다. 화살표는 주사의 정확한 위치를 식별합니다. 신경 아래 염료의 확산에 의해 한정되는 바와 같이이 절개가 분사 몇 분 이내에 완료되었다. ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve at JoVE.com

Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid.

쥐 시신경에 주입을위한 최소 침습 기술

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central ...

minimally-invasive-technique-for-injection-into-rat-optic-nerve

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.5K 조회수.  Johns Hopkins University. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid. 

비디오: Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

Methods for Experimental Manipulations after Optic Nerve Transection in the Mammalian CNS

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Viral vectors, plasmids or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can also be delivered to the vitreous chamber in order to infect or transfect retinal cells 5-12. The high tropism of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors is beneficial to target RGCs, with an infection rate approaching 90% of cells near the injection site 6, 7, 13-15. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying siRNAs, plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 16-19 or injecting vectors into their target the superior colliculus 10. This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the injured neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. RGC apoptosis has a characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a window for experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis. Manipulations that directly target RGCs from the transected optic nerve stump are performed at the time of axotomy, immediately after cutting the nerve. In contrast, when substances are delivered via an intraocular route, they can be injected prior to surgery or within the first 3 days after surgery, preceding the initiation of apoptosis in axotomized RGCs. In the present article, we demonstrate several methods for experimental manipulations after optic nerve transection.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. This model is ideal for performing a number of experimental manipulations that target the retina globally or directly target the injured neuronal population of retinal ganglion cells.

포유류의 CNS에서 시신경의 절개 후 실험에 대한 노는 방법

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be ...

연구

신경과학

Intravitreous Injection for Establishing Ocular Diseases Model

Intravitreous injection is a widely used technique in visual sciences research. It can be used to establish animal models with ocular diseases or as direct application of local treatment. This video introduces how to use simple and inexpensive tools to finish the intravitreous injection procedure. Use of a 1 ml syringe, instead of a hemilton syringe, is used. Practical tips for how to make appropriate injection needles using glass pipettes with perfect tips, and how to easily connect the syringe needle with the glass pipette tightly together, are given.
To conduct a good intravitreous injection, there are three aspects to be observed: 1) injection site should not disrupt retina structure; 2) bleeding should be avoided to reduce the risk of infection; 3) lens should be untouched to avoid traumatic cataract. In brief, the most important point is to reduce the interruption of normal ocular structure. To avoid interruption of retina, the superior nasal region of rat eye was chosen. Also, the puncture point of the needle was at the par planar, which was about 1.5 mm from the limbal region of the rat eye. A small amount of vitreous is gently pushed out through the puncture hole to reduce the intraocular pressure before injection. With the 45&deg; injection angle, it is less likely to cause traumatic cataract in the rat eye, thus avoiding related complications and influence from lenticular factors. In this operation, there was no cutting of the conjunctiva and ocular muscle, no bleeding. With quick and minor injury, a successful intravitreous injection can be done in minutes. 
The injection set outlined in this particular protocol is specific for intravitreous injection. However, the methods and materials presented here can also be used for other injection procedures in drug delivery to the brain, spinal cord or other organs in small mammals.

Intravitreous injection is a widely used technique in visual sciences research for ocular diseases or as direct application of local treatment. This video demonstrated a protocol for intravitreous injection using a 1ml syringe with glass pipette. Useful tips about avoiding massive bleeding and lens damage are given.

안구 질환 모델 구축을위한 Intravitreous 사출

Intravitreous injection is a widely used technique in visual sciences research. It can be used to establish animal models with ocular diseases or as ...

생물학

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history have&#160;remained poorly understood. Recently, we developed a reliable, reproducible animal model of PION and tested the treatment effect of some neurotrophic factors in this model1. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate our photochemically induced model of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and to evaluate its effects with retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells. Following surgical exposure of the posterior optic nerve, a photosensitizing dye, erythrosin B, is intravenously injected and a laser beam is focused onto the optic nerve surface. Photochemical interaction of erythrosin B and the laser during irradiation damages the vascular endothelium, prompting microvascular occlusion mediated by platelet thrombosis and edematous compression. The resulting ischemic injury yields a gradual but pronounced retinal ganglion cell dieback, owing to a loss of axonal input - a remote, injury-induced and clinically relevant outcome. Thus, this model provides a novel platform to study the pathophysiologic course of PION,&#160;and can be further optimized for testing therapeutic approaches for optic neuropathies as well as other CNS ischemic diseases.

The goal of this protocol is to photochemically induce ischemic injury to the posterior optic nerve in rat. This model is critical to studies of the pathophysiology of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and therapeutic approaches for this and other optic neuropathies, as well as of other CNS ischemic diseases.

광 화학적으로 유도 된 후방 허혈성 시신경 병증의 쥐 모델

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history ...

의학

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

Subretinal injections have been successfully used in both humans and rodents to deliver therapeutic interventions of proteins, viral agents, and cells to the interphotoreceptor/subretinal compartment that has direct exposure to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injections of plasminogen as well as recent preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated safety and/or efficacy of delivering viral vectors and stem cells to individuals with advanced retinal disease. Mouse models of retinal disease, particularly hereditary retinal dystrophies, are essential for testing these therapies. The most common injection procedure in rodents is to use small transcorneal or transcleral incisions with an anterior approach to the retina. With this approach, the injection needle penetrates the neurosensory retina disrupting the underlying RPE and on insertion can easily nick the lens, causing lens opacification and impairment of noninvasive imaging. Accessing the subretinal space via a transcleral, posterior approach avoids these problems: the needle crosses the sclera approximately 0.5 mm from the optic nerve, without retinal penetration and avoids disrupting the vitreous. Collateral damage is limited to that associated with the focal sclerotomy and the effects of a transient, serous retinal detachment. The simplicity of the method minimizes ocular injury, ensures rapid retinal reattachment and recovery, and has a low failure rate. The minimal damage to the retina and RPE allows for clear assessment of the efficacy and direct effects of the therapeutic agents themselves. This manuscript describes a novel subretinal injection technique that can be used to target viral vectors, pharmacological agents, stem cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to the subretinal space in mice with high efficacy, minimal damage, and fast recovery.

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

Subretinal injections are the most common technique for delivering large therapeutic agents such as proteins and viral vectors to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. An alternative method in mice that successfully targets the subretinal space with minimal collateral damage and fast recovery times is described here.

망막 하 공간에 액세스하기위한 대안의 검증 사출 방법<i&gt;를 통해</i&gt;를 Transcleral 후방 접근

Subretinal injections have been successfully used in both humans and rodents to deliver therapeutic interventions of proteins, viral agents, and cells to ...

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

The following report describes how to replicate the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION), using the appropriate dye, contact lens and laser parameters. We also reveal the appropriate steps for evaluating the rNAION lesion in vivo.

Nonarteritic 전방 허혈성 시신경 병증의 설치류 모델 (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their ...

Ultrahigh Resolution Mouse Optical Coherence Tomography to Aid Intraocular Injection in Retinal Gene Therapy Research

HR-SD-OCT is utilized to monitor the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in live mouse models, assess the delivery of therapeutic agents into the subretinal space, and to evaluate toxicity and efficacy in vivo. HR-SD-OCT uses near infrared light (800-880 nm) and has optics specifically designed for the unique optics of the mouse eye with sub-2-micron axial resolution. Transgenic mouse models of outer retinal (photoreceptor) degeneration and controls were imaged to assess the disease progression. Pulled glass microneedles were used to deliver sub retinal injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or nanoparticles (NP) via a trans-scleral and trans-choroidal approach. Careful positioning of the needle into the subretinal space was required prior to a calibrated pressure injection, which delivers fluid into the sub retinal space. Real time subretinal surgery was conducted on our retinal imaging system (RIS). HR-SD-OCT demonstrated progressive uniform retinal degeneration due to expression of a toxic mutant human mutant rhodopsin (P347S) (RHOP347S) transgene in mice. HR-SD-OCT allows rigorous quantification of all the retinal layers. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and photoreceptor outer segment length (OSL) measurements correlate with photoreceptor vitality, degeneration, or rescue. The RIS delivery system allows real-time visualization of subretinal injections in neonatal (~P10-14) or adult mice, and HR-SD-OCT immediately determines success of delivery and maps areal extent. HR-SD-OCT is a powerful tool that can evaluate the success of subretinal surgery in mice, in addition to measuring vitality of photoreceptors in vivo. HR-SD-OCT can also be used to identify uniform animal cohorts to evaluate the extent of retinal degeneration, toxicity, and therapeutic rescue in preclinical gene therapy research studies.

Here we demonstrate a novel approach to using high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (HR-SD-OCT) to assist delivery of gene therapy agents into the subretinal space, assess its areal coverage, and characterize photoreceptor vitality.

초고 해상도 마우스 광학 일관성 단층 촬영 망막 유전자 치료 연구에서 안 구내 주사를 돕기 위해

HR-SD-OCT is utilized to monitor the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in live mouse models, assess the delivery of therapeutic agents into the ...

Sheath-Preserving Optic Nerve Transection in Rats to Assess Axon Regeneration and Interventions Targeting the Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons converge at the optic nerve head to convey visual information from the retina to the brain. Pathologies such as glaucoma, trauma, and ischemic optic neuropathies injure RGC axons, disrupt transmission of visual stimuli, and cause vision loss. Animal models simulating RGC axon injury include optic nerve crush and transection paradigms. Each of these models has inherent advantages and disadvantages. An optic nerve crush is generally less severe than a transection and can be used to assay axon regeneration across the lesion site. However, differences in crush force and duration can affect tissue responses, resulting in variable reproducibility and lesion completeness. With optic nerve transection, there is a severe and reproducible injury that completely lesions all axons. However, transecting the optic nerve dramatically alters the blood brain barrier by violating the optic nerve sheath, exposing the optic nerve to the peripheral environment. Moreover, regeneration beyond a transection site cannot be assessed without reapposing the cut nerve ends. Furthermore, distinct degenerative changes and cellular pathways are activated by either a crush or transection injury.
The method described here incorporates the advantages of both optic nerve crush and transection models while mitigating the disadvantages. Hydrostatic pressure delivered into the optic nerve by microinjection completely transects the optic nerve while maintaining the integrity of the optic nerve sheath. The transected optic nerve ends are reapposed to allow for axon regeneration assays. A potential limitation of this method is the inability to visualize the complete transection, a potential source of variability. However, visual confirmation that the visible portion of the optic nerve has been transected is indicative of a complete optic nerve transection with 90-95% success. This method could be applied to assess axon regeneration promoting strategies in a transection model or investigate interventions that target the axonal compartments.

This protocol describes an optic nerve transection that preserves the optic nerve sheath in rats. Hydrostatic pressure from microinjections into the optic nerve generate a complete transection, allowing for sutureless reapposition of the transected optic nerve ends and direct targeting of the axonal compartment in a transection model.

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons converge at the optic nerve head to convey visual information from the retina to the brain. Pathologies such as ...

Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

There is a relative abundance of strategies and methodologies to facilitate drug delivery to the central nervous system. However, drug delivery directly to the peripheral nervous system is less common, with fewer detailed methods publications available to aid researchers. Here, we describe a direct nerve injection method for peripheral nervous system drug delivery, using the vagus nerve as a model nerve. This method can be used in the treatment of autonomic nervous system disorders through targeting of the left vagus nerve, although this general injection method can be extrapolated to injection of other nerves with minor modification. This method explains all critical steps involved in the procedure involving microsurgery in anesthetized adult rats under a dissecting microscope. The use of a tracking dye is described to facilitate the monitoring of injection fidelity in real time. Illustrations of successful and failed injections are provided. If carried out properly, direct vagus nerve injections can be conducted in a safe manner that is well-tolerated by the rat without post-delivery complications. For example, once the surgeons were trained in this method, six out of six rats were successfully injected without any complications. This method of direct nerve injection for preclinical rat studies is capable of delivering agents (including but not limited to gene therapy) to peripheral nerves.

We present a protocol for direct vagus nerve injection in rats, enabling drug delivery directly into the nerve without post-injection complications. This method applies to preclinical neurological studies involving autonomic nervous system manipulation. It can be used for direct nerve injection for other nerves in rats and other species, with necessary modifications.

쥐를 위한 직접 미주신경 주사 프로토콜

There is a relative abundance of strategies and methodologies to facilitate drug delivery to the central nervous system. However, drug delivery directly ...

Transconjunctival Approach for Injection into the Rat Optic Nerve

The rat serves as an important model for studying disorders of the optic nerve, including heritable, traumatic, neoplastic, and autoimmune conditions. Accessing the rat optic nerve for experimental manipulations and injections is challenging due to the small size of the orbit and the vascularity of the surrounding orbital tissues. Previous techniques have involved a cutaneous incision, which carries a higher risk of infection and requires wound closure. This study aims to describe a unique, less invasive, and potentially more efficient approach to accessing the rat optic nerve. A transconjunctival incision, along with a rat spinal cord hook, is used to isolate the optic nerve for experimental injections. In these experiments, an adenoviral vector is injected into the optic nerve with the goal of using this technique for direct gene therapy delivery in the future. This technique can also be applied by investigators requiring access to the rat optic nerve for other experimental studies, including drug delivery and optic nerve injury research.

This protocol describes a unique technique using a transconjunctival approach to access the rat optic nerve for injections.

쥐의 시신경에 주입하기 위한 경결막 접근법

The rat serves as an important model for studying disorders of the optic nerve, including heritable, traumatic, neoplastic, and autoimmune conditions. ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>조직 손상 감소를 위해 최적화된 Rat Intracameral 주입 기술

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral injection is a standard administration routine in ophthalmology. The application of intracameral injection in rodents for research is challenging due to the limiting dimensions and anatomy of the eye, including the small aqueous humor volume, the lens curvature, and lens thickness. Potential damage during intracameral injections introduces adverse effects and experimental variability. This protocol describes a procedure for intracameral injection in rats, allowing precision and reproducibility.
Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental models. Since the lens position in rats protrudes into the anterior chamber, injecting from the periphery, as done in humans, is unfavorable. Therefore, an incision is created in the central corneal region using a 31 gauge 0.8 mm stiletto blade to form a self-sealing tunnel into the anterior chamber. An incision at&#160;an angle close to the flat allows to create a long tunnel, which minimizes the loss of aqueous humor and shallowing of the anterior chamber. A 34 gauge nanoneedle is inserted into the tunnel for injection. This enables penetration with minimal friction resistance and avoids touching the lens. Injection of trypan-blue allows&#160;visualization&#160;by slit microscopy the presence of the dye in the anterior chamber and exclude leakage. Bioavailability to the corneal endothelial layer is demonstrated by injection of Hoechst dye, which stained the nuclei of corneal endothelial cells after injection.
In conclusion, this protocol implements a procedure for accurate intracameral injection in rats. This procedure may be used for intracameral delivery of various drugs and compounds in experimental rat models, increasing the efficiency and reproducibility of ophthalmic research.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 설치류 안과학의 정밀도를 향상시키기 위한 Intracameral Injections를 위한 새로운 프로토콜

This protocol describes a technique for intracameral injection in rats using a central corneal incision and a long tunnel into the anterior chamber. This injection method minimizes the risk of inducing inadvertent tissue damage and thereby improves precision and reproducibility.

쥐 시신경에 주입을위한 최소 침습 기술

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