We are thankful to Dr. Richard Cerione, Dr. Marc Antonyak, and Kelly Sullivan, Cornell University, for providing technical advice, and to Dr. Gerlinde Van de Walle, Cornell University, for sharing their Olympus CKX41 inverted microscope.

3 % 아가 로스 2- 히드 록시 에틸의 제조 1. <ol><li> 깨끗하고 건조한 100 ml의 유리 병에, 30㎖의 증류수이어서 2- 히드 록시 아가 (아가 로스 VII) 0.9 g을 추가한다. </li><li> 15 초 부드럽게의 혼합물이 소용돌이 전자 레인지. 아가로 오스 분말이 완전히 용해 될 때까지이 단계를 적어도 세 번 이상 반복합니다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 용액을 함유 한 병을 압력솥. </li><li> 아가로 오스 솔루션을 추가로 사용하기 전에 실온까지 냉각 할 수 있습니다. 실온에서 솔루션을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 아래 층의 2. 준비 : 0.6 % 아가 로스 젤 <ol><li> 취급시 피펫에 응고에서 아가로 오스를 방지하기 위해 5 ㎖와 37 ° C 배양기에서 10 ml의 피펫 사전 따뜻한 몇 가지. </li><li> 부분적으로 병 뚜껑 마이크로파 15 초 동안 미리 만들어진 3 % 2- 히드 록시 아가로 오스 용액을 느슨하게. 그런 다음, 부드럽게 또 다른 15 초에 대한 솔루션과 전자 레인지를 소용돌이 친다. 주의 : 아가 소용돌이 때주의자체 솔루션 용액이 공기에 노출 이상 유출 할 수있을 때까지 상승하기 때문이다. </li><li> 병에 잔류 고체 젤, 몇 초 동안 전자 레인지가있는 경우. </li><li> 조기 고화 아가 용액을 방지하기 위해 다음 단계에서 45 ° C의 물 중탕에서 아가로 오스를 포함하는 용액을 보관 용기. </li><li> 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 따뜻한 MCF10DCIS 미디어. 참고 : MCF10DCIS 미디어는 DMEM / F12, 5 % 말 혈청, 5 % 페니실린 스트렙토 마이신으로 구성되어 있습니다. </li><li> 전송 멸균 50 ㎖ 원뿔형 튜브에 예열 피펫을 사용하여 3 % 아가 로즈 용액 3 ㎖. </li><li> 즉시 따뜻한 MCF10DCIS 미디어의 12 ml에 추가하고 부드럽게 미디어와 아가로 오스를 혼합 원뿔 튜브를 반전. 그것은 식민지 나중에 계산을 방해하므로 모든 거품을 형성하지보십시오. </li><li> 부드럽게 기포를 형성하지 않고 6 웰 배양 플레이트의 각 웰에,이 혼합물을 2 ㎖를 추가한다. </li><li> 6 웰 배양 판 horizo​​nta을 품어에서야 1 시간 동안 4 ° C에서 평평한 표면에 혼합물이 응고 할 수 있도록합니다. </li><li> 혼합 응고 후, 30 분 동안 37 ° C를 인큐베이터에 접시를 놓습니다. 바닥 층을 사용할 준비가 된 것입니다. </li></ol> 셀 함유층 3. 제조 : 0.3 % 아가로 스겔 <ol><li> 를 Trypsinize MCF10DCIS 세포를 4 × 104 / ml의 세포 농도로 희석. </li><li> 멸균 50 ML 원뿔 튜브에 미리 예열 피펫 및 전송을 사용하여 3 % 아가로 오스의 2 mL를 취하여. </li><li> 즉시 원뿔 튜브에 MCF10DCIS 미디어의 8 ml에 추가하고 부드럽게 미디어와 아가로 오스를 혼합하는 반전. 모든 거품을 형성하지 마십시오. </li><li> (0 μM (DMSO) 또는 1 μM)을 MCF10DCIS 세포 (4 × 104 / ㎖) 2 mL를 취하여 BB-CLA로 처리. </li><li> 1 : 1 희석, 0.6 % 아가로 오스와 세포를 섞는다. </li><li> 세포 혼합물을 아가로 1 ㎖를 취하여 부드럽게 6 웰 배양 (P)의 바닥층 상에 추가후반 (2 × 104 세포 / ㎖). </li><li> 상단 층이 응고 할 수 있도록 적어도 15 분 동안 4 ° C에서 평평한 표면에 수평으로 6 웰 배양 판을 놓습니다. </li><li> 혼합 응고 후, 공급 층을 추가하기 전에 일주일 동안 37 ° C의 인큐베이터에 접시를 놓습니다. </li></ol> 세포층 4. 준비 : 0.3 % 아가 로스 젤 <ol><li> 전자 렌지 15 초 동안 미리 만들어진 3 % 2- 히드 록시 아가 용액. 부드럽게 다른 15 초에 대한 솔루션과 전자 레인지를 소용돌이 친다. </li><li> 45 ° C의 물을 욕조에 아가로 오스 솔루션 병 평형. </li><li> 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 MCF10DCIS 미디어를 따뜻하게. </li><li> 50 ML 원뿔 튜브에 따뜻한 MCF10DCIS 미디어의 9 ml의 3 % 아가로 오스 액 1ml를 섞어 부드럽게 미디어와 아가로 오스를 혼합하는 반전. 공기 방울을 형성하지 마십시오. </li><li> BB-CLA와 혼합물 (0 μM (DMSO) 또는 1 μM)을 치료. </li><li> 부드럽게에 대한없이 (이 혼합물 1 ㎖를 추가밍 바닥 연질 층을 포함하는 6 웰 배양 플레이트의 각 웰에) 거품. </li><li> 혼합물이 응고 할 수 있도록 적어도 15 분 동안 4 ° C에서 평평한 표면에 수평으로 6 웰 배양 플레이트를 놓습니다. </li><li> 피더 층이 굳은 후, 37 ° C 배양기에 접시를 놓습니다. </li><li> 콜로니 형성이 관찰 될 때까지 새로운 매체를 사용하여 세포를 보충하기 위해 기존의 세포층에 0.3 % 아가로 오스 / 중 / 처리 용액 1 ㎖를 중첩하여이 공급 절차 주간를 반복합니다. 주 : 한천 부드럽고 피더 레이어 것은 따라서, 피더 레이어에서 추가 영양분 용이 세포에 도달하는 셀 - 함유 층으로 확산되며, 매우 부드럽고. </li></ol> 5. 데이터 수집 <ol><li> 소프트 한천에 세포 성장 2.5 주 후, 각 웰을 광학 현미경을 사용하여 콜로니 수를 카운트. 정량을 용이하게하기 위해, 투명도에 그리드를 인쇄에 그리드를 부착6 웰 플레이트는 세포가 계산하는 동안 어디에 찾을 수 있도록 도와줍니다. (각 식민지의 직경에 의해 정량화 등) 식민지의 크기가 달라질 수 있기 때문에, 채점되는 식민지 결정하는 기준 식민지 크기를 미리 정의. 예를 들어, 70 μm의 또는 데이터 분석의 큰 콜로니의 크기를 포함한다. </li><li> 더 콜로니 형성과 미래에 대한 계산을 방지하기 위해 4 ° C에서 샘플을 저장합니다. 이 건조 겔을 방지 파라 필름 6 웰 배양 접시를 밀봉. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hamburger, A. W., Salmon, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+bioassay+of+human+tumor+stem+cells.">Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells.</a> Science. 197, 461-463 (1977).</li><li>Wang, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+signaling+regulating+anchorage-independent+growth+of+cancer+cells.">Molecular signaling regulating anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells.</a> Mt Sinai J Med. 71 (6), 361-367 (2004).</li><li>Vossenaar, E. R., Zendman, A. J., van Venrooij, W. J., Pruijn, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAD,+a+growing+family+of+citrullinating+enzymes:+genes,+features+and+involvement+in+disease.">PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease.</a> Bioessays. 25 (11), 1106-1118 (2003).</li><li>Horibata, S., Coonrod, S. A., Cherrington, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+peptidylarginine+deiminase+enzymes+in+disease+and+female+reproduction.">Role for peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes in disease and female reproduction.</a> J Reprod Dev. 58 (3), 274-282 (2012).</li><li>Mohanan, S., Cherrington, B. D., Horibata, S., McElwee, J. L., Thompson, P. R., Coonrod, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+role+of+peptidylarginine+deiminase+enzymes+and+protein+citrullination+in+cancer+pathogenesis.">Potential role of peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and protein citrullination in cancer pathogenesis.</a> Biochem Res Int. , 895343 (2012).</li><li>McElwee, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+PADI2+as+a+potential+breast+cancer+biomarker+and+therapeutic+target.">Identification of PADI2 as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.</a> BMC Cancer. 12, 500 (2012).</li><li>Knight, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptidylarginine+deiminase+inhibition+disrupts+NET+formation+and+protects+against+kidney,+skin+and+vascular+disease+in+lupus-prone+MRL/lpr+mice.">Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition disrupts NET formation and protects against kidney, skin and vascular disease in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice.</a> Ann Rheum Dis. , 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Miller, F. R., Santner, S. J., Tait, L., Dawson, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MCF10DCIS.com+xenograft+model+of+human+comedo+ductal+carcinoma+in+situ.">MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of human comedo ductal carcinoma in situ.</a> J Natl cancer Inst. 92, 1185-1186 (2000).</li><li>Fan, D., Morgan, L. R., Schneider, C., Blank, H., Fan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperative+evaluation+of+human+tumor+chemosensitivity+in+the+soft-agar+assay+and+its+clinical+correlations.">Cooperative evaluation of human tumor chemosensitivity in the soft-agar assay and its clinical correlations.</a> J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 109, 23-28 (2000).</li><li>Hamburger, A. W., White, C. P., Dunn, F. E., Citron, M. L., Hummel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+human+tumor+colony+growth+in+soft+agar+by+serum.">Modulation of human tumor colony growth in soft agar by serum.</a> Int J Cell Cloning. 1 (4), 216-229 (1983).</li><li>Anderson, S. N., Towne, D. L., Burns, D. J., Warrior, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+soft+agar+assay+for+identification+of+anticancer+compound.">A high-throughput soft agar assay for identification of anticancer compound.</a> J Biomol Screen. 12, 938-945 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

소프트 한천 콜로니 형성 속도는 세포의 종류에 따라 달라 9. 따라서, 셀의 수는 최적화하고 그에 따라 조정되어야로 시작. 제안 된 초기 범위는 잘 6- 웰 플레이트를 이용하여 당 4~10 X 10월 2일부터 1일까지 X (5) 사이의 세포이다. 또한, 콜로니 크기는 각 셀의 성장 속도에 따라 변화한다. 따라서, 콜로니 크기 소정 컷오프 하류 정량적 분석에 대한 개별 콜로니 주석 필요하다...

Both non-transformed (normal) and transformed cells can readily proliferate in a 2D monolayer culture. This form of adherent cell growth is quite dissimilar from that which occurs in vivo where, in the absence of mitogenic stimulation, cells do not often rapidly divide within their microenvironment. The soft agar assay on the other hand is distinct from 2D culture systems because it quantifies tumorigenicity by measuring a cell&#8217;s ability to proliferate and form colonies in suspension within a semi-solid agarose gel1. In this setting, non-transformed cells are unable to rapidly propagate in the absence of anchorage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and undergo apoptosis, a process known as anoikis. In contrast, cells that have undergone malignant transformation lose their anchorage dependence due to activation of signaling pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Rac/Cdc42/PAK. Therefore, these cells are able to grow and form colonies within the semi-solid soft agar matrix2.
A common use of the soft agar assay is to test whether specific compounds, such as PADI inhibitors, are able to suppress tumor growth in vitro. In general, colony count or colony sizes are quantitative read-outs from the assay that can be compared between control and treatment groups to assess differences in cellular tumorigenicity. Therefore, if one finds that colony formation is inversely correlated with increasing drug concentration, then a conclusion could be drawn that the drug is an effective inhibitor of tumorigenicity in vitro. On the other hand, if the drug does not affect colony formation, the drug is either not at the appropriate dosage or it is not an effective tumorigenic inhibitor. Aside from using a soft agar assay to test the anti-tumor effect of a drug, this assay can also be used to probe the relationship between a specific gene and tumorigenesis. For example, the effect of suppressing PADI2 expression on tumorigenicity can be addressed by PADI2-specific siRNA treatment.
PADIs are calcium-dependent enzymes that post-translationally modify proteins by converting positively charged arginine residues into neutrally charged citrulline in a process known as citrullination or deimination3-5. We have recently found that peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) may function as a novel breast cancer biomarker and that PADI inhibitors represent candidate therapies for early stage breast cancers6. For example, we have previously demonstrated that a &#8220;pan-PADI&#8221; inhibitor, Cl-amidine, suppresses the proliferation of breast cancer cells using 2D monolayers and that the inhibitor suppressed the growth of 3D tumor spheroids6. In this report, we extend these studies, and highlight the utility of the soft agar assay, by testing the efficacy of a new PADI inhibitor, BB-CLA, in suppressing the growth of MCF10DCIS breast cancer colonies7. We note that we used MCF10DCIS cells for this experiment because they are oncogenic derivatives of non-transformed human MCF10A cells and because they contain high steady state levels of PADI2 protein8. We hypothesize that PADI2 enzymatic activity plays a key role in the tumorigenicity of this cell line and that BB-CLA-mediated inhibition of PADI2 activity will suppress cancer progression.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Axiopot</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td>1021859251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Lonza BioWhittaker</td>
			<td>12-719F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyClone Donor Equine Serum</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30074.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Hydroxyethylagarose: Type VII, low gelling temperature</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>39346-81-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilization of the soft agar colony formation assay to identify inhibitors of tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

소프트 한천 콜로니 형성 분석은 암세포의 종양 유발 문서화 광범위한 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 반고체 매트릭스 선택적 앵커리지 독립적 인 방식으로 증식 할 수있는 세포의 성장을 선호한다는 것이다. 이 특성은 주로 암세포가 아닌 일반 세포에 의해 발휘된다. 우리는 주로 약물에 의해 종양 성장 억제의 효과를 테스트하고 유방암 세포의 종양 유발에서 과발현 또...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

소프트 한천 콜로니 형성 분석의 활용은 유방암 세포에서 종양 유발의 억제를 확인하는

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

utilization-soft-agar-colony-formation-assay-to-identify-inhibitors

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28.2K 조회수.  Cornell University. Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro. 

비디오: Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

자기 공명 영상, 체적 계산의 Tomography 및 초음파를 이용한 유방암의 뼈 전이의 누드 쥐 모델에서 Angiogenesis의 멀티 모달 이미징

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

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Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

유방암의 마우스 모델에서 종양 Microenvironment에 약물 응답의 영상을 라​​이브

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

유방암의 소설 형질 전환 마우스 모델 : 아데노 바이러스 크레와 유관 상피의 대상으로 전이성 유방암의 개시

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

유방암 세포에서 에스트로겐 조절 마이크로 RNA의 프로파일

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

세 가지 차원 문화 : 유방 세포의 악성 변형 대 일반 선포 건축을 연구하는 도구

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

마우스의 유방 지방 패드에 유방암 세포의 소성 주입은 종양의 성장을 연구한다.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 모델은 인간의 유방암에서 호르몬 행동을 연구하기 위해

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

Methods for Culturing Human Femur Tissue Explants to Study Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Metastatic Niche

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little is known about breast cancer cell properties and behaviors within the native microenvironment of human bone tissue.We have developed approaches to track, quantify and modulate human breast cancer cells within the microenvironment of cultured human bone tissue fragments isolated from discarded femoral heads following total hip replacement surgeries. Using breast cancer cells engineered for luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, we are able to reproducibly quantitate migration and proliferation patterns using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), track cell interactions within the bone fragments using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluate breast cells after colonization with flow cytometry. The key advantages of this model include: 1) a native, architecturally intact tissue microenvironment that includes relevant human cell types, and 2) direct access to the microenvironment, which facilitates rapid quantitative and qualitative monitoring and perturbation of breast and bone cell properties, behaviors and interactions. A primary limitation, at present, is the finite viability of the tissue fragments, which confines the window of study to short-term culture. Applications of the model system include studying the basic biology of&#160;breast cancer and other bone-seeking malignancies within the metastatic niche, and developing therapeutic strategies to effectively target breast cancer cells in bone tissues.

Protocols are described for studying breast cancer cell migration, proliferation and colonization in a human bone tissue explant model system.

배양 인간의 대퇴골 조직 외식하는 방법은 전이성 틈새의 유방암 세포 집락을 연구하기 위해

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

인간 유방암 조직과 세포주에서 Mammosphere 형성 분석

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

생체 내 및 생체 외 복막 지방이에 밀키 스팟 구조의 난소 암 전이성 식민지를 연구하는 접근 방식

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...