유용한 토론과 지원에 대해 실험실 구성원들에게 감사드립니다. 유방암 줄기 세포와 종양 미세 환경에 대한 우리의 연구는 캐나다 암 연구 학회 연구소와 미 육군 국방부 유방암 프로그램 (보조금 # BC160912)의 보조금으로 지원됩니다. VB는 Western Postdoctoral Fellowship (Western University)의 지원을 받고 있으며 ALA와 VB는 모두 캐나다 유방암 학회의 지원을 받고 있습니다. CL은 캐나다 정부의 Vanier Canada 대학원 장학금으로 지원됩니다.

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

유방암 전이와 치료에 대한 내성은 전 세계 여성의 주요 사망 원인이되었습니다. 유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)의 하위 집단의 존재는 전이 26,43,44,45,46 및 치료 내성 21,47,48의 향상에 기여합니다. 따라서 향후 치...

인간 유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)의 세포 및 분자 메커니즘을 이해하는 것은 유방암 치료에서 직면하는 문제를 해결하는 데 중요합니다. BCSC 개념의 출현은 21세기 초로 거슬러 올라가며, CD44+CD24-/저유방암 세포의 작은 집단이 마우스 1,2에서 이질적인 종양을 생성할 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 그 후, 알데히드 탈수소 효소 (ALDHhigh)의 높은 효소 활성을 갖는 인간 유방암 세포도 유사한 줄기 세포 유사 특성을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다3. 이러한 BCSC는자가 재생 및 분화가 가능한 작은 세포 집단을 나타내며 벌크 종양 1,2,3의 이질성에 기여합니다. 축적 된 증거는 진화 적으로 보존 된 신호 전달 경로의 변화가 BCSC 생존 및 유지를 유도한다는 것을 시사합니다 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 . 또한, 세포 외인성 미세 환경은 상이한 BCSC 기능을 지시하는데 중추적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다15,16,17. 이러한 분자 경로와 BCSC 기능을 조절하는 외부 요인은 유방암 재발, 전이18 및 치료법에 대한 내성 발달19,20,21에 기여하며, 치료 후 BCSC의 잔류 존재는 유방암 환자의 전체 생존에 큰 도전이 됩니다.22,23 . 따라서 이러한 요인에 대한 전임상 평가는 유방암 환자의 더 나은 치료 결과와 전체 생존 개선을 달성하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 BCSC 표적 요법을 식별하는 데 매우 중요합니다.
몇몇 시험관내 인간 유방암 세포주 모델 및 생체내 인간 이종이식 모델은 BCSC 24,25,26,27,28,29를 특성화하기 위해 사용되었다. 모든 연속 계대 후에 지속적으로 다시 채워지는 세포주의 능력은 이러한 세포를 오믹스 기반 및 약물유전체학 연구를 수행하는 이상적인 모델 시스템으로 만듭니다. 그러나 세포주는 종종 환자 샘플에서 관찰된 이질성을 요약하지 못합니다. 따라서 환자 유래 샘플로 세포주 데이터를 보완하는 것이 중요합니다. 가장 순수한 형태의 BCSC를 분리하는 것은 BCSC의 상세한 특성 분석을 가능하게 하는 데 중요합니다. 이러한 순도를 달성하는 것은 BCSC에 특정한 표현형 마커의 선택에 달려 있습니다. 현재, ALDH높은CD44+CD24- 세포 표현형은 최대 순도1을 위해 형광 활성화 세포 분류 (FACS)를 사용하여 벌크 유방암 세포 집단으로부터 인간 BCSC를 구별하고 분리하는 데 가장 일반적으로 사용되며, 3,26. 또한, 자가 갱신, 증식 및 분화와 같은 단리된 BCSC의 특성은 시험관내 및 생체내 기술을 사용하여 평가할 수 있습니다.
예를 들어, 시험관내 콜로니 형성 분석은 상이한 치료 조건(30)의 존재하에50개 이상의 세포의 콜로니를 형성하기 위해 자가갱신하는 단일 세포의 능력을 평가하는데 사용될 수 있다. 유방권 분석은 또한 앵커리지 독립적 조건에서 유방암 세포의 자가 재생 잠재력을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 분석은 무혈청 비부착성 배양 조건31에서 각각의 연속 계대에서 구체(BCSC 및 비-BCSC의 혼합물)로서 생성 및 성장하는 단일 세포의 능력을 측정합니다. 추가적으로, 3차원(3D) 배양 모델을 사용하여 생체 내 미세환경을 밀접하게 요약하고 잠재적인 BCSC-표적 요법의 활성을 조사할 수 있는 세포-세포 및 세포-매트릭스 상호작용을 포함하는 BCSC 기능을 평가할 수 있다(32). 시험관내 모델의 다양한 응용에도 불구하고, 시험관내 분석만을 사용하여 생체내 조건의 복잡성을 모델링하는 것은 어렵다. 이러한 과제는 생체 내에서 BCSC 거동을 평가하기 위해 마우스 이종이식 모델을 사용함으로써 극복할 수 있습니다. 특히, 이러한 모델은 유방암 전이를 평가하고33, 질병 진행 동안 미세환경과의 상호작용을 조사하고(34), 생체내 영상화(35), 및 항종양제(34)의 환자 특이적 독성 및 효능을 예측하기 위한 이상적인 시스템으로서 기능한다.
이 프로토콜은 이질적인 유방암 세포의 벌크 집단으로부터 최대 순도로 인간 ALDH고 CD44+CD24- BCSC의 분리에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공한다. 또한 BCSC의 다양한 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 세 가지 시험관 내 기술(콜로니 형성 분석, 유방권 분석 및 3D 배양 모델)과 생체 내 종양 이종이식 분석에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공합니다. 이러한 방법은 BCSC 생물학을 이해하고 새로운 BCSC 표적 요법을 조사할 목적으로 인간 유방암 세포주 또는 1차 환자 유래 유방암 세포 및 종양 조직으로부터 BCSC를 분리 및 특성화하는 데 관심이 있는 연구자가 사용하기에 적합합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>7-Aminoactinomycin D (7AAD)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>51-68981E</td>
			<td>suggested: 0.25 &#181;g/1x106 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A18-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) substrate</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>1700</td>
			<td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#39;s instructions for ALDH substrate preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basement membrane extract (BME)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>Sold under the commercial name Matrigel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates: 6 well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>877218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates: 60mm</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates: 96-well ultra low attachment</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer: 40 micron</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7001</td>
			<td>Prepare 1:30 dilution of 3 mg/mL collagen in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>11088807001</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tubes: 50 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>05-539-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal violet</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6158</td>
			<td>Use 0.05% crystal violet solution in water for staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7913</td>
			<td>5U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM:F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5052</td>
			<td>0.1 mg/mL final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Avantor Seradigm Lifescience</td>
			<td>97068-085</td>
			<td>&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow tubes: 5ml</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td>Polypropylene round-bottom tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>84124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-Human CD24 antibody</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>561646</td>
			<td>R-phycoerythrin and Cyanine dye conjugated Clone: ML5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-Human CD44 antibody</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>555479</td>
			<td>R-phycoerythrin conjugated, Clone: G44-26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB)</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>1700</td>
			<td>Sold commerically as part of the ALDEFLOUR Assay kit; follow manufacturer&#39;s instructions DEAB preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Wisent Inc</td>
			<td>311-425-CL</td>
			<td>1x, Without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mammosphere Media Composition</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-44</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F2006</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>ALB003</td>
			<td>04%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM:F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td>20 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>16634</td>
			<td>5 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Organoid Media Composition</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A8301</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>2939</td>
			<td>500 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-44</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM:F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>1x, With L-glutamine and 15 mM HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td>5 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF10</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-26</td>
			<td>20 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF7</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-19</td>
			<td>5 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td>1.25 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuregulin &#946;1</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-03</td>
			<td>5 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td>5 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noggin</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>120-10C</td>
			<td>100 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-spondin3</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>3500</td>
			<td>250 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB202190</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7067</td>
			<td>500 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and functional assessment of human breast cancer stem cells from cell and tissue samples

유방암 줄기 세포 (BCSC)는 유전 또는 후천성 줄기 세포와 유사한 특성을 가진 암세포입니다. 낮은 빈도에도 불구하고 유방암 시작, 재발, 전이 및 치료 저항의 주요 원인입니다. 유방암 치료를위한 새로운 치료 표적을 식별하기 위해서는 유방암 줄기 세포의 생물학을 이해하는 것이 필수적입니다. 유방암 줄기 세포는 CD44, CD24와 같은 독특한 세포 표면 마커의 발현 및 알데히드 탈수소 효소 (ALDH)의 효소 활성을 기반으로 분리 및 특성화됩니다. 이러한 ALDH높은CD44+CD24- 세포는 BCSC 집단을 구성하며 다운스트림 기능 연구를 위한 형광 활성화 세포 분류(FACS)에 의해 분리될 수 있습니다. 과학적 질문에 따라 BCSC의 기능적 특성을 평가하기 위해 다양한 시험관 내 및 생체 내 방법을 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 유방암 환자의 이질적인 유방암 집단과 원발성 종양 조직 모두에서 인간 BCSC를 분리하기 위한 상세한 실험 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 또한 BCSC 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 콜로니 형성 분석, 유방권 분석, 3D 배양 모델 및 종양 이종이식 분석을 포함한 다운스트림 시험관 내 및 생체 내 기능 분석을 강조합니다.

설명 된 프로토콜은 세포주 또는 해리 된 종양 조직으로부터 유방암 세포의 이질적인 집단으로부터 인간 BCSC의 분리를 허용한다. 주어진 세포주 또는 조직 샘플에 대해, 특히 연구 목적이 BCSC를 표적으로 하는 치료제의 효능을 평가하는 것이라면 오염된 비 BCSC 집단이 다양한 세포 반응을 유발할 수 있으므로 BCSC를 최대 순도로 분리하기 위해 균일한 단일 세포 현탁액을 생성하는 것이 중요합니다....

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Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

이 실험 프로토콜은 BCSC 표현형 및 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 시험 관 내 및 생체 내 분석뿐만 아니라 유방암 세포 및 조직 샘플에서 BCSC의 분리를 설명합니다.

세포 및 조직 샘플에서 인간 유방암 줄기 세포의 분리 및 기능 평가

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

4.2K 조회수.  London Regional Cancer Program. 이 실험 프로토콜은 BCSC 표현형 및 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있는 시험 관 내 및 생체 내 분석뿐만 아니라 유방암 세포 및 조직 샘플에서 BCSC의 분리를 설명합니다.

비디오: Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains poor when metastasis has occurred. The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) theory holds that there is a subset of tumor cells within the tumor that have stem-like characteristics, including the capacity to maintain the tumor and to resist multidrug chemotherapy. Therefore, a better understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis is needed in order to advance the development of targeted therapies to eradicate this particular subset and to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients. Isolating CSCs, establishing cell cultures of CSCs, and studying their biology are important steps to improving our understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis. The establishment of human-derived OS-CSCs from biopsies of OS has been made possible using several methods, including the capacity to create 3-dimensional stem cell cultures under nonadherent conditions. Under these conditions, CSCs are able to create spherical floating colonies formed by daughter stem cells; these colonies are termed &#34;cellular spheres&#34;. Here, we describe a method to establish CSC cultures from primary cell cultures of conventional OS obtained from OS biopsies. We clearly describe the several passages required to isolate and characterize CSCs.

The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas has recently been linked to their pathogenesis. In this article, we present the isolation of CSCs from primary cell cultures obtained from human biopsies of conventional osteosarcoma (OS) using the ability of CSCs to grow under nonadherent conditions.

암의 설립은 인간 기존의 골육종에서 세포 배양 줄기

The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains ...

연구

암 연구학

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery of the next generation of novel drug targets. It is becoming apparent that more complex models of cancer are required to fully appreciate the contributing factors that drive tumorigenesis in vivo and increase the efficacy of novel therapies that make the transition from pre-clinical models to clinical trials.
Here we present a methodology for generating uniform and reproducible tumor spheroids that can be subjected to siRNA functional screening. These spheroids display many characteristics that are found in solid tumors that are not present in traditional two-dimension culture. We show that several commonly used breast cancer cell lines are amenable to this protocol. Furthermore, we provide proof-of-principle data utilizing the breast cancer cell line BT474, confirming their dependency on amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 and mutation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) when grown as tumor spheroids. Finally, we are able to further investigate and confirm the spatial impact of these dependencies using immunohistochemistry.

Identifying novel drug targets that transition from pre-clinical testing to human trials is a scientific priority. To that end, here we describe a functional genomics approach for examining the impact of gene depletion on cancer cell line spheroids, which more appropriately model human cancers in vivo.

기능 유전체학에게 검사를 활용하여 암 세포 회전 타원체 문화에 잠재적으로 소설 약 표적을 식별하는

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NF&#954;B Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an anti-inflammatory drug to standard cancer regiments may improve patient outcome. One such drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), has been explored for cancer chemoprevention and anti-tumor activity. Besides inhibiting the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin axis, ASA&#39;s anti-cancer activities have also been attributed to nuclear factor &#312;B (NF&#312;B) inhibition. Because prolonged ASA use may cause gastrointestinal toxicity, a prodrug strategy has been implemented successfully. In this prodrug design the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and additional pharmacophores are incorporated.
This protocol describes how we synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and characterized its inhibition of the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cells and attenuation of the cancer stem-like properties, an important NF&#312;B-dependent phenotype. GTCpFE effectively inhibits the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cell lines whereas ASA lacks any inhibitory activity, indicating that adding fumarate to ASA structure significantly contributes to its activity. In addition, GTCpFE shows significant anti-cancer stem cell activity by blocking mammosphere formation and attenuating the cancer stem cell associated CD44+CD24- immunophenotype. These results establish a viable strategy to develop improved anti-inflammatory drugs for chemoprevention and cancer therapy.

This procedure will demonstrate how we synthesized and characterized the anti-NF&#954;B and anti-cancer stem cell activity of an aspirin-fumarate prodrug.

NFκB 활동과 유방암 줄기 세포를 금지합니다 합성 및 아스피린 - 푸마 레이트의 전구 약물의 특성

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an ...

Invasive Behavior of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Embryonic Zebrafish

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying cancer metastasis in vivo, other efficient, reliable, low-cost models are needed to quickly access the potential effects of (epi)genetic changes or pharmacological compounds. As such, we illustrate and explain the feasibility of xenograft models using human breast cancer cells injected into zebrafish embryos to support this goal. Under the microscope, fluorescent proteins or chemically labeled human breast cancer cells are transplanted into transgenic zebrafish embryos, Tg (fli:EGFP), at the perivitelline space or duct of Cuvier (Doc) 48 h after fertilization. Shortly afterwards, the temporal-spatial process of cancer cell invasion, dissemination, and metastasis in the living fish body is visualized under a fluorescent microscope. The models using different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space or Doc are complementary to one another, reflecting the early stage (intravasation step) and late stage (extravasation step) of the multistep metastatic cascade of events. Moreover, peritumoral and intratumoral angiogenesis can be observed with the injection into the perivitelline space. The entire experimental period is no more than 8 days. These two models combine cell labeling, micro-transplantation, and fluorescence imaging techniques, enabling the rapid evaluation of cancer metastasis in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we describe xenograft zebrafish models using two different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space and duct of Cuvier, to investigate the invasive behavior and to assess the intravasation and extravasation potential of human breast cancer cells, respectively.

배아 Zebrafish의 인간 유방암 세포의 침략 행동

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Pulp Tissue and Co-Culture with Cancer Cells to Study Their Interactions

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor environment and cell-cell interactions. Identification of cancer and stem cell interactions, including changes in extracellular environment, physical interactions, and secreted factors, might enable the discovery of new therapy options. We combine known co-culture techniques to create a model system for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer cell interactions. In the current study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and PC-3 prostate cancer cell interactions were examined by direct and indirect co-culture techniques. Condition medium (CM) obtained from DPSCs and 0.4 &#181;m pore sized trans-well membranes were used to study paracrine activity. Co-culture of different cell types together was performed to study direct cell-cell interaction. The results revealed that CM increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in prostate cancer cell cultures. Both CM and trans-well system increased cell migration capacity of PC-3 cells. Cells stained with different membrane dyes were seeded into the same culture vessels, and DPSCs participated in a self-organized structure with PC-3 cells under this direct co-culture condition. Overall, the results indicated that co-culture techniques could be useful for cancer and MSC interactions as a model system.

We provide protocols for evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from dental pulp and prostate cancer cell interactions based on direct and indirect co-culture methods. Condition medium and trans-well membranes are suitable to analyze indirect paracrine activity. Seeding differentially stained cells together is an appropriate model for direct cell-cell interaction.

펄프 조직 문화와 공동 암 세포와 그들의 상호 작용을 공부 하에서 중간 엽 줄기 세포 분리

Cancer as a multistep process and complicated disease is not only regulated by individual cell proliferation and growth but also controlled by tumor ...

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and recurrent disease. This population can be identified by surface markers, enzymatic activity and a functional profile. These approaches per se are limited, due to phenotypic heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. Here, we update the sphere-forming protocol to obtain CSC spheres from breast and gynecological cancers, assessing functional properties, CSC markers and protein expression. The spheres are obtained with single-cell seeding at low density in suspension culture, using a semi-solid methylcellulose medium to avoid migration and aggregates. This profitable protocol can be used in cancer cell lines but also in primary tumors. The tridimensional non-adherent suspension culture thought to mimic the tumor microenvironment, particularly the CSC-niche, is supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor to ensure CSC signaling. Aiming for robust identification of CSC, we propose a complementary approach, combining functional and phenotypic evaluation. Sphere-forming capacity, self-renewal and sphere projection area establish CSC functional properties. Additionally, characterization comprises flow cytometry evaluation of the markers, represented by CD44+/CD24- and CD133, and Western blot, considering ALDH. The presented protocol was also optimized for primary tumor samples, following a sample digestion procedure, useful for translational research.

The aim of this methodology is to identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in cancer cell lines and primary human tumor samples with the sphere-forming protocol, in a robust manner, using functional assays and phenotypic characterization with flow cytometry and Western blot.

부인과 및 유방암 종양에서 암 줄기 세포 구체 획득

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small population with self-renewal and plasticity which are responsible for tumorigenesis, resistance to treatment and ...

Isolation of Stem-like Cells from 3-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident stem cells are relatively quiescent with niche restraints in adult tissues, they enter the cell cycle in anchor-free three-dimensional (3D) culture and undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, giving rise to both stem and progenitor cells. The latter proliferate rapidly and are the major cell population at various stages of lineage commitment, forming heterogeneous spheroids. Using primary normal human prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC), a spheroid-based, label-retention assay was developed that permits the identification and functional isolation of the spheroid-initiating stem cells at a single cell resolution.
HPrEC or cell lines are two-dimensionally (2D) cultured with BrdU for 10 days to permit its incorporation into the DNA of all dividing cells, including self-renewing stem cells. Wash out commences upon transfer to the 3D culture for 5 days, during which stem cells self-renew through asymmetric division and initiate spheroid formation. While relatively quiescent daughter stem cells retain BrdU-labeled parental DNA, the daughter progenitors rapidly proliferate, losing the BrdU label. BrdU can be substituted with CFSE or Far Red pro-dyes, which permit live stem cell isolation by FACS. Stem cell characteristics are confirmed by in vitro spheroid formation, in vivo tissue regeneration assays, and by documenting their symmetric/asymmetric cell divisions. The isolated label-retaining stem cells can be rigorously interrogated by downstream molecular and biologic studies, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, single cell capture, metabolic activity, proteome profiling, immunocytochemistry, organoid formation, and in vivo tissue regeneration. Importantly, this marker-free functional stem cell isolation approach identifies stem-like cells from fresh cancer specimens and cancer cell lines from multiple organs, suggesting wide applicability. It can be used to identify cancer stem-like cell biomarkers, screen pharmaceuticals targeting cancer stem-like cells, and discover novel therapeutic targets in cancers.

Using human primary prostate epithelial cells, we report a novel biomarker-free method of functional characterization of stem-like cells by a spheroid-based label-retention assay. A step-by-step protocol is described for BrdU, CFSE, or Far Red 2D cell labeling; three-dimensional spheroid formation; label-retaining stem-like cell identification by immunocytochemistry; and isolation by FACS.

3차원 스페로이드 배양에서 줄기와 같은 세포의 분리

Despite advances in adult stem cell research, identification and isolation of stem cells from tissue specimens remains a major challenge. While resident ...

Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors

Recent studies have investigated the risks associated with BRCA1 gene mutations using various functional assessment methods such as fluorescent reporter assays, embryonic stem cell viability assays, and therapeutic drug-based sensitivity assays. Although they have clarified a lot of BRCA1 variants, these assays involving the use of exogenously expressed BRCA1 variants are associated with overexpression issues and cannot be applied to post-transcriptional regulation. To resolve these limitations, we previously reported a method for functional analysis of BRCA1 variants via CRISPR-mediated cytosine base editor that induce targeted nucleotide substitution in living cells. Using this method, we identified variants whose functions remain ambiguous, including c.-97C&#62;T, c.154C&#62;T, c.3847C&#62;T, c.5056C&#62;T, and c.4986+5G&#62;A, and confirmed that CRISPR-mediated base editors are useful tools for reclassifying the variants of uncertain significance in BRCA1. Here, we describe a protocol for functional analysis of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-based cytosine base editor. This protocol provides guidelines for the selection of target sites, functional analysis and evaluation of BRCA1 variants.

Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors

People with BRCA1 mutations have a higher risk of developing cancer, which warrants accurate evaluation of the function of BRCA1 variants. Herein, we described a protocol for functional assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-mediated cytosine base editors that enable targeted C:G to T:A conversion in living cells.

CRISPR 중재 베이스 편집기사용 BRCA1 변종 기능 평가

Recent studies have investigated the risks associated with BRCA1 gene mutations using various functional assessment methods such as fluorescent reporter ...

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of death for women. Despite more than $700 million invested in BC research annually, 97% of candidate BC drugs fail clinical trials. Therefore, new models are needed to improve our understanding of the disease. The NIH Microphysiological Systems (MPS) program was developed to improve the clinical translation of basic science discoveries and promising new therapeutic strategies. Here we present a method for generating MPS for breast cancers (BC-MPS). This model adapts a previously described approach of culturing primary human white adipose tissue (WAT) by sandwiching WAT between adipose-derived stem cell sheets (ASC)s. Novel aspects of our BC-MPS include seeding BC cells into non-diseased human breast tissue (HBT) containing native extracellular matrix, mature adipocytes, resident fibroblasts, and immune cells; and sandwiching the BC-HBT admixture between HBT-derived ASC sheets. The resulting BC-MPS is stable in culture ex vivo for at least 14 days. This model system contains multiple elements of the microenvironment that influence BC including adipocytes, stromal cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix. Thus BC-MPS can be used to study the interactions between BC and its microenvironment. 
We demonstrate the advantages of our BC-MPS by studying two BC behaviors known to influence cancer progression and metastasis: 1) BC motility and 2) BC-HBT metabolic crosstalk. While BC motility has previously been demonstrated using intravital imaging, BC-MPS allows for high-resolution time-lapse imaging using fluorescence microscopy over several days. Furthermore, while metabolic crosstalk was previously demonstrated using BC cells and murine pre-adipocytes differentiated into immature adipocytes, our BC-MPS model is the first system to demonstrate this crosstalk between primary human mammary adipocytes and BC cells in vitro.

This protocol describes the construction of an in vitro microphysiological system for studying breast cancer using primary human breast tissue with off the shelf materials.

미생물 시스템을 사용하여 인간 유방 조직에서 유방암 모델링

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of death for women. Despite more than $700 million invested in BC research annually, 97% of candidate BC drugs ...

A Rapid Screening Workflow to Identify Potential Combination Therapy for GBM using Patient-Derived Glioma Stem Cells

The glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a small fraction of cancer cells which play essential roles in tumor initiation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM), the most prevalent and devastating primary brain tumor. The presence of GSCs makes the GBM very refractory to most of individual targeted agents, so high-throughput screening methods are required to identify potential effective combination therapeutics. The protocol describes a simple workflow to enable rapid screening for potential combination therapy with synergistic interaction. The general steps of this workflow consist of establishing luciferase-tagged GSCs, preparing matrigel coated plates, combination drug screening, analyzing, and validating the results.

환자 유래 신경종 줄기 세포를 사용하여 GBM에 대한 잠재적인 조합 요법을 식별하는 신속한 선별 워크플로우

The glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a small fraction of cancer cells which play essential roles in tumor initiation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in ...