우리는 영상 검사에 대한 도움말 박사 윌리엄 Cashdollar, 위스콘신의 혈액 연구소의 노스 웨스턴 뮤추얼 재단 이미징 센터 감사합니다. 우리는 또한이 원고과 도움이 토론의 중요한 읽기 박사 다리아 Ilatovskaya 감사합니다. 이 연구는 (AS에) 건강 보조금 HL108880의 국립 연구소 및 (AMG에) DP2-OD008396에 의해 지원되었다.

아래에서 설명하는 실험 절차는 위스콘신 의과 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 승인 및 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 건강 가이드의 국립 연구소에 따라했다되었다. 쥐 대동맥 1. 분리 <ol><li> 이소 플루 란 (5 % 유도, 1.5 %, 2.5 유지 보수) 또는 다른 IACUC로 쥐를 마취는 방법을 승인했다. </li><li> 앙와위에서 쥐를 놓습니다. 복부 장기를 노출하기 위하여, 피부와 피하 조직을 통하여 복부 작은 복부 정중선을 절개. 도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이 사용 거즈 패드는 부드럽게 대동맥과 대정맥을 노출 창자 편향. </li><li> 간단히, 결합 조직에서와 대정맥에서 대동맥을 해부 무딘. 신장에 가능한 한 가까운 대동맥을 묶는, 봉합사를 사용하여. 대동맥 2cm과 15 ML 원뿔 TU에 배치 - 1을 해부하다정상적인 생리 소금 솔루션 포함 할 (PSS를, mM의에 : (140)의 NaCl, 1.2의 MgCl 2, 2 염화칼슘 2, 4.5 KCl을, 6 포도당, 10 HEPES) 얼음에. </li><li> 대동맥 단리되면, 승인 IACUC 프로토콜에 따라 동물을 안락사. 모든 비 생존 완료시 절차는 동물의 인간 소멸을 위해 기흉 개흉술을 유도하여 깊게 마취 동물을 안락사. (3) </li><li> 해부 현미경을 사용하여, 집게를 뾰족한 및 microscissors은 대동맥 떨어져 지방과 결합 조직을 해부하다. 대동맥이 깨끗하면, 길이 방향으로 대동맥을 절단하고 나중에 얼음에 PSS에 넣습니다. </li></ol> 2. 염료로드 및 배양 <ol><li> 피펫 알루미늄 호일로 피복 된 각각의 500 μL를 튜브에, DMSO 기반 솔루션에 공급된다 1mM의 FLUO-4 오전 염료, 7 μL. 시간이 지남에 따라 염료의 특성을 유지하기 위해 -20 ℃에서 냉동실에 보관합니다. 참고 :이 너무 분주lutions은 6 개월 이상 안정해야한다. </li><li> 사용하기 전에 염료 솔루션을 열기 전에 실온으로 따뜻하게 할 수 있습니다. 바로 사용하기 전에 작업 솔루션을 준비합니다. 나중에 사용하기 위해 희석 시약을 보관하지 마십시오. </li><li> 더 칼슘을 포함하지 않는 PSS 450 UL에 DMSO 용액에 용해 기성품 1 mM의 FLUO-4 오전 염료의 7 μl를 추가합니다. 아세 (AM) 에스테르를 분산 도와 칼슘 염료 로딩을 향상시키기 위해 로딩 칵테일 비 기반 DMSO 10 % 플루 믹산 용액 40 μL를 추가한다. </li><li> 1 시간 동안 (2.3에서 설명)로드 칵테일이 포함 된 500 μL 튜브로 해부 대동맥를 놓습니다. 실온에서 회전하는 통에 호일과 장소 모든 튜브를 커버. </li><li> 혈관에서 NO 생성을 모니터링하지 않으려면, DAF-FM 디 아세테이트 염료를 사용합니다. 450 μL의 PSS 40 μL 플루 오닉 산 및 10 mM의 DAF-FM 디 아세테이트 5 μl를 함유하는 용액에서 대동맥 부화. (2.3에서 설명) 칼슘 배양 프로토콜과 유사하게, 배치 대동맥RT에서 30 분 다음이어서 4 ℃에서 30 분 동안 회전 진탕 기에서 호 및 장소에 덮여 NO-염료 용액을 함유하는 500 μL 튜브. </li><li> NO 생산이 측정되지 않을 때,도 4b에 도시 된 바와 같이, 대조군으로 NO 생산을 차단하지 위해, 내피 NO 합성 효소 억제제, L-NAME을 사용하지 않는다. 그 절차는 (실온에서) 배양의 마지막 30 분 동안 (2.5에서 설명) 칵테일 100 나노 미터 L-NAME에 추가​​ 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 레이저 스캐닝 두 광자 현미경 프로토콜 <ol><li> 세포 외 염료를 제거하기 위해 깨끗한 PSS 3 번 - 1 시간 배양 후, 대동맥 2 씻는다. </li><li> 정상 PSS 또는 칼슘 - 무료 버퍼 (실험 프로토콜에 따라 다름)를 포함하는 실리콘 코팅 접시에 대동맥을 전송합니다. 실리콘과 접촉 외막 내려 실리콘 코팅 상 대동맥 핀 (즉, 접시 개구에 노출 된 내피 루멘) μ 형상 핀을 사용. 다르게는, 조각 앵커를 사용그리드 또는 접착제 조직을 해결하기 위해. 참고 : 스트레스와 기계적인 유물, 전송을 줄이고 캘리포니아 2+ - 무료 솔루션을 대동맥를 수정하고 5 기다릴 - 실험을 시작하기 전에 10 분. </li><li> 연동 펌프 또는 약물의 자동 또는 수동 응용 프로그램 또는 세포 외 솔루션을 변경하기위한 실리콘 코팅 된 플레이트에 주사기를 연결합니다. </li><li> 수직 두 광자 현미경의 노즈 피스 아래에 접시를 놓고 설치하고 시료 위의 25 × (NA 1.05 및 작동 거리 2mm) 물에 침수 대물 렌즈의 위치. 참고 :이 특정 렌즈를 사용할 수없는 경우는 일반 목적에 비해 극적으로 신호의 해상도를 증가시킬 수 있기 때문에, 특히 두 개의 광자 이미징 제조 목적을 사용합니다. </li><li> 소프트웨어를 사용하여 두 개의 광자 레이저를 활성화 (레이저는 펌프에 설정하기 시작합니다). 튠 820 nm의 레이저 여기. </li><li> 표면 형광을 사용하여 대동맥을 찾아에 대물 초점거친 조정을 사용하여 내피 세포의 표면. </li><li> 여기 레이저가 모드 잠금, 비 descanned 감지기가 결합되고, 예상되는 방출 스펙트럼에 적합한 배출 필터가 설치되는 것을 보장하는, 두 개의 광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경 모드로 전환. 참고 : 여기에, FV10-MRL / R (495 nm의 540)을 사용 하였다. </li><li> 약 5 %의 레이저 파워를 이용하여 실시간 스캐닝을 시작하고 미세 혈관 내피 세포를 시각화하기 위해 대물 초점. 주 : PSS 정상 배양 때 내피 세포 강한 형광 신호를 나타낼 것이다. 혈관이 칼슘 무료 버퍼에 배양 할 때이 눈에 띄게 약화 될 것이다. 내피 세포는 열린 대동맥의 상부 및 평활근 세포는 단지 내피 세포 (도 2 참조) 아래에서 볼 수있을 것이다. 혈관이나 매끄러운에도, 평활근 세포 및 내피 세포가 모두 존재하는 곳에있을 것이다도 때문이다. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 셀에 포커스가되면 현미경 소프트웨어 프로그램은 고속 스캔 모드에서 순차적 이미지 (래스터 스캔, 1.1 초의 프레임 컬렉션 주파수 512 X 512 픽셀의 윈도우)를 수집한다. FLUO-4 오전 형광과 병행하여, 혈관 수축의 변화를 감지하고 더 나은 실험 조건을 시각화하기 위해 빛의 이미지를 전달 수집합니다. </li><li> 기준 신호 이미지를 수집 한 후, 외부 용액에 칼슘 이온 농도를 변경하거나 천천히 연동 펌프 이미징 동안을 이용하여 약리 자극 에이전트를 적용합니다. 로드 된 세포 내 형광 신호 증가를 관찰한다. 참고 : 내피 세포는 흐름의 변화에 따라서는 칼슘 또는 NO 신호의 약리 활성제의 응용 프로그램을하기 전에 낮은 층류 응용 프로그램 및 차량 테스트를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다 반응한다. FLUO-4 (I FLUO-4에 대한 해리 상수 로케이션 혈관 nM의 농도 값에 세포 내 칼슘 재 계산S 345 ㎚), 형광 강도는 기준선 및 이오 노마 이신과 MnCl 2 첨가 한 후 기록 될 수있다. (4) </li></ol> 4. 이미지 처리 및 계산 <ol><li> 다운로드 및 피지를 이미지 처리 패키지를 설치합니다. </li><li> 피지에서 이미지 파일을 엽니 다. 메시지가 표시되면 파일을 가져 오기하면, 채널 (투과광 및 형광 신호)를 분할합니다. 데이터 분석에만 형광 신호를 사용한다. </li><li> 피지 프로그램 내에서 분석 탭을 클릭하고 도구 옵션을 아래로 스크롤합니다. 도구 옵션에서 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자를 말한다 탭을 찾아서 클릭; 새 창이 나타납니다. </li><li> 이 후, 분석 탭에서 설정 한 측정을 클릭합니다. 관심의 특정 측정을 선택합니다. 칼슘 과도 측정을 위해 평균 회색 값 옵션을 사용합니다. </li><li> 원형 추적 도구를, 관심 영역 (ROI)을 추적하고 모든 연구에 대한 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자 화면에서 &quot;추가&quot;를 클릭하기 시작OI. 일단 관심의 모든 세포는 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자 창에서 &quot;추가&quot;탭에서 다중 측정을 선택, 추적하고있다. 스프레드 시트로 이러한 측정을 모두 직접 측정 값을 저장하거나 복사 및 붙여 넣기하는 중 기억하십시오. </li><li> 열기 * .txt 인 파일이나 Excel 스프레드 시트 피지에서 새 원본 워크 시트에 숫자를 전송합니다. 참고 : 또한, 추가 분석을 위해 시그마 플롯 또는 프리즘과 같은 어떤 프로그램을 사용합니다. </li><li> 원산지 프로그램 내에서 모든 과도 응답의 개요를 관찰 할 줄 + 기호 메뉴 → 플롯을 사용합니다. 응답하지 않는 세포의 선택을 취소합니다. </li><li> 시간 척도 (X 축)에 대한 추적 번호를 다시 계산, 열 → 설정 열 값을 사용하고 (우리의 경우 1.1s에서) 이미지 모음 주파수로 추적 번호 열을 곱합니다. </li><li> 평균 (Y 축) 및 표준 오류 추적을 계산하기 위해 선택한 모든 레코딩을위한 행에 분석 → 통계를 사용합니다. 세포의 현재 그룹이 라인 + 기호 → 플롯에 대한 최종 그래프를 플롯. </li><li> MEA다음으로 N 칼슘 과도 계산이 설명되어 있습니다. <ol><li> 원산지 프로그램 내 총 칼슘 릴리스, 다음, 그래프를 클릭 메뉴 분석 → 미적분을 사용 → 통합 할 수 있습니다. 곡선 아래 영역의 총 적분 결과 로그에 나타납니다. </li><li> (X 축이 과도 응답 끝으로 최대 범위 선택) 분석 → 비선형 커브 피팅 → 선택 데이터 세트 : 과도 반응 속도를 들어, 그래프를 클릭 한 다음 메뉴를 사용합니다. 완료 → 지수 감쇄 1 → 기능 선택 → 피팅 시작합니다. 지수 피팅 그래프 창에 표시 및 로그 결과 :합니다. 획득 한 데이터 (값)는 칼슘의 방출 총량을 나타내고, 채널의 동력학은 과도 응답을 매개. </li></ol></li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salt+sensitivity+in+hypertension.+Renal+and+cardiovascular+implications.">Salt sensitivity in hypertension. Renal and cardiovascular implications.</a> Hypertension. 23, 531-550 (1994).</li><li>Cowley, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+nongenetic+determinants+of+salt+sensitivity+and+blood+pressure.">Genetic and nongenetic determinants of salt sensitivity and blood pressure.</a> Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 587S-593S (1997).</li><li>Flister, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+hypertension+susceptibility+loci+on+rat+chromosome+12.">Identification of hypertension susceptibility loci on rat chromosome 12.</a> Hypertension. 60, 942-948 (2012).</li><li>Flister, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+multiple+causative+genes+at+a+single+GWAS+locus.">Identifying multiple causative genes at a single GWAS locus.</a> Genome Res. 23, 1996-2002 (2013).</li><li>Mattson, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mutation+of+recombination+activating+gene+1+in+Dahl+salt-sensitive+rats+attenuates+hypertension+and+renal+damage.">Genetic mutation of recombination activating gene 1 in Dahl salt-sensitive rats attenuates hypertension and renal damage.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 304, R407-R414 (2013).</li><li>Rudemiller, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD247+modulates+blood+pressure+by+altering+T-lymphocyte+infiltration+in+the+kidney.">CD247 modulates blood pressure by altering T-lymphocyte infiltration in the kidney.</a> Hypertension. 63, 559-564 (2014).</li><li>Flister, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXM+-+a+new+tool+for+mapping+breast+cancer+risk+in+the+tumor+microenvironment.">CXM - a new tool for mapping breast cancer risk in the tumor microenvironment.</a> Cancer Res. 74, 6419-6429 (2014).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

실험 개요. 더 나은 혈관 생리학에 아무 칼슘의 기여를 이해하고, 새로운 방법은 측정하기 위해 개발되었다 [칼슘 2 +] 나는 더 부드러운 근육과 고립 그대로 대동맥의 혈관 내피 세포 내에서. 1) 기계적 분리 및 준비 (효소되지 소화) 선박의 : 함께,이 프로토콜은 이러한 중요한 단계로 구성되어 있습니다. 이는 최적의 생리 녹음을 얻을 수만큼 건강한 조직을 그대로 유지하는...

칼슘은 내피 및 평활근 세포, 혈관 등의 세포 내 메신저 근본적인 초이다. 이 혈관 수축 주 자극이고 내피 내의 NO 생성을 통해 그 효과를 포함하여, 혈관 확장술에서 중요한 역할을한다. 인해 영상 기술의 한계, 그것을 그대로 용기 내 칼슘 처리를 거의 관찰 할 수 없었다. 두 광자 이미징 시스템과 새로운 칼슘의 생성 또는 NO 표지 염료의 개발은, 칼슘 역학과 혈관 내의 NO 생성을 이해하기 시작하기에 충분한 깊이 해상도 이미지를 가능하게한다. 이광자 현미경 최근 조직, 기관 때문에 깊이 낮은 배경 형광 및 높은 신호 감도와 조직을 관통하는 뛰어난 능력에도 전체 동물 실험에 적용되어왔다. 1,2- 보조광 두 광자 여기의 좁은 스펙트럼이온 초점 비 descanned 검출기의 사용은 두 개의 광자 공 초점 현미경은 전통적인 현미경 우수 이유이다. 공 초점 현미경에 의한 자동 형광 공 촛점 핀홀에 포커스 아웃 광의 산란에 필요한 조직 깊이에 고품질 이미지를 생성 할 수 없다. 따라서, 우리는 [Ca를 2+] i가 시그널링 측정하는 이광자 현미경을 사용하는 방법 및 높은 해상도와 낮은 신호 - 대 - 잡음비와 그대로 개별 혈관 세포에서 NO 생산을 개발 하였다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DAF-FM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-23842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo 4 AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F14217</td>
			<td>500&#181;l in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic F-68 solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Name</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>0665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Fluoview FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaiTai HP DeepSee-OL&#160;</td>
			<td>Spectra Physics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ti:sapphire laser 690nm &#8212; 1040nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filters</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV10-MRL/R&#160;</td>
			<td>495 to 540 nm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25&#215; water-immersion objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XLPL25XWMP</td>
			<td>N.A. 1.05 and working distance 2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slice Anchor grid&#160;</td>
			<td>Warner Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>SHD-27LH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other basic reagents&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

two-photon imaging of intracellular ca2+ handling and nitric oxide production in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated rat aorta

칼슘은 혈관 조직에서 많은 생리적 과정의 중요한 레귤레이터이다. 대부분의 내피 세포와 평활근 기능이 높은 세포 내 칼슘 ([칼슘 2 +] I) 및 산화 질소 (NO)의 변화에 따라 달라집니다. 위해 두 광자 현미경 염료 [칼슘 2 +] 난, NO 및 다운 스트림 분자가 혈관 수 축제와 혈관 확장제에 대한 응답으로 혈관에 의해 처리됩니다, 우리는 칼슘 라벨을 적용하는 새로운 기술 (또는 라벨링)을 개발하는 방법을 이해하기 절연 혈관 칼슘 처리 (또는 NO 생산)을 측정 하였다. 여기에 설명 된 쥐, 라벨 칼슘 또는 NO 내피 세포 나 평활근 세포 내에서 대동맥을 분리, 이미지 칼슘 과도 (또는 생산) 생리적 다음 두 광자 현미경을 사용하는 방법을 보여줍니다 자세한 단계별 절차 또는 약물 학적 자극. 상기 방법을 사용하는 이점은 다중 겹 : 1)이 동시에 가능하다LY는 내피 세포와 다른 자극에 응답하여 평활근 세포 모두에서 칼슘 과도를 측정; 2) 화상 내피 세포와 그 나라의 설정에서 평활근 세포에 하나 허용; 3)이 방법은 세포 내 칼슘 또는 변경 및 정확한 측정을위한 고해상도 이미지를 생성에 매우 민감; 4) 기재 방법은 활성 산소와 같은 다른 분자의 측정에 적용 할 수있다. 요약하면, 두 개의 광자 레이저 발광 현미경의 적용은 칼슘 과도 및 절연 혈관 내피 세포 및 평활근 세포에서 NO 생산 고품질 정량적 데이터를 제공 및 혈관 기능을 조절 메커니즘에 대한 이해를 촉진하고있다을 모니터링한다.

생리 정확하게 혈관 (혈관 확장 및 혈관 수축) 칼슘의 기여도를 평가하기 위해, 프로토콜은 내피 세포 및 절연 그대로 대동맥 평활근 세포에 모두 칼슘 염료를로드하기 위해 설계되었다. 그림 1에 묘사 된 설정 일반적인 실험은 고립과 이미징 전에 용기의 제조를위한 기본 전략을 보여줍니다. 간략하게, 래트 대동맥의 분리 후, 지방 및 결합 조직의 세정되어야하며, 길이 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta at JoVE.com

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Vascular cell functiondepends on activity of intracellular messengers. Described here is an ex vivo two photon imaging method that allows the measurement of intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli in individual endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated aorta.

세포 내 칼슘의 두 광자 이미징<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; 고립 된 쥐 대동맥의 취급 및 내피 세포에서 산화 질소 생산과 부드러운 근육 세포

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on ...

two-photon-imaging-intracellular-ca2-handling-nitric-oxide-production

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

11.2K 조회수.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Vascular cell functiondepends on activity of intracellular messengers. Described here is an ex vivo two photon imaging method that allows the measurement of intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli in individual endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated aorta. 

비디오: Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

라이브 zebrafish의 배아에서 두 광자의 axotomy하고 시간이 경과 공촛점 영상

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

연구

생물학

Focal Ca2+ Transient Detection in Smooth Muscle

Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle provides insight into cellular mechanisms that may not result in changes of membrane potential, such as the release of Ca2+ from internal stores, and allows multiple cells to be monitored simultaneously to assess, for example, coupling in syncytial tissue. Subcellular Ca2+ transients are common in smooth muscle, yet are difficult to measure accurately because of the problems caused by their stochastic occurrence, over an often wide field of view, in an organ that it prone to contract. To overcome this problem, we've developed a series of imaging protocols and analysis routines to acquire and then analyse, in an automated fashion, the frequency, location and amplitude of such events. While this approach may be applied in other contexts, our own work involves the detection of local purinergic Ca2+ transients for locating transmitter release with submicron resolution. 
ATP is released as a cotransmitter from autonomic nerves, where it binds to P2X1 receptors on the smooth muscle of the detrusor and vas deferens. Ca2+ enters the smooth muscle, resulting in purinergic neuroeffector Ca2+ transients (NCTs). The focal Ca2+ transients allow the optical monitoring of neurotransmitter release in a manner that has many advantages over electrophysiology. Apart from the greatly improved spatial resolution, optical recording has the additional advantage of allowing the recording of transmitter release from many distinguishable sites simultaneously. Furthermore, the optical plane of focus is easier to maintain or correct during long recording series than is the repositioning of an intracellular sharp microelectrode. 
In summary, a method for imaging of Ca2+ fluorescence is outlined which details the preparation of tissue, and the acquisition and analysis of data. We outline the use of several scripts for the analysis of such Ca2+ transients.

Focal Ca2+ Transient Detection in Smooth Muscle

Details methods for high-resolution Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle within isolated organs, including: preparation of the tissue, image acquisition and data analysis.

초점 칼슘 2 +</sup평활근에서> 과도 감지

Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle provides insight into cellular mechanisms that may not result in changes of membrane potential, such as the release of Ca2+ ...

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded and their collection does not imply any added risk to the newborn or mother s health. Moreover no ethical concerns are raised. The UC is composed by one vein and two arteries from which both endothelial cells (ECs) 1 and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 2, two of the main cellular components of blood vessels, can be isolated. In this project the SMCs were obtained after enzymatic treatment of the UC arteries accordingly the experimental procedure previously described by Jaffe et al 3. After cell isolation they were kept in t-flash with DMEM-F12 supplemented with 5% of fetal bovine serum and were cultured for several passages. Cells maintained their morphological and other phenotypic characteristics in the different generations. The aim of this study was to isolate smooth muscle cells in order to use them as models for future assays with constrictor drugs, isolate and structurally characterize L-type calcium channels, to study cellular and molecular aspects of the vascular function 4 and to use them in tissue engineering.

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells HUASMC

The umbilical cords are used to isolate smooth muscle cells by different ways. In this work we used the enzymatic treatment to isolated smooth muscle cells.

인간의 탯줄 아티 평활근 세포 절연 (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded ...

Measurement of Smooth Muscle Function in the Isolated Tissue Bath-applications to Pharmacology Research

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues. While this technique has been implemented for over 100 years, the versatility, simplicity and reproducibility of this assay helps it to remain an indispensable tool for pharmacologists and physiologists alike. Tissue bath systems are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, allowing a scientist to evaluate samples as small as murine mesenteric arteries and as large as porcine ileum &#8211; if not larger. Central to the isolated tissue bath assay is the ability to measure concentration-dependent changes to isometric contraction, and how the efficacy and potency of contractile agonists can be manipulated by increasing concentrations of antagonists or inhibitors. Even though the general principles remain relatively similar, recent technological advances allow even more versatility to the tissue bath assay by incorporating computer-based data recording and analysis software. This video will demonstrate the function of the isolated tissue bath to measure the isometric contraction of an isolated smooth muscle (in this case rat thoracic aorta rings), and share the types of knowledge that can be created with this technique. Included are detailed descriptions of aortic tissue dissection and preparation, placement of aortic rings in the tissue bath and proper tissue equilibration prior to experimentation, tests of tissue viability, experimental design and implementation, and data quantitation. Aorta will be connected to isometric force transducers, the data from which will be captured using a commercially available analog-to-digital converter and bridge amplifier specifically designed for use in these experiments. The accompanying software to this system will be used to visualize the experiment and analyze captured data.

This protocol describes the measurement of isometric contraction in an isolated smooth muscle preparation, using an isolated tissue bath system and computer-based data acquisition.

약리학 연구에 고립 된 조직 목욕-애플리케이션에서 부드러운 근육 기능의 측정

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues.  ...

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, electrical excitability and cell proliferation. The diversity and specificity of Ca2+ signaling derives from mechanisms by which Ca2+ signals are generated to act over different time and spatial scales, ranging from cell-wide oscillations and waves occurring over the periods of minutes to local transient Ca2+ microdomains (Ca2+ puffs) lasting milliseconds. Recent advances in electron multiplied CCD (EMCCD) cameras now allow for imaging of local Ca2+ signals with a 128 x 128 pixel spatial resolution at rates of &#62;500 frames sec-1 (fps). This approach is highly parallel and enables the simultaneous monitoring of hundreds of channels or puff sites in a single experiment. However, the vast amounts of data generated (ca. 1 Gb per min) render visual identification and analysis of local Ca2+ events impracticable. Here we describe and demonstrate the procedures for the acquisition, detection, and analysis of local IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators using both wide-field epi-fluorescence (WF) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Furthermore, we describe an algorithm developed within the open-source software environment Python that automates the identification and analysis of these local Ca2+ signals. The algorithm localizes sites of Ca2+ release with sub-pixel resolution; allows user review of data; and outputs time sequences of fluorescence ratio signals together with amplitude and kinetic data in an Excel-compatible table.

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Here we present techniques for imaging local IP3-mediated Ca2+ events using fluorescence microscopy in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators together with an algorithm that automates identification and analysis of these events.

이미징 로컬 CA<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; 배양 된 포유 동물 세포에서 신호

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, ...

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) is one of the most important vasoprotective molecules in cardiovascular physiology. Dysfunctional eNOS such as uncoupling of eNOS leads to decrease in NO bioavailability and increase in superoxide anion (O2.&#8722;) production, and in turn promotes cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, appropriate measurement of NO and O2.&#8722; levels in the endothelial cells are pivotal for research on cardiovascular diseases and complications. Because of the extremely labile nature of NO and O2.&#8722;, it is difficult to measure NO and O2.&#8722; directly in a blood vessel. Numerous methods have been developed to measure NO and O2.&#8722; production. It is, however, either insensitive, or non-specific, or technically demanding and requires special equipment. Here we describe an adaption of the fluorescence dye method for en face simultaneous detection and visualization of intracellular NO and O2.&#8722; using the cell permeable diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE), respectively, in intact aortas of an obesity mouse model induced by high-fat-diet feeding. We could demonstrate decreased intracellular NO and enhanced O2.&#8722; levels in the freshly isolated intact aortas of obesity mouse as compared to the control lean mouse. We demonstrate that this method is an easy technique for direct detection and visualization of NO and O2.&#8722; in the intact blood vessels and can be widely applied for investigation of endothelial (dys)function under (physio)pathological conditions.

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

In this article we describe an adapted relatively easy method using the fluorescence dye diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) for en face simultaneous detection and visualization of intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2.&#8722;) respectively, in freshly isolated intact aortas of an obesity mouse model.

본래 동맥의 내피 층에서 산화 질소와 활성 산소의 욕실 얼굴 인식

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) is one of the most important vasoprotective molecules in cardiovascular ...

Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall health. A significant portion of intracellular Ca2+ content is found within the SR stores in VSMCs. As the only intracellular organelle with a close association to the surrounding extracellular space through plasma membrane-SR junctions, the SR can be considered to constitute the first line of response to any irregularity in Ca2+ transients, or stress experienced by the cell. Among its many functions, one of the most important is its role in the transmission of Ca2+-regulated signals throughout the cell to induce further cell-wide reactions downstream. The more common use of cytoplasmic Ca2+ indicators in this regard is overall insufficient for research into the highly dynamic changes to the intraluminal SR Ca2+ store that have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the direct and clear measurement of luminal SR Ca2+. This tool is useful for investigation into the nuanced changes in SR Ca2+ that have significant subsequent effects on the normal function and health of the cell. Fluctuations in SR Ca2+ content specifically can provide us with a significant amount of information pertaining to cellular responses to disease or stress conditions experienced by the cell. In this method, a modified version of a SR-targeted Ca2+ indicator, D1SR, is used to detect Ca2+ fluctuations in response to the introduction of agents to cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Following incubation with the D1SR indicator, confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based imaging are used to directly observe changes to intraluminal SR Ca2+ levels under control conditions and with the addition of agonist agents that function to induce intracellular Ca2+ movement.

Currently, most available calcium indicators are used to quantify cytoplasmic calcium transients as indirect measures of calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured smooth muscle cells. This protocol describes the use of a specific FRET-based indicator that allows direct measurement of calcium signals within the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.

배양 된 평활근 세포의 근질 그물 자리 내 칼슘 변동 FRET 측정을 기반으로 공 촛점 이미지

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

쥐 관상 동맥 혈관 평활근 세포의 분리

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessel walls in vivo are constantly exposed to flow, but cultured ECs are often grown under static conditions and exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Although the development of microfluidic devices has been embraced by engineers over two decades, their biological applications remain limited. A more physiologically relevant in vitro microvessel model validated by biological applications is important to advance the field and bridge the gaps between in vivo and in vitro studies. Here, we present detailed procedures for the development of cultured microvessel network using a microfluidic device with a long-term perfusion capability. We also demonstrate its applications for quantitative measurements of agonist-induced changes in EC [Ca2+]i and nitric oxide (NO) production in real time using confocal and conventional fluorescence microscopy. The formed microvessel network with continuous perfusion showed well-developed junctions between ECs. VE-cadherin distribution was closer to that observed in intact microvessels than statically cultured EC monolayers. ATP-induced transient increases in EC [Ca2+]i and NO production were quantitatively measured at individual cell levels, which validated the functionality of the cultured microvessels. This microfluidic device allows ECs to grow under a well-controlled, physiologically relevant flow, which makes the cell culture environment closer to in vivo than that in the conventional, static 2D cultures. The microchannel network design is highly versatile, and the fabrication process is simple and repeatable. The device can be easily integrated to the confocal or conventional microscopic system enabling high resolution imaging. Most importantly, because the cultured microvessel network can be formed by primary human ECs, this approach will serve as a useful tool to investigate how pathologically altered blood components from patient samples affect human ECs and provide insight into clinical issues. It also can be developed as a platform for drug screening.

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown to confluence within a microfluidic network device. The endothelial cell junction and F-actin distributions were illustrated and the changes in intracellular calcium concentration and nitric oxide production in response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in real-time at individual cell levels.

개발 및 특성화의<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 미세 혈관 네트워크 및 내피의 정량적 측정 [칼슘<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;]<sub&gt; 전</sub&gt; 및 질소 산화물 생산

Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessel walls in vivo are constantly exposed to flow, but cultured ECs are often grown under static conditions and ...

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Common murine models study small vessels such as the carotid and femoral arteries. Herein we describe an in vivo system in which both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function can be simultaneously assessed in a large vessel. We studied the infrarenal aortic response to injury in C57BL/6 mice. The aorta was injured from the left renal vein to the aortic bifurcation by 30 transmural crushes of 5-seconds duration with a cotton-tipped applicator. Morphological changes were assessed with conventional histology. Aorta wall thickness was measured from the luminal surface to the adventitia. EdU integration and counter staining with DAPI and alpha-actin was used to demonstrate VSMC proliferation. Activation of ERK1/2, a known moderator of intimal hyperplasia formation, was determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of inflammation was determined by immunohistochemistry for B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. En face sections of endothelium were visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial barrier function was determined with Evans Blue staining. Transmural injury resulted in aortic wall thickening. This injury induced VSMC proliferation, most prominently at 3 days after injury, and early activation of ERK1/2 and decreased p27kip1 expression. Injury did not result in increased B-cells, T-cells, or macrophages infiltration in the vessel wall. Injury caused partial endothelial cell denudation and loss of cell-cell contact. Injury resulted in a significant loss of endothelial barrier function, which returned to baseline after seven days. The murine transmural blunt aortic injury model provides an efficient system to simultaneously study both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function in a large vessel.

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Restenosis following cardiovascular procedures (bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stenting) is a significant problem reducing the durability of these procedures. An ideal therapy would inhibit smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation while promoting regeneration of the endothelium. We describe a model for simultaneous assessment of VSMC proliferation and endothelial function in vivo.

소뇌 대동맥 파열 상해 : 효율적<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 평활근 세포 증식과 내피 기능 모델

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell ...