This paper is dedicated to my beloved wife Maren and our little Karl.

소 눈의 1. 준비 <ol><li> 동물이 도살 후 바로 소 눈을 얻습니다. </li><li> &quot;Sickel-솔루션&quot;의 보호 눈을 운반 120 mM의 NaCl을, 2 mM의 KCl을, 0.1 mM의의 MgCl 2, 0.15 mM의 염화칼슘 2, 1.5 mM의의 NaH 2 PO 4, 13.5 mM의 나 2 HPO 4, 5 mM의 포도당에 포함 된 특수 매체 RT. </li><li> 희미한 붉은 빛 어두운 적응 상태에서 망막의 준비를 수행합니다. </li><li> 눈의 앞쪽 부분을 제거합니다. 적도 절개 약을 수행 윤부에 4mm 후방. 그 후 한 조각 각막, 홍채, 모양체와 렌즈를 제거합니다. Sickel-솔루션의 망막을 유지합니다. </li><li> 기계적으로 망막 표면에 유리질 첨부 파일을 풀고 열린 눈 컵에서 유리체를 제거합니다. </li><li> 그 후 네 개의 사분면으로 눈을 분할하고 약의 영역 라운드 펀치 아웃 트레 반을 이용하여 직경 7mm. </li><li> 조심스럽게 망막 분리색소 상피 세포에서와 빛으로부터 보호 상자 안에 기록 장치에 놓습니다. 기록 장치는 중간에 메쉬 플라스틱 테이너 이루어져; 메시에 망막을 배치하고 전극에 직접 플라스틱 링으로 고정 후. 주 : 플라스틱 테이너는 매체의 일정한 흐름을 허용하는 두 개의 채널을 보유하고 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 녹음 전위도 (ERG) <ol><li> 상기 전위도를 기록 망막의 양쪽에 두 실버 / 실버 클로라이드를 사용하여 전극과 CA의 일정한 속도로 관류 망막 관류하기 위해서 1 ml / 분, 37 ° C의 항온. 산소로 포화 &quot;Sickel-솔루션&quot;를 사용합니다. </li><li> 측정을 시작하기 전에, 어두운 망막 (모든 측정시 빛으로부터 보호) 적응과 다섯 분의 자극 간격을 사용합니다. 망막 표면에서 6.3 MLX로 설정 강도로 자극에 대한 1 Hz에서 단일 흰색 제논 플래시를 사용합니다. </리&gt; <li> 사용 감광 필터와 최적의 응답을 갖기 위해, 타이머에 의해 제어되는 마이크로 초 (10)의 광 자극을 교정. </li><li> 측정 데이터를 처리, ERG를 필터링하고 잔디 RPS312RM 증폭기를 사용하여 (100 Hz에서 고역 통과 필터, 50 Hz에서 노치 필터, 증폭 X 100,000)를 증폭하도록. 신호를 방해 할 수있다 가능 교란 주파수를 필터링보십시오. 데이터를 처리하기 위해서는, 데스크탑 컴퓨터 (PC 호환)에 아날로그 - 디지털 데이터 수집 보드를 사용한다. </li><li> 안정적인 B 파 진폭이 기록 될 때까지 일정한 관류하에 어두운 적응 기간 후, 전기 신호의 진폭을 측정한다. 주 : 다섯 번의 측정이 평균값에 도달하고 10 % 미만을 벗어나는 경우, 진폭은 안정된 것으로 간주된다. 단일 측정의 좋은 예는 그림 1에 제시되어있다. </li><li> 테스트를 시작하려면, 하나 순수한 질소로 순수한 산소를 대체 (단일 실험의 수, N = 5) 저산소증을 테스트250 μm의 글루타메이트 (N = 5). </li><li> 전기 응답 45 분 동안 5 분마다 기록합니다. </li><li> 시험 기간 후, 75 분 동안 산소로 포화 표준 매체와 망막을 관류하고 B 파의 진폭의 변화를 봐주세요. 이는 세척 단계이다. B 파의 피크에 파의 저점에서 B 파의 진폭을 측정합니다. </li><li> 암순응 조건 감광체 전위에 글루타메이트 또는 저산소증의 효과를 조사하기 위해, 양액이 1mm에 추가하여 B 파를 억제. </li><li> 30 분 동안 안정적인 감광체 전위를 기록한 후, 1 mM의 아스파라긴산과 상이한 관개 솔루션 망막 45 분 노출, 이전의 절차를 수행한다. 앞서 언급 한 것과 같은 세척 기간 (단계 2.8)를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 3. 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 통계적 데이터를 평가하기 위해, 콜 모고 로프 - 스 미르 노프 등을 사용하는 모든 데이터에 대한 정규 분포 보장테스트 (15). </li><li> 폭발 전에 마지막 측정에 비해 노광 단계 이후 백분율에서 A- 및 B- 파 진폭의 감소를 계산한다. 45 분 후, ERG - 진폭의 감소를 비교 - ERG 칠하기 전에 측정 - 박람회 기간 말. </li><li> 회복 가능성을 조사하기 전에 해당 박람회 진폭 세척 단계의 끝에 A- 및 B- 파 비교. </li><li> 통계 분석은 소프트웨어 또는 JMP 통계 소프트웨어 SPSS 소프트웨어를 사용한다. 표준 편차 평균 ± 등 전반에 걸쳐 데이터를 계산합니다. 해당 통계 테스트에 의해 의미를 추정. 참고 :이 테스트는 실험 범위에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. 이 설정에서 학생의 쌍 t-test를 사용합니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

본 연구에서는, 45 분의 저산소증 후에 B 파 진폭에 큰 영향이 발견되었다. 이러한 감소는 여전히 세척 단계 후 유의 하였다. 광 수용체 잠재력에 비슷한 효과가 관찰 될 수있다. 결과는 다른 게시 된 데이터 (16) 우리에게 저산소증 후 가능한 신경 보호 효과를 연구 할 수있는 기회를 제공하여 지원됩니다. 250 μM 글루타메이트의 45 분의 박람회 후, ...

신경은 지난 수십 년 동안 안과 연구 조사의 강력한 필드있다. 망막은 산소에 크게 의존와 그 주변 세포의 신진 대사에 의해 강하게 영향을 매우 민감한 신경 세포의 네트워크입니다. 신경 세포 손상과 관련된 주요 안구 병변은 망막 혈관 폐색, 녹내장, 망막 박리 있습니다. 망막 동맥 폐색증, 망막 혈관 폐쇄에 대한 예로서, 내측으로 인해 망막 저산소증 (1)의 시야에의 갑작스런 손실을 이끈다. 그것은 종종 시력이 크게 일을 복구하는 환자의 8 %만이으로, 지속적인 시력 저하 한 일반적인 혈관 병변 2 리드와 연결되어 있습니다. 동맥이 혈전 용해 치료 방법으로 제시되었지만, 이점은 무작위 임상 시험 3에 도시되지 않을 수있다. 녹내장 및 망막 박리모두 4-6 글루타메이트 농도의 증가가있다. 생리적 조건 하에서 글루타메이트는 중추 신경계 전체에 걸쳐 흥분성 송신기 및 내측 망막 7,8로서 발생된다. 상승 된 수준은 글루타메이트 아니라 망막 박리, 녹내장 및 5,6- 에서뿐만 아니라 증식 당뇨 망막 병증 9에서 발견되었다. 글루타메이트의 증가는 아마도, 따라서, 신경 세포의 흥분성을 열 손상에 이르게하고. 망막 박리와 망막 (유리체 절제술)에 증식 당뇨 망막 병증 수술의 경우에 대부분의 경우에 필요하다. 유리체 절제술 기계 조작 동안, 광섬유 또는 긴 작업 중에 관개 솔루션의 높은 유속에 의해 가해지는 전단 응력의 ​​밝은 빛이 망막 (11, 12)에 추가로 스트레스를 발휘. 모든 언급 한 질병 병리 레틴로 지역화되어 공통점혼자는 감각 신경 시스템으로 망막을 보호 할 수있는 방법을 찾기 위해 도전 안과 커뮤니티 포즈. 전위도 (ERG)은 생체 기능 감광체 (표면파) 및 내측 망막 (B 파장)의 함수의 평가를위한 표준 방법이다. ERG는 각막 도입은 전극에 의해 측정되고, 눈은 막대 또는 원뿔 또는 내측 망막 내의 결함을 검출하는 광의 레벨 증가에 의해 자극되고있다. 망막에 다른 결함은 진폭 (응답의 강도) 또는 ERG의 대기 시간 (타임 투 응답 간격)의 변화에​​ 의해 검출 될 수있다. 다른 ERG 프로토콜 및 측정 방법 (패턴 ERG는, 다 초점 망막 전위 또는 시야 ERG)는 결함의 더 차별화 할 수 있습니다. 망막의 격리 기술은 가능한 연구 동물의 예에서 간섭없이 망막에 대한 영향을 평가하기 위해, 최근에 도입 한일반적인 반응 13, 14. 평가 및 superfused 고립 된 망막에 저산소증과 글루타민산 염 스트레스에 대한 정의 및 표준화 된 스트레스 모델을 소개하는이 연구의 목적이었다. 따라서, 우리는 특정 에이전트 또는 인공 관개 솔루션의 신경 보호 효과에 대한 미래 연구를위한 기초를 마련하기를 바라고있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">120 mM NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,064,041,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 mM KCl,&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,050,010,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.1 mM MgCl2,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">58,330,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.15 mM CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111 TA106282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">1.5 mM NaH2PO4/13.5 mM Na2HPO4&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,065,860,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">5 mM glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">40,741,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

glutamate and hypoxia as a stress model for the isolated perfused vertebrate retina

신경은 지난 수십 년 동안 안과 연구 조사의 강한 필드 왔으며 녹내장, 망막 혈관 폐쇄, 망막 박리, 당뇨 망막 병증과 같은 질병에 영향을하고있다. 그것은 미래의 임상 치료 테스트를 위해 표준화 된 스트레스 모델을 소개하는이 연구의 목적이었다. 소 망막을 제조하여, 산소 포화 된 표준 용액으로 관류하고, ERG를 기록하고 있었다. 안정된 B-파도, 저산소증 (순수한 N 2) 또는 글루타민산 염 스트레스 (250 μm의 글루타메이트)을 기록 후 45 분 동안 발휘했다. 단독 감광체 기능에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해, 1 mM의 아스파라긴산은 파를 수득 하였다. ERG 복구 75 분 동안 모니터 하였다. 저산소증 들어, 87.0 %의 파 진폭의 감소는 45 분 (p = 휴약 0.03 종료 후 36.5 %의 감소)의 폭발 시간 후에 (p &lt;0.01)를 기록 하였다. 또한, 초기 DECR통계적 유의성에 도달하는, 87.23 %를 기록 하였다 B 파의 진폭에 완화 (페이지 &lt;0.01, 세척의 끝, P = 0.03에서 25.5 %의 감소). 250 μm의 글루탐산, 1.9 % (p&gt; 0.05) 감소 하였다 파 진폭 (p&gt; 0.05) 초기 7.8 % 감축. B 파의 진폭 (P &lt;0.01) 관찰되었다의 83.7 %의 감소; 75 분의 세척 후에 감소는 2.3 % (p = 0.62)이었다. 본 연구에서 표준화 된 응력 모델은 장래에 가능한 신경 보호 효과를 확인하는 데에 유용 할 수도있을 것으로 제시된다.

산소 포화 표준 용액 (도 1A 및 B)와 망막 관류 제제의 1 시간 후 ERG-진폭 안정화 및 단일 진폭 측정 사이의 편차를 적게 보였다. 의 pH, 삼투압, 온도, (저산소증 테스트 제외) PO 2는 모든 시험 일정하게 유지되었다. 망막의 내부 신호로부터 감광체 신호를 분리하려면, 1mM의 아스파라긴산은 B 파장 (도 1a)을 억제 표준 용액에 첨가 하였다. 저산소증의 효과?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina at JoVE.com

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

이 연구로, 우리는 미래의 임상 치료 테스트를위한 격리 superfused 소 망막을위한 표준화 된 스트레스 모델을 소개합니다. A- 및 B- 파의 진폭에 의해 표현 망막 함수에 어느 저산소증 (순수한 N 2) 응력 또는 글루타메이트 (250 μM 글루타메이트)의 효과를 평가 하였다.

고립 된 관류 척추 동물의 망막에 대한 스트레스 모델로 글루타민산과 저산소증

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ...

glutamate-hypoxia-as-stress-model-for-isolated-perfused-vertebrate

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7.8K 조회수.  University Eye Hospital Tübingen.  이 연구로, 우리는 미래의 임상 치료 테스트를위한 격리 superfused 소 망막을위한 표준화 된 스트레스 모델을 소개합니다. A- 및 B- 파의 진폭에 의해 표현 망막 함수에 어느 저산소증 (순수한 N 2) 응력 또는 글루타메이트 (250 μM 글루타메이트)의 효과를 평가 하였다. 

비디오: Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms, since it recapitulates the changes in basal ganglia circuitry and pharmacology observed in parkinsonian patients1-4. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes occurring at cortico-striatal synapses of the output pathways within the striatum, which is the major input region of the basal ganglia remain elusive, and this is believed to be site where pathological abnormalities underlying parkinsonian symptoms arise3,5.
In PD, understanding the mechanisms underlying changes in basal ganglia circuitry following degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway has been greatly advanced by the development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice over-expressing green fluorescent proteins driven by promoters specific for the two striatal output pathways (direct pathway: eGFP-D1; indirect pathway: eGFP-D2 and eGFP-A2a)8, allowing them to be studied in isolation. For example, recent studies have suggested that there are pathological changes in synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian mice9,10. However, these studies utilised juvenile mice and acute models of parkinsonism. It is unclear whether the changes described in adult rats with stable 6-OHDA lesions also occur in these models. Other groups have attempted to generate a stable unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA adult mouse model of PD by lesioning the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), unfortunately, the mortality rate in this study was extremely high, with only 14% surviving the surgery for 21 days or longer11. More recent studies have generated intra-nigral lesions with both a low mortality rate &gt;80% loss of dopaminergic neurons, however expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia11,12,13,14 was variable in these studies. Another well established mouse model of PD is the MPTP-lesioned mouse15. Whilst this model has proven useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents16, it is less suitable for understanding mechanisms underlying symptoms of PD, as this model often fails to induce motor deficits, and shows a wide variability in the extent of lesion17, 18.
Here we have developed a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of PD by direct administration of 6-OHDA into the MFB, which consistently causes &gt;95% loss of striatal dopamine (as measured by HPLC), as well as producing the behavioural imbalances observed in the well characterised unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This newly developed mouse model of PD will prove a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of parkinsonian symptoms.

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

A protocol for performing unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in mice is described. This method has a low mortality rate (13.3 %) with 89% of the surviving animals showing &#62;95% loss of striatal dopamine and 90.63&#177;-4.02 % ipsiversive rotational bias towards the side of the lesion.

파킨슨병의 일방적-6-OHDA lesioned 마우스 모델의 개발

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our ...

연구

의학

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

심리적 스트레스를 유발을위한 모금 사회 스트레스 테스트 프로토콜

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

PTSD의, 신경 Hematologic, 그리고 행동 상관 관계를 누설하는 행위에 대해서는 동물 모델에서 생체

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

<em&gt; OVO에서</em육종을위한 Xenograftmodel으로&gt; CAM-분석

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

나트륨 히알루 론산의 망막 주사 설치류에있는 망막 박리 모델

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

같은 뇌 Microslices의 흥분 독성 자극<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 스트로크의 모델

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

포도막 흑색 종의 간전이에 대한 치료로 고립 간 관류

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

과도 대뇌 저산소증 - 허혈을 기반으로 혈전 성 뇌졸중 모델

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to hypoxia sensitive organs such as the brain, compensatory circulatory mechanisms help to maintain an adequate oxygen supply. This is mainly achieved by increased cerebral blood flow. Intermittent hypoxia is a commonly seen phenomenon in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acute airway obstruction can also result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Until now, no adequate model has been established to simulate these dynamics in humans. Previous investigations focusing on human hypoxia used inhaled hypoxic gas mixtures. However, the resulting hypoxia was combined with hyperventilation and is therefore more representative of high altitude environments than of apnea. Furthermore, the transferability of previously performed animal experiments to humans is limited and the pathophysiological background of apnea induced physiological changes is poorly understood. In this study, healthy human apneic divers were utilized to mimic clinically relevant hypoxia and hypercapnia during apnea. Additionally, pulse-oximetry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to evaluate changes in cerebral and peripheral oxygen saturation before, during, and after apnea.

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation (SpO2).

A 모델은 인간의 임상 관련 저산소증을 시뮬레이션하기

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...