Name: modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio
Uploaded: 2015-02-13T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 13 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the Cleveland Metroparks, including J. Grieser, J. Markowitz, B. Garman, and supporting staff; Case Western Reserve University, Dr. J. Burns; and GLISTEN, the Great Lakes Innovative Stewardship through Education Network.

1. 하천 제방 식별 <ol><li> 스트림의 한면에 은행의 균일 한 부분을 확인합니다. 은행, 다른 은행 물질 또는 식물에서 휴식의 완전히 다른 경사에 의해이 부분을 차별화. 하천 제방의이 섹션은 양쪽 부분에서 눈에 띄게 달라야합니다. 최소 또는 은행의 최대 길이는 없습니다. 작은 세그먼트로 매우 긴 부분의 분리는 평가를 단순화합니다. </li></ol> 2. 베히 설문지를 미리 검열 (그림 1) <ol><li> 그림 1에서 예 / 아니오 응답과 균일 한 하천 제방 부분에 대한 다음 질문에 답한다. <ol><li> 질문에 대답 발가락은 (는) 기본 흐름 조건에서 물을 충족 은행의 기지에있는? &quot;보다 작거나 은행의 발가락에서 50 %의 보호와 같은 은행 전시의 균일 한 섹션을 수행합니다&quot;; 은행의 평균 바닥 6-8인치. 제자의 ection 임베디드 바위, 임베디드 큰 나무가 우거진 파편과 뿌리 식물을 포함한다. 암반 발가락 보호로 계산; 그러나, 쉽게 깨뜨릴 수있는 암반은 발가락 보호되지 않습니다. </li><li> 질문에 대답 &quot;50 % 또는 0.5 피트 이상의 언더컷 은행 전시의 더합니까?&quot;언더컷 은행은 지표면 아래에 침식을 겪고있다 하천 제방입니다. </li><li> 질문에 대답 &quot;50 % 은행 전시 계층화 더합니까?&quot;층화 지질 명확하게 정의 된 수평 휴식입니다. 계층화의 한 층은 부식성 물질 (모래, 자갈, 또는 매트릭스)로 구성해야합니다. </li><li> 질문 답변 &quot;뱅크의 50 % 이상 50 % 이상인 토양 노광와 함께 10 피트 이상 뱅크의 높이를 가지고 있는가?&quot; </li><li> 질문에 대답 &quot;은행 물질 (토양)이 부족한 은행 전시 뿌리의 50 % 이상을합니까?&quot; </li><li> 질문에 대답 &quot;50 % 또는 뿌리 식물의 은행 무효의 더? &amp; #입니다8221; </li></ol></li><li> 도 1 설문에 둘 이상의 &quot;YES&quot;답이 있으면 하천 제방 침식이 발생하거나 발생할 것으로 상당한 가능성이 있으므로, 뱅크 베히 평가를 수행한다. </li><li> 그림 1 질문에 채 2 &quot;YES&quot;답변이있는 경우 은행이 침식 (낮은 베히 평가에 즉, 매우 낮음) 거의 발생하기 때문에, 베히 평가를 진행하지 않습니다. </li></ol> 3. 베히 평가 자료 (그림 3) <ol><li> 날짜, 날씨, 그리고 베히 평가 데이터 시트에서 제공하는 공간에 인원을 기록한다. </li><li> 뱅크들의 수가 평가되고 기록한다. 예를 들어, 하나가 그 날 평가되는 제 1 격벽이고, 2는 두 번째, 4, 3, 5를 평가되는 은행 및 ...이다. </li><li> 가지고 GPS 어디 물 I (가장 상류 (물에서 흐르는 곳)과 최 하류 좌표은행의 지점)에 흐르는 s의. 정확성을 보장하기 위해 가능한 한 은행에 가까운 스탠드. </li><li> 은행에 모두 상류와 하류 지점에서 사진을 촬영합니다. 사진에서 은행의 주요 특징을 캡처합니다. (예., 계층화, 큰 나무가 우거진 파편 막힘 등) 은행에 또는 채널의 기능을 캡처 추가 사진을 촬영합니다. 참조 사진 번호를 기록합니다. </li><li> 스트림의 측면을 기록하는 것은 (왼쪽 은행이나 오른쪽 은행) 평가된다. 하류에 직면 할 때 왼쪽 된 은행과 오른쪽 은행을 결정; 오른쪽 각각 왼쪽. </li><li> 은행의 상단에 은행의 발가락, 발에, 은행의 높이를 측정한다. 일반적으로 물 흐름에 평행하게 누워, 경사의 첫 번째 정의 휴식에 의해 은행의 상단을 결정합니다. </li><li> 은행에서 가장 상류와 최 하류 지점 사이, 피트, 발가락에서 은행의 길이를 측정합니다. </li><li> 에 &quot;예&quot;로 응답 한 질문의 수를 쓰기초기 &quot;사전 심사 베히 설문을&quot;2 단계에서. </li><li> 인프라까지의 거리 및 인프라의 유형 (예., 교량, 암거, 도로, 유틸리티, 주택 등)을합니다. </li><li> 서클 존재하는 다음과 같은 질적 지표 중 하나 Unvegetated 중간 채널 바 / 꼰 댐의 하류 채널, 양쪽에 노출 된 나무 뿌리, 양쪽에 기대어 나무, 노출 인프라, 침체 streambanks, headcuts, 자리 잡고 지류, 실패 &quot;최고의 관리 관행&quot;(BMP의) 같은 호안 벽, 돌망태 바구니 또는 배수구 등. </li><li> 뱅크 재료의 조성물을 참고. 평가 아래에있는 은행 섹션을 따라 발견 주된 자료를 기록한다. 참고 : Streambanks 재료의 혼합이 될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 은행은 &quot;위의 추적 자갈과 발가락에서 셰일 및 실트 질 모래&quot;를 가질 수있다. 미사와 &quot;추적 자갈은&quot;표시보다 &quot;미사 모래는&quot;더 많은 모래를 나타냅니다자갈의 작은 금액. &quot;샌디 미사는&quot;모래보다 더 많은 미사를 나타냅니다. </li><li> 물질의 침식에 기초하여 뱅크 재를 조정. <ol><li> 침식의 높은 비율이없는 물질에 대한 10 점 (즉., 자갈)까지 뺍니다. 매우 부식성 물질 (예., 모래) 10 포인트를 추가합니다. 평균 점수는 (그림 4) 더 적절할 것 때문에 재료의 혼합물 (예., 일부 자갈 또는 추적 자갈 미사 모래와 모래) 더 자주 스트림 시스템으로 볼 수있다. 이 의무적으로 조정되지 않습니다. 결과 섹션의 그림 4를 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 연구 뱅크 높이로 식물의 뿌리의 평균 깊이의 비율을 결정, 식물 (도 5)에 의해 뱅크 재의 부착을 추정하는 백분율. <ol><li> 시각적으로 은행의 발가락에 은행의 위에서부터 아래로 루트 깊이를 추정한다. examp 들어뿌리 뱅크의 상부 절반에서 성장하는 경우 르는 루트 깊이가 50 %가 될 것이다. 발가락 뱅크의 상부에서 성장 뿌리가있는 경우, 루트 깊이는 100 % 일 것이다. </li><li> 평가에서 전체 섹션을 따라 루트 깊이의 평균 비율을 가져 가라. (뿌리에 걸려, 즉.) 은행 물질의 무효 뿌리를 생각하지 마십시오. </li><li> 다음 데이터 시트에 그 비율에 대한 점수를 기록하기 위해 &quot;베히 점수도&quot;를 사용, 전체 은행에 따라 비율을 추정한다. 결과 섹션에서 그림 5를 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 루트 물질로 구성된 뱅크의 양의 시각적 평가함으로써 루트 밀도를 결정하는 백분율. <ol><li> 은행 물질의 무효 뿌리를 생각하지 마십시오. 작은 섬유질 뿌리 매우 조밀하고 큰 나무 뿌리 시스템 (도 6a 및도 6b)와 비교하여 큰 토양 고정을 제공 할 수있다. 에 기초하여 비율을 산정전체 은행은, 데이터 시트에 그 비율에 대한 점수를 기록하기 위해 &quot;베히 점수도&quot;를 사용합니다. 결과 섹션에서 그림 6 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 은행의 상단에 기본 흐름 (그림 7) 동안 수선의 낮은 은행에서 각도를 측정합니다. 매우 언더컷 은행은 120도까지 각도를 위로 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 뱅크 각을 추정 또는 가능한 경우 경사계를 사용하기 위해 수선 90도 각도 잣대 배치. 평가에서 전체 섹션을 따라 뱅크 각의 평균을 가져 가라. 섹션 (110)은 대부분도 언더컷 갖는 작은 섹션으로 90 ° 인 경우, 예를 들어, 기록도는 약 100 도의 것이다. </li><li> 다음 데이터 시트에 그 비율에 대한 점수를 기록하기 위해 &quot;베히 점수도&quot;를 사용, 전체 은행에 따라 비율을 추정한다. 결과 S 그림 7 참조의 ection. </li></ol></li><li> 표면 보호 현재, 하천 제방 덮여 나무가 우거진 파편, 뿌리 식물, 임베디드 바위, 호안, 암반, 또는 침식 하천 제방을 보호하는 임베디드 자료 (그림 8)에 의해 보호의 양을 결정합니다. <ol><li> 시각적으로 하천 제방의 비율 부​​식 힘에 노출되지 추정된다. 다음 데이터 시트에 그 비율에 대한 점수를 기록하기 위해 &quot;베히 점수도&quot;를 사용, 전체 은행에 따라 비율을 추정한다. 결과 섹션에서 그림 8을 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 시각적으로 층화 층의 수를 결정합니다. 층리의 원인과 특혜 침식 (그림 9)의 영역을 향상시킬 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 지질학에서 명확하게 정의 된 수평 휴식을 의미합니다. <ol><li> 계층화 기록 얼마나 많은 층이 존재한다. 결과 섹션에서 그림 9를 참조하십시오. </li></ol> &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 증가 침식 층화 층으로 인해 발생하는 경우 층화 조정합니다. <ol><li> 계층화의 단일 층 (두 개의 서로 다른 지질 학적 층) 5 포인트를 추가합니다. 계층화 여러 계층 (세 가지 다른 지질 학적 층) 10 포인트를 추가합니다. 재료의 적어도 하나의 층은 (모래, 자갈, 또는 매트릭스) 부식성 경우에만 층화를 조정. </li><li> 층화 층, 즉, 물과 관련있는 곳을 고려. 50 피트 기본 흐름 위에있는 지층의 층리는 부식 효과가 없을 수 있습니다. 은행의 발가락 근처 층화 계층은 매우 부식 효과를 가질 수있다. 평균 점수는 특히 성층 층은 물에 관하여 얼마나 부식성 물질이며, 여기서 고려할 때 필요할 수있다. 이 의무적으로 조정되지 않습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 매우 낮은 / 낮은 (전체 수정 베히 등급을 결정하기 위해 함께 모든 점수를 추가 4-15.5, 보통 : 15.75을(211); 23.5, 높은 : 23.75-31.5, 매우 높은 : 31.75-36.5, 또는 극단적 : 평가 하천 제방에 대한&gt; 36.5). 총 점수와 데이터 시트에의 빈 칸에 등급을 기록합니다. </li><li> 하천 제방의 세부 사항에주의하십시오. 예를 들어, 하천 제방은 사행 벤드, 큰 나무가 우거진 파편 잼, 장소 암거의 부족, 또는 강한 석유 냄새의 외부에있다. 여기에 실패한 모든 인프라를합니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical steps for accurate completion of the modified BEHI protocol are to: correctly identify a uniform section of streambank to assess, if the streambank length has too much variability it is best to separate and assess smaller segments to accurately capture the erodibility of the streambank; complete the Pre-Screening Questionnaire to confirm that a BEHI assessment should be completed on that streambank, if there is uncertainty in whether a bank passes the Pre-Screening Questionnaire, a BEHI assessment shoul...

하천 제방의 침식은 자연적인 과정이다 그러나 과도한 침식 부유물 (2)의 형태로 비점 오염원의 상당한 양에 기여할 수있다. 증가 된 부유물은 수질, 물리적 및 스트림 3의 생물학적 기능에 영향을 미친다. 인간의 영향은 크게 하천 제방 침식에 영향을하고, 빗물 유출과 불 투수 (5)의 증가가있을 경우 크게 특히 도시 시스템에서, 퇴적물로드 4를 증가시킬 수있다. 높은 퇴적물 부하에 부정적인 수질 및 스트림 (6)의 생태계에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다. 클리블랜드 Metroparks에 걸쳐 유역 관리 사례를 찾아 재고 소스를 스트림, 수변 및 서식지 복원뿐 아니라, 효과적인 경영 전략을 지원하기 위해 잠재적 인 하천 제방 침식의 위험 평가를 시도합니다. 데이비드 Rosgen은 황무지 문학과, 은행 침식을 개발스트림 하천 제방 침식 감수성 위험 평가 지수 (베히)은 여러 변수 소모성 (7)의 조합에 기초하여 도달한다. 베히는 뱅크 재 성층 루트 깊이 및 밀도, 뱅크 각 뱅크 높이 비율 bankfull 높이, 및 표면 보호의 양은 포함 심각도 및 하천 제방 침식의 확률을 평가하기 위하여 다양한 지표를 사용한다. 베히 평가는 특정 하천 제방에 대한 전반적인 베히 등급 (매우 낮음, 중간, 높음, 매우 높음, 또는 극단적 인)에 해당하는 숫자 값을 지정합니다. 이 프로토콜은 잠재적 하천 제방 침식 8-10을 평가 효과적이었다 다른 수질 서식지 평가와 함께 사용될 수있다. 높은 베히 등급을 나타내는 Streambanks는 기회 종 (11)을 중심으로 구성, 덜 다양하고 덜 안정 대형 무척추 동물 사회에 대응하는 것으로 나타났다. 원래 베히 방법 내가 비록유용한이야, 그것은 매우 많은 시간이 소요, 비 전문가를위한 어려운, 특정 지형 지역에 국한, 특히 충적 스트림 조건 (12)에 맞게 조정 할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에 대한 수정은 이러한 제약을 해결하기 위해 필요했다. &quot;사전 스크리닝 설문지&quot;(도 1) 이와 같이 높은 부식 영역에 평가를 포커싱하고 베히를 수행하는 데 필요한 시간과 자원의 양을 감소시키는, 매우 낮거나 낮은 순위 가능성 streambanks을 식별하고 제거하기 위해 개발되었다 전체 스트림에 대한 평가. 설문지는 또한 원래 베히 프로토콜에 기초하여, 부식성 물질로서 평가 될 수없는 것이 매우 부식성 셰일 암반 (13) 등 북동부 오하이오 본 충적 비 충적 스트림 지질 상태 사이의 차이를 해결한다. 될 수 bankfull 단계를 포함하는 연구 은행 - 높이 비율 메트릭의 제거,결정하기가 매우 어렵습니다, 빠른 하천 제방 평가 및 비 전문가 입문 교육 평가를 완료 할 수있었습니다. 연구 은행 - 높이 비율이 제거는 환경 품질 (14)의 미시간 부서에서 조 Rathbun에 의해 개발 된 수정 베히 절차에 근거했다. 현장에서 추가 계산의 필요성을 제거하기 위해, 다른 모든 측정은 뱅크 각을 제외한 비율, 및 계층화 은행 재 조정으로 표현된다. 루트 밀도는 초기에 뿌리가 확장되어 뿌리로 구성된 토양의 백분율로 표시 하였다. 이는 전체 뱅크 높이 고려하여 루트 깊이 곱; 그러나 우리는 전체 은행에서 뿌리의 밀도의 단순 추정치이 교체. 점수 조정은 연구 은행 - 높이 비율 메트릭 추정 비율의 제거를 설명하기 위해 원래 베히 채점 시스템으로 만들어졌다. 원래 베히에서 설명한 바와 같이프로토콜 측정 메트릭은 1-10의 위험 평가 (10 위험이 가장 높은 수준 인)로 전환되었다. 1-10 위험 등급은 매우 낮음, 중간, 높음, 매우 높음, 극단적 인 가능성 침식의 등급을 위험에 해당합니다. 이러한 관계는 현장 관찰 (10)의 카탈로그를 기반으로 설립되었다. 수정 베히 프로토콜에서 연구 은행 - 높이 비율 메트릭에 대한 점수는 새로운 총 점수와 위험 등급 (그림 2)를 반영하기 위해 원래 베히의 평가 시스템에서 제외되었다. 이러한 수정 북동부 오하이오 원래 베히 프로토콜의 한계를 해결하고 일관성을 유지하고 사용자의 바이어스를 줄이는데 도움. 변성 베히 프로토콜 클리블랜드 Metroparks 내의 여러 높은 우선 순위 스트림들을 평가하기 위해 사용되었다. 원래 베히 평가는 식별자의 수정의 효과를 확인하기 위해 스트림의 길이에, 훈련 클리블랜드 메트로 직원에 의해 수행되었다침식의 높은 속도와 streambanks을 된 fying. 수정 베히 프로토콜은 클리블랜드 Metroparks에 걸쳐 하천 제방 침식을 평가하기 위해 전문가, 자원 봉사자, 직원, 학생들이 사용된다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>200&#039; reel tape measure</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tape measure can be used to measure bank length and height</td></tr><tr><td>Inclinometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Inclinometer may be used to measure bank angle.</td></tr><tr><td>GPS</td><td></td><td></td><td>GPS is used to take points along the stream, make sure for mapping purposes to use a GPS that takes accurate readings.</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td></td><td></td><td>Camera is used to take photos of the banks under assessment and of any major stream features.</td></tr></tbody></table>

modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. Sediments from highly eroding streambanks are a major source of pollution in a stream system and have the potential to jeopardize habitat, infrastructure, and stream function. Watershed management practices throughout the Cleveland Metroparks attempt to locate and inventory the source and rate the risk of potential streambank erosion to assist in formulating effect stream, riparian, and habitat management recommendations. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), developed by David Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology is a fluvial geomorphic assessment procedure used to evaluate the susceptibility of potential streambank erosion based on a combination of several variables that are sensitive to various processes of erosion. This protocol can be time consuming, difficult for non-professionals, and confined to specific geomorphic regions. To address these constraints and assist in maintaining consistency and reducing user bias, modifications to this protocol include a &#8220;Pre-Screening Questionnaire&#8221;, elimination of the Study Bank-Height Ratio metric including the bankfull determination, and an adjusted scoring system. This modified protocol was used to assess several high priority streams within the Cleveland Metroparks. The original BEHI protocol was also used to confirm the results of the modified BEHI protocol. After using the modified assessment in the field, and comparing it to the original BEHI method, the two were found to produce comparable BEHI ratings of the streambanks, while significantly reducing the amount of time and resources needed to complete the modified protocol.

원래 베히 프로토콜 (그림 10)로 평가하는 경우 사전 선별 설문지를 통과하지 못한 및 수정 베히 프로토콜 평가되지 않은 Streambanks이 낮거나 매우 낮은 위를 차지했다. 이 빠르게 침식의 극단적 인 속도로 중간 발생하는 streambanks를 식별하는 방법으로 사전 심사 설문의 사용을 지원합니다. 아래의 그림 10을 참조하십시오. 일반적으로, 평...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen&#8217;s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

북동부 오하이오 하천 제방 침식의 신속한 평가를위한 은행 침식 위험 지수 (베히) 프로토콜을 수정

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. ...

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Environment

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

9.0K 조회수.  Cleveland Metroparks. Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen’s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

비디오: Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

도시 유출의 연구 시설의 설계 및 건설

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

연구

환경과학

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

조작 식물에 의한 토양의 이질성에 대한 실험 프로토콜

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

토양 유출을 연구하기 위해 강우 시뮬레이션을 실시하기위한 프로토콜

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

정량적 인 시나리오 분석 프레임 워크 내에서 계획을 유역

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

측정 및 토양 침식과 토양 탄산 농도 농업 관리에 관련 된 증 착 패턴 매핑

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

지속적인 문학적 품질 모니터링 Vernal 연못의 물

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to severe environmental impacts. The understanding of sheet erosion is, consequently, a worldwide issue with implications for both environment and economies. However, the knowledge on how erosion evolves in space and time is still limited, as well as its effects on the environment. Below, we explain a new dendrogeomorphological protocol for deriving eroded soil thickness (Ex) by acquiring accurate microtopographic data using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and microtopographic profile gauges. Additionally, standard dendrogeomorphic procedures, dependent on anatomical variations in root rings, are utilized to establish the timing of exposure. Both TLS and microtopographic profile gauges are used to obtain ground surface pro&#64257;les, from which Ex is estimated after the threshold distance (TD) is determined, i.e., the distance between the root and the sediment knickpoint, which allows de&#64257;ning the lowering of the ground surface caused by sheet erosion. For each profile, we measured the height between the topside of the root and a virtual plane tangential to the ground surface. In this way, we intended to avoid small-scale impacts of soil deformation, which may be due to pressures exerted by the root system, or by the arrangement of exposed roots. This may provoke small amounts of soil sedimentation or erosion depending on how they physically affect the surface runoff. We demonstrate that an adequate microtopographic characterization of exposed roots and their associated ground surface is very valuable to obtain accurate erosion rates. This finding could be utilized to develop the best management practices designed to eventually halt or perhaps, at least, lessen soil erosion, so that more sustainable management policies can be put into practice.

Characterizing erosion from dendrogeomorphology has usually focused on accurately finding the starting time of root exposure, by examining macroscopic or cell level changes caused by exposure. Here, we offer a detailed description of different novel techniques to obtain more precise erosion rates from highly accurate microtopographic data.

실험실 및 필드 Dendrogeomorphology에서 시트 침식 속도 추정을 위한 프로토콜

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...