Name: isolation and functional assessment of human breast cancer stem cells from cell and tissue samples
Uploaded: 2020-10-02T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

유용한 토론과 지원에 대해 실험실 구성원들에게 감사드립니다. 유방암 줄기 세포와 종양 미세 환경에 대한 우리의 연구는 캐나다 암 연구 학회 연구소와 미 육군 국방부 유방암 프로그램 (보조금 # BC160912)의 보조금으로 지원됩니다. VB는 Western Postdoctoral Fellowship (Western University)의 지원을 받고 있으며 ALA와 VB는 모두 캐나다 유방암 학회의 지원을 받고 있습니다. CL은 캐나다 정부의 Vanier Canada 대학원 장학금으로 지원됩니다.

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

유방암 전이와 치료에 대한 내성은 전 세계 여성의 주요 사망 원인이되었습니다. 유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)의 하위 집단의 존재는 전이 26,43,44,45,46 및 치료 내성 21,47,48의 향상에 기여합니다. 따라서 향후 치...

인간 유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)의 세포 및 분자 메커니즘을 이해하는 것은 유방암 치료에서 직면하는 문제를 해결하는 데 중요합니다. BCSC 개념의 출현은 21세기 초로 거슬러 올라가며, CD44+CD24-/저유방암 세포의 작은 집단이 마우스 1,2에서 이질적인 종양을 생성할 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 그 후, 알데히드 탈수소 효소 (ALDHhigh)의 높은 효소 활성을 갖는 인간 유방암 세포도 유사한 줄기 세포 유사 특성을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다3. 이러한 BCSC는자가 재생 및 분화가 가능한 작은 세포 집단을 나타내며 벌크 종양 1,2,3의 이질성에 기여합니다. 축적 된 증거는 진화 적으로 보존 된 신호 전달 경로의 변화가 BCSC 생존 및 유지를 유도한다는 것을 시사합니다 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 . 또한, 세포 외인성 미세 환경은 상이한 BCSC 기능을 지시하는데 중추적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다15,16,17. 이러한 분자 경로와 BCSC 기능을 조절하는 외부 요인은 유방암 재발, 전이18 및 치료법에 대한 내성 발달19,20,21에 기여하며, 치료 후 BCSC의 잔류 존재는 유방암 환자의 전체 생존에 큰 도전이 됩니다.22,23 . 따라서 이러한 요인에 대한 전임상 평가는 유방암 환자의 더 나은 치료 결과와 전체 생존 개선을 달성하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 BCSC 표적 요법을 식별하는 데 매우 중요합니다.
몇몇 시험관내 인간 유방암 세포주 모델 및 생체내 인간 이종이식 모델은 BCSC 24,25,26,27,28,29를 특성화하기 위해 사용되었다. 모든 연속 계대 후에 지속적으로 다시 채워지는 세포주의 능력은 이러한 세포를 오믹스 기반 및 약물유전체학 연구를 수행하는 이상적인 모델 시스템으로 만듭니다. 그러나 세포주는 종종 환자 샘플에서 관찰된 이질성을 요약하지 못합니다. 따라서 환자 유래 샘플로 세포주 데이터를 보완하는 것이 중요합니다. 가장 순수한 형태의 BCSC를 분리하는 것은 BCSC의 상세한 특성 분석을 가능하게 하는 데 중요합니다. 이러한 순도를 달성하는 것은 BCSC에 특정한 표현형 마커의 선택에 달려 있습니다. 현재, ALDH높은CD44+CD24- 세포 표현형은 최대 순도1을 위해 형광 활성화 세포 분류 (FACS)를 사용하여 벌크 유방암 세포 집단으로부터 인간 BCSC를 구별하고 분리하는 데 가장 일반적으로 사용되며, 3,26. 또한, 자가 갱신, 증식 및 분화와 같은 단리된 BCSC의 특성은 시험관내 및 생체내 기술을 사용하여 평가할 수 있습니다.
예를 들어, 시험관내 콜로니 형성 분석은 상이한 치료 조건(30)의 존재하에50개 이상의 세포의 콜로니를 형성하기 위해 자가갱신하는 단일 세포의 능력을 평가하는데 사용될 수 있다. 유방권 분석은 또한 앵커리지 독립적 조건에서 유방암 세포의 자가 재생 잠재력을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 분석은 무혈청 비부착성 배양 조건31에서 각각의 연속 계대에서 구체(BCSC 및 비-BCSC의 혼합물)로서 생성 및 성장하는 단일 세포의 능력을 측정합니다. 추가적으로, 3차원(3D) 배양 모델을 사용하여 생체 내 미세환경을 밀접하게 요약하고 잠재적인 BCSC-표적 요법의 활성을 조사할 수 있는 세포-세포 및 세포-매트릭스 상호작용을 포함하는 BCSC 기능을 평가할 수 있다(32). 시험관내 모델의 다양한 응용에도 불구하고, 시험관내 분석만을 사용하여 생체내 조건의 복잡성을 모델링하는 것은 어렵다. 이러한 과제는 생체 내에서 BCSC 거동을 평가하기 위해 마우스 이종이식 모델을 사용함으로써 극복할 수 있습니다. 특히, 이러한 모델은 유방암 전이를 평가하고33, 질병 진행 동안 미세환경과의 상호작용을 조사하고(34), 생체내 영상화(35), 및 항종양제(34)의 환자 특이적 독성 및 효능을 예측하기 위한 이상적인 시스템으로서 기능한다.
이 프로토콜은 이질적인 유방암 세포의 벌크 집단으로부터 최대 순도로 인간 ALDH고 CD44+CD24- BCSC의 분리에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공한다. 또한 BCSC의 다양한 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 세 가지 시험관 내 기술(콜로니 형성 분석, 유방권 분석 및 3D 배양 모델)과 생체 내 종양 이종이식 분석에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공합니다. 이러한 방법은 BCSC 생물학을 이해하고 새로운 BCSC 표적 요법을 조사할 목적으로 인간 유방암 세포주 또는 1차 환자 유래 유방암 세포 및 종양 조직으로부터 BCSC를 분리 및 특성화하는 데 관심이 있는 연구자가 사용하기에 적합합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>7-Aminoactinomycin D (7AAD)</td><td>BD</td><td>51-68981E</td><td>suggested: 0.25 &amp;micro;g/1x10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cells</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A18-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) substrate</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>1700</td><td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#039;s instructions for ALDH substrate preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Basement membrane extract (BME)</td><td>Corning</td><td>354234</td><td>Sold under the commercial name Matrigel</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 6 well</td><td>Corning</td><td>877218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 60mm</td><td>Corning</td><td>353002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates: 96-well ultra low attachment</td><td>Corning</td><td>3474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer: 40 micron</td><td>BD</td><td>352340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>7001</td><td>Prepare 1:30 dilution of 3 mg/mL collagen in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>11088807001</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>Conical tubes: 50 mL</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>05-539-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystal violet</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6158</td><td>Use 0.05% crystal violet solution in water for staining</td></tr><tr><td>Dispase</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>7913</td><td>5U/mL</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>DNAse</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D5052</td><td>0.1 mg/mL final concentration</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Avantor Seradigm Lifescience</td><td>97068-085</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Flow tubes: 5ml</td><td>BD</td><td>352063</td><td>Polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>84124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mouse anti-Human CD24 antibody</td><td>BD</td><td>561646</td><td>R-phycoerythrin and Cyanine dye conjugated Clone: ML5</td></tr><tr><td>mouse anti-Human CD44 antibody</td><td>BD</td><td>555479</td><td>R-phycoerythrin conjugated, Clone: G44-26</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB)</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>1700</td><td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#039;s instructions DEAB preparation</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Wisent Inc</td><td>311-425-CL</td><td>1x, Without calcium and magnesium</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Mammosphere Media Composition&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504-44</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>bFGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F2006</td><td>10 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Bioshop</td><td>ALB003</td><td>04%</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>EGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E9644</td><td>20 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>16634</td><td>5 &amp;micro;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;3D Organoid Media Composition&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A8301</td><td>Tocris</td><td>2939</td><td>500 nM</td></tr><tr><td>B27</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504-44</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM:F12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330-032</td><td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td></tr><tr><td>EGF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E9644</td><td>5 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>FGF10</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-26</td><td>20 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>FGF7</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-19</td><td>5 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMax</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>35050-061</td><td>1x</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-080</td><td>10 mM</td></tr><tr><td>N-acetylcysteine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A9165</td><td>1.25 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Neuregulin &amp;beta;1</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-03</td><td>5 nM</td></tr><tr><td>Nicotinamide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>N0636</td><td>5 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Noggin</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>120-10C</td><td>100 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>R-spondin3</td><td>R&amp;amp;D</td><td>3500</td><td>250 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>SB202190</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7067</td><td>500 nM</td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632</td><td>Tocris</td><td>1254</td><td>5 &amp;micro;M</td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and functional assessment of human breast cancer stem cells from cell and tissue samples

유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)는 유전 또는 후천성 줄기 세포와 유사한 특성을 가진 암세포입니다. 낮은 빈도에도 불구하고 유방암 시작, 재발, 전이 및 치료 저항의 주요 원인입니다. 유방암 치료를위한 새로운 치료 표적을 식별하기 위해서는 유방암 줄기 세포의 생물학을 이해하는 것이 필수적입니다. 유방암 줄기 세포는 CD44, CD24와 같은 독특한 세포 표면 마커의 발현 및 알데히드 탈수소 효소 (ALDH)의 효소 활성을 기반으로 분리 및 특성화됩니다. 이러한 ALDH높은CD44+CD24- 세포는 BCSC 집단을 구성하며 다운스트림 기능 연구를 위한 형광 활성화 세포 분류(FACS)에 의해 분리될 수 있습니다. 과학적 질문에 따라 BCSC의 기능적 특성을 평가하기 위해 다양한 시험관 내 및 생체 내 방법을 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 유방암 환자의 이질적인 유방암 집단과 원발성 종양 조직 모두에서 인간 BCSC를 분리하기 위한 상세한 실험 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 또한 BCSC 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 콜로니 형성 분석, 유방권 분석, 3D 배양 모델 및 종양 이종이식 분석을 포함한 다운스트림 시험관 내 및 생체 내 기능 분석을 강조합니다.

설명 된 프로토콜은 세포주 또는 해리 된 종양 조직으로부터 유방암 세포의 이질적인 집단으로부터 인간 BCSC의 분리를 허용한다. 주어진 세포주 또는 조직 샘플에 대해, 특히 연구 목적이 BCSC를 표적으로 하는 치료제의 효능을 평가하는 것이라면 오염된 비 BCSC 집단이 다양한 세포 반응을 유발할 수 있으므로 BCSC를 최대 순도로 분리하기 위해 균일한 단일 세포 현탁액을 생성하는 것이 중요합니다....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

이 실험 프로토콜은 BCSC 표현형 및 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 시험 관 내 및 생체 내 분석뿐만 아니라 유방암 세포 및 조직 샘플에서 BCSC의 분리를 설명합니다.

세포 및 조직 샘플에서 인간 유방암 줄기 세포의 분리 및 기능 평가

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major ...

isolation-functional-assessment-human-breast-cancer-stem-cells-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

4.3K 조회수.  London Regional Cancer Program. 이 실험 프로토콜은 BCSC 표현형 및 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 시험 관 내 및 생체 내 분석뿐만 아니라 유방암 세포 및 조직 샘플에서 BCSC의 분리를 설명합니다.

비디오: Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains poor when metastasis has occurred. The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) theory holds that there is a subset of tumor cells within the tumor that have stem-like characteristics, including the capacity to maintain the tumor and to resist multidrug chemotherapy. Therefore, a better understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis is needed in order to advance the development of targeted therapies to eradicate this particular subset and to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients. Isolating CSCs, establishing cell cultures of CSCs, and studying their biology are important steps to improving our understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis. The establishment of human-derived OS-CSCs from biopsies of OS has been made possible using several methods, including the capacity to create 3-dimensional stem cell cultures under nonadherent conditions. Under these conditions, CSCs are able to create spherical floating colonies formed by daughter stem cells; these colonies are termed &#34;cellular spheres&#34;. Here, we describe a method to establish CSC cultures from primary cell cultures of conventional OS obtained from OS biopsies. We clearly describe the several passages required to isolate and characterize CSCs.

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas has recently been linked to their pathogenesis. In this article, we present the isolation of CSCs from primary cell cultures obtained from human biopsies of conventional osteosarcoma (OS) using the ability of CSCs to grow under nonadherent conditions.

암의 설립은 인간 기존의 골육종에서 세포 배양 줄기

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains ...

연구

암 연구학

Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NF&#954;B Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an anti-inflammatory drug to standard cancer regiments may improve patient outcome. One such drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), has been explored for cancer chemoprevention and anti-tumor activity. Besides inhibiting the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin axis, ASA&#39;s anti-cancer activities have also been attributed to nuclear factor &#312;B (NF&#312;B) inhibition. Because prolonged ASA use may cause gastrointestinal toxicity, a prodrug strategy has been implemented successfully. In this prodrug design the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and additional pharmacophores are incorporated.
This protocol describes how we synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and characterized its inhibition of the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cells and attenuation of the cancer stem-like properties, an important NF&#312;B-dependent phenotype. GTCpFE effectively inhibits the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cell lines whereas ASA lacks any inhibitory activity, indicating that adding fumarate to ASA structure significantly contributes to its activity. In addition, GTCpFE shows significant anti-cancer stem cell activity by blocking mammosphere formation and attenuating the cancer stem cell associated CD44+CD24- immunophenotype. These results establish a viable strategy to develop improved anti-inflammatory drugs for chemoprevention and cancer therapy.

This procedure will demonstrate how we synthesized and characterized the anti-NF&#954;B and anti-cancer stem cell activity of an aspirin-fumarate prodrug.

NFκB 활동과 유방암 줄기 세포를 금지합니다 합성 및 아스피린 - 푸마 레이트의 전구 약물의 특성

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an ...

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self-renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. We applied culture conditions originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) to a variety of human brain tumors and found that this culture method specifically selects for stem-like populations. Serum-free medium (NSC) allows for the maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell state, and the addition of bFGF and EGF allows for the proliferation of multi-potent, self-renewing, and expandable tumorspheres.
To further characterize each tumor's BTIC population, we evaluate cell surface markers by flow cytometry. We may also sort populations of interest for more specific characterization. Self-renewal assays are performed on single BTICs sorted into 96 well plates; the formation of tumorspheres following incubation at 37 &deg;C indicates the presence of a stem or progenitor cell. Multiple cell numbers of a particular population can also be sorted in different wells for limiting dilution analysis, to analyze self-renewal capacity. We can also study differential gene expression within a particular cell population by using single cell RT-PCR.
The following protocols describe our procedures for the dissociation and culturing of primary human samples to enrich for BTIC populations, as well as the dissociation of tumorspheres. Also included are protocols for staining for flow cytometry analysis or sorting, self-renewal assays, and single cell RT-PCR.

The identification of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), the rare cells within a heterogeneous tumor possessing stem cell properties, provides new insights into human brain tumor pathogenesis. We have refined specific culture conditions to enrich for BTICs, and we routinely use flow cytometry to further enrich these populations. Self-renewal assays and transcript analysis by single cell RT-PCR can subsequently be performed on these isolated cells.

정렬 줄기 세포 Assays 및 흐름에 대한 기본 뇌 종양 조직의 처리

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction ...

의학

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and recurrent disease. This population can be identified by surface markers, enzymatic activity and a functional profile. These approaches per se are limited, due to phenotypic heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. Here, we update the sphere-forming protocol to obtain CSC spheres from breast and gynecological cancers, assessing functional properties, CSC markers and protein expression. The spheres are obtained with single-cell seeding at low density in suspension culture, using a semi-solid methylcellulose medium to avoid migration and aggregates. This profitable protocol can be used in cancer cell lines but also in primary tumors. The tridimensional non-adherent suspension culture thought to mimic the tumor microenvironment, particularly the CSC-niche, is supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor to ensure CSC signaling. Aiming for robust identification of CSC, we propose a complementary approach, combining functional and phenotypic evaluation. Sphere-forming capacity, self-renewal and sphere projection area establish CSC functional properties. Additionally, characterization comprises flow cytometry evaluation of the markers, represented by CD44+/CD24- and CD133, and Western blot, considering ALDH. The presented protocol was also optimized for primary tumor samples, following a sample digestion procedure, useful for translational research.

The aim of this methodology is to identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in cancer cell lines and primary human tumor samples with the sphere-forming protocol, in a robust manner, using functional assays and phenotypic characterization with flow cytometry and Western blot.

부인과 및 유방암 종양에서 암 줄기 세포 구체 획득

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident stem cells are relatively quiescent with niche restraints in adult tissues, they enter the cell cycle in anchor-free three-dimensional (3D) culture and undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, giving rise to both stem and progenitor cells. The latter proliferate rapidly and are the major cell population at various stages of lineage commitment, forming heterogeneous spheroids. Using primary normal human prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC), a spheroid-based, label-retention assay was developed that permits the identification and functional isolation of the spheroid-initiating stem cells at a single cell resolution.
HPrEC or cell lines are two-dimensionally (2D) cultured with BrdU for 10 days to permit its incorporation into the DNA of all dividing cells, including self-renewing stem cells. Wash out commences upon transfer to the 3D culture for 5 days, during which stem cells self-renew through asymmetric division and initiate spheroid formation. While relatively quiescent daughter stem cells retain BrdU-labeled parental DNA, the daughter progenitors rapidly proliferate, losing the BrdU label. BrdU can be substituted with CFSE or Far Red pro-dyes, which permit live stem cell isolation by FACS. Stem cell characteristics are confirmed by in vitro spheroid formation, in vivo tissue regeneration assays, and by documenting their symmetric/asymmetric cell divisions. The isolated label-retaining stem cells can be rigorously interrogated by downstream molecular and biologic studies, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, single cell capture, metabolic activity, proteome profiling, immunocytochemistry, organoid formation, and in vivo tissue regeneration. Importantly, this marker-free functional stem cell isolation approach identifies stem-like cells from fresh cancer specimens and cancer cell lines from multiple organs, suggesting wide applicability. It can be used to identify cancer stem-like cell biomarkers, screen pharmaceuticals targeting cancer stem-like cells, and discover novel therapeutic targets in cancers.

Using human primary prostate epithelial cells, we report a novel biomarker-free method of functional characterization of stem-like cells by a spheroid-based label-retention assay. A step-by-step protocol is described for BrdU, CFSE, or Far Red 2D cell labeling; three-dimensional spheroid formation; label-retaining stem-like cell identification by immunocytochemistry; and isolation by FACS.

3차원 스페로이드 배양에서 줄기와 같은 세포의 분리

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

환자 유래 세포 배양 및 CD133의 절연<sup&gt; +</sup흑종에서&gt; Putative 암 줄기 세포

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

인간의 전립선 암 샘플에서 암 줄기 세포의 분리

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and relapse following conventional chemotherapies. Identification of ovarian CSCs is therefore an important goal. A commonly used method to assess CSC potential in vitro is the spheres assay in which cells are plated under non-adherent culture conditions in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and sphere formation is scored after a few days. Here, we review currently available protocols for human ovarian cancer spheres assays and perform a side-by-side analysis between commonly used multi cell-based assays and a more accurate system based on single cell plating. Our results indicate that both multi cell-based as well as single cell-based spheres assays can be used to investigate sphere formation in vitro. The more laborious and expensive single cell-based assays are more suitable for functional assessment of individual cells and lead to overall more accurate results while multi cell-based assays can be strongly influenced by the density of plated cells and require titration experiments upfront. Methylcellulose supplementation to multi cell-based assays can be effectively used to reduce mechanical artifacts.

In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

다중 및 단일 세포 기반 분야 분석 실험을 사용하여 인간의 난소 암 세포의 줄기 세포 특성의 평가

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem ...

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

인간 췌장암의 Xenografts에서 줄기 세포의 분리

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

생물학

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

인간 유방암 조직과 세포주에서 Mammosphere 형성 분석

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...