The authors would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of Alfred Gunasekaran in electron microscopy studies at the Institute of Micromanufacturing at Louisiana Tech University, and Dr. Jim McNamara for assistance with additional microscopy studies. The work described was supported in part by Louisiana board of Regents PKSFI Contract No. LEQSF (2007-12)-ENH-PKSFI-PRS-04 and the James E. Wyche III Endowed Professorship from Louisiana Tech University (to M.D.).

실험 1. 계획 <ol><li> 합성에 필요한 구리 나노 복합 재료의 양을 결정합니다. 그 기준으로, 작은 볼륨 플라스크 (25cm 2), 또는 자료의 준비에 아래에 표시된 바와 같이 더 큰 플라스크의 번호를 선택합니다. </li><li> 이 합성에 대해, 5 % CO 2와 적어도 40 %의 습도와 37 ° C의 배양기를 사용한다. 이러한 보육이 가능하며 반복적으로 합성의 시간 (약 24 시간) 이상 방해되지 않습니다 있는지 확인하십시오. 주의 : 반복 열기 및 인큐베이터의 폐쇄 확실히 나노 복합 구조의 변형 합성 될 수 있습니다 온도 변화의 원인이됩니다. </li></ol> 재료 2. 준비 <ol><li> 합성을 시작하는 것입니다 직전 용매에 고체 물질을 추가하여, 실험 시작하기 전에 신선한 모든 재료를 준비합니다. 긴 시간 B에 대한 액체에 시스틴과 구리 출발 물질의 재고 솔루션을 유지는 efore 실험은 권장되지 않으며 변수의 결과가 발생할 수 있습니다. 일단 파라 필름과 용기의 상단을 포장하여 건조 원료 공급 업체에서 계속 열었다. 주 : 다음 프로토콜 시스틴 7 μL, 멸균 6643 μL 및 CNPS 350 μL를 사용하여 25cm 2 세포 배양 플라스크 내의 반응 예로서 사용된다. </li><li> CNPS의 최소 2 mg의를 무게에 의해 구리 나노 입자의 2 ㎎ / ㎖ 솔루션을 준비합니다. 피부에 CNPS 가능한 접촉을 방지하기 위해이 단계에서 일회용 장갑을 착용 할 것. 빈 멸균 16 mL 유리 병에 나노 입자를 놓습니다. <ol><li> CNPS이 들어있는 유리 병에, 2 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 합성 시작하기 전에 나노 입자의 분산을 제공하기 위해 20 초 동안 솔루션을 와동 적절한 볼륨에서 멸균 탈 이온수를 추가 (최소 1 ml의 총 부피 권장). 이 소용돌이로 교반하여 혼합 억제하므로 물을 유리 병의 절반 이상이 방법을 기입하지 마십시오. CNPS 줘야난 빠르게 유리 병의 바닥에 정착 (검정 회색) 색상 어두운 나타납니다. </li><li> 합성의 시작하기 전에 CNPS의 최대 분산을 제공하기 위해 실온에서 17 분 동안 CNP 솔루션을 sonicate하세요. 주기적으로 CNPS은 초음파로 인해 혼합되어 있는지 확인하십시오. 성공적인 초음파 처리 후, CNPS 적어도 30 분 동안 용액에 현탁 상태로 유지하고, 용액의 색은 어두운 것이다. </li></ol></li><li> 합성 72.9 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 만들기 위해 충분한 시스틴의 질량을 단다. 시스틴 물에 직접 용해하지 않기 때문에, 대전 계량 용기에 칭량 시스틴 놓는다. <ol><li> 시스틴이 완전히 용해되도록 계량 용기 포함 시스틴에, 멸균, 1 M NaOH를 충분한 볼륨을 추가합니다. 예를 들어, 72.9 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 만들기 위해, 1 M NaOH를 100 μL 완전히 시스틴 7.29 mg을 용해. </li><li> 멸균 흐름 조직 문화 후드에서이 단계를 수행, 무균 상태를 유지합니다. 주의 : 수산화 나트륨1 M 농도가 가성이다에서, 그래서 피부에 농축 된 수산화 나트륨의 접촉을 방지하기 위해이 단계에서 일회용 장갑을 착용 </li></ol></li><li> 무균 조직 배양 후드에서 작업, 먼저 멸균 합성 플라스크에 멸균의 6643 μL과 시스틴의 7 μl를 추가하고, 플라스크 캡으로 37 ° C에서 인큐베이터에서 30 분 동안 품어 보자 효과 제공 (느슨한) 배출 혼합. CNPS는 초음파 단계 후에 정착하기 때문에, 30 초 동안 볼 텍싱하여 2 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 CNP 재현 탁. <ol><li> 합성을 시작하도록 25cm 2 세포 배양 플라스크에 멸균 수, 50 부 CNPS 및 949 부를 1 부품 시스틴 결합 : 다음의 성분 비율을 유지하기 위해 (무균 기술을 사용하여) 합성 플라스크에 충분한 CNP 용액을 추가한다. 예를 들어, 7 mL의 합성 볼륨, 시스틴 원액 7 μL, CNPS 350 μL, 멸균 물 6643 μL를 결합한다. 플라스크에 뚜껑을 교체하고 그래서 SECUR가 있음을 조전자. </li><li> 합성을위한 모든 구성 요소를 조합 한 후, 가볍게 4-5 회 소용돌이에 의해 플라스크에 혼합한다. CO 2 배양기에서 플라스크를 놓고와 합성 동안 플라스크 중 가스 교환이 될 수 있도록 뚜껑을 풀어 플라스크를 배출. </li></ol></li><li> 합성이 약 24 시간 동안 인큐베이터에서 실행할 수 있습니다. 합성 중 하나는, 현미경과 눈으로, 높은 선형 복합의 형성을 관찰 할 수있다. 주 : 구조체의 형성 과정은 구조가 초기에 감지하기 어려운 것을 의미에서 갑자기 발생할 수 후 외관 밀도 증가에 신속하게 진행한다. 형성은 따라서 24 시간 전에 발생할 수 있습니다. 큰 구조 및 그 밀도가 증가하게되면 프로세스는 육안으로 관찰 될 수있다. 구조물의 생성 이후 시점에서 현미경으로 눈에 의해 시간이 지남에 따라 관찰 될 수 있지만, 연속 합성 조건을 중단하고 온도 불량으로 이어질합성 결과. </li><li> 단단히 합성 플라스크 상한 및 냉장고 (4 ℃)에서 선박을 저장하여 biocomposites의 합성을 종료합니다. 한번 생성 된 구조는 1 년 이상이 형태로 안정적으로 유지. 사용되는 구성 요소, 합성의 날짜 및 종료 전에 합성의 배양 시간을 포함하여 합성 조건과 플라스크 레이블. </li></ol> 구리 황산을 사용하여 3. 합성 <ol><li> 황산구리 염 CNPS 대체하여 자기 조립 합성을 수행. 멸균 기법을 사용하여, 2 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 멸균 증류수 충분한 부피 황산구리 적어도 2 mg을 용해. 황산동 결정을 쉽게 농도로 용액에 들어가 있지만, 필요한 경우 바이알 와동 모든 결정체가 용해되어 육안으로 확인하기 위해 검사한다. </li><li> 전술하지만 황산구리 CNPS 대체로서 황산동의 제조 후, 합성을 수행한다. 주 : 출발 물질로서 황산 구리를 사용하여 자기 조립 된 나노 복합 재료가 CNPS 합성 구조물의 최종 형상보다 훨씬 더 일관되게 나타났다. </li><li> CNP의 복합 재료로 구리 황산 biocomposites의 합성을 종료 (2.6 단계), 4 ℃에서 그들에게 장기를 저장합니다. </li></ol> 4. 특성화 및 Biocomposites 후 합성 처리 <ol><li> CNPS에서 흰색 빛 현미경 (9)에 의해 구리 황산에서와 전자 현미경 (9)에 의해 유도 된 biocomposites을 특성화. <ol><li> 합성 플라스크 평 누워의 몇 분 이내에 플라스크의 바닥 표면에 정착하는 바와 같이 특성화 및 biocomposites 백색광 현미경으로 합성 후 검사를 들어, 거꾸로 현미경을 사용하여, 다음 포커스하게 할 수있다. biocomposites 및 액체 매질 사이의 대비를 극대화하기 위해 현미경의 시야 설정을 사용합니다. CNPS과 경찰에서 파생 된 복합황산 당 모두 색상의 불투명 분명 나타날 것입니다 만, 미 반응 CNP 집계 색상에 매우 어두운 나타납니다. <ol><li> 복합 이미지를 캡처하기 위해 현미경에 연결된 디지털 카메라를 사용한다. 개별 구조물의 길이의 범위가 관찰됩니다. </li></ol></li><li> 특성화 및 biocomposites 합성 후 검사의 경우 4 ℃에서 저장 한 후, 플라스크 현미경 이미징을 수행하는 동안 집중 효과가 모호합니다 냉장고에서 제거에 처음 응축을 형성하므로 플라스크 적어도 15 분 동안 실온으로 올 수 있습니다. RT로 평형을 허용 한 후, 현미경 이미징 품질을 최대화하기 위해 깨끗한 종이 타월로 플라스크의 상부 및 하부 표면을 닦아. </li><li> 냉장고에있는 동안 형성 복합 재료의 덩어리를 떼어 놓다 30 초 동안 장기 저장되어있는 또는 영상 복합, 소용돌이 플라스크를 작업 할 때. 텍싱 후, 반전 마이크와 구조를 검사roscope는 집계가 해리했는지 확인하고 필요 텍싱 반복합니다. </li><li> CNPS를 사용하여 주어진 실험 합성의 효능을 평가하기 위해 반전 된 백색광 현미경을 사용한다. 예를 들어, 합성시와 같은 다른 파라미터를 가지는 플라스크에서 CNP 유래 biocomposites 사용 합성 플라스크 CNPS 미 반응의 유무를 기록. 개별 CNPS는 광학 현미경으로 관찰하기에 너무 작지만 미 CNP은 높은 종횡비, 선형 형태를 가질 것이다 성공적으로 합성 CNP 합성물 달리, 둥근 모양과 어두운 객체로 나타난다 집계 한 참고 서로 다른 길이의 범위를해야합니다. 이것이 일단 형성되면 개별 구조로 분산시키는 것이 곤란하다 고도로 분지 &quot;게&quot;형 구조물을 초래할 것 같은 종료 전에 일정 기간 너무 오랫동안 합성을 수행 피한다. </li><li> 효능을 평가하기 위해 반전 하얀 빛 현미경을 사용하여황산구리를 사용하여 주어진 실험 합성. 황산동이 프로토콜을 이용하여 용액에 완전히 나가기 때문에, 용액을 사용 CNPS 합성 용액으로부터보다 어둡게 나타날 것이다. 이러한 종료​​ 전에 합성 시간으로서 다른 합성 조건에 플라스크를 비교하여 황산구리 복합체의 크기와 정도를 문서화. 참고 : 성공적으로 합성 된 복합 재료가 서로 다른 길이의 범위를 표시합니다. 이 &quot;성게 같은&quot;구조 될 것입니다 일부 복합의 높은 분기 집계 결과 바와 같이, 종료 전에 시간의 기간이 너무 오래 합성을 수행하지 않도록하고있는 일단 형성되면 개별 구조로 분산하기가 어렵습니다 . </li></ol></li><li> biocomposites를 합성 후, 원심 분리 튜브에서 원심 복합 솔루션을 집중. 15 ㎖의 원심 분리 관에 CNP 유래 구조 또는 구리 황산 파생 구조 중 6 ML을 추가합니다. 10 분 동안 원심 분리기RT 500 XG에 펠릿을 형성 하였다. 작은 볼륨의 경우, 0.6 ml의 크기의 튜브에 솔루션 구조의 500 μl를 추가합니다. 적어도 10 분 동안 실온에서 2000 XG에 원심 펠렛을 형성 하였다. <ol><li> 충분한 시간 동안 (microfuges 적어도 10 분)을 원심 분리 한 후, 구조가 심하게 펠릿 상기 상등액을 제거하여 농축 튜브의 하단에 관찰 된 펠릿을 저장한다. 구리 황산에서 파생 Biocomposite 구조는 색상과 CNPS에서 파생 된 구조의 청색 어두운 (검정 회색)되어 나타납니다. </li><li> 이 튜브에 더 많은 복합 재료를 추가하고 필요한 경우 구조를 집중하기 위해 동일한 튜브의 과정을 반복한다. 농축 된 알약을 분산하기 위해 10 ~ 30 초 동안 원하는 튜브 용액의 부피, 소용돌이를 추가합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 초음파 처리 구조는 한번 값을 낮추는 구조의 인구 평균 크기 (길이)를 이동하도록 형성되어있다. 르 멸균 탈 이온수 및 초음파 처리에 넣어 구조AST 10 분. 시간이 지남에 따라이 공정을 이용하여, 구조가 단편화 및 평균 길이 (텍스트도 6 참조)에서 작아진다. 역 하얀 빛 현미경과 디지털 카메라를 사용하여 서로 다른 초음파 시간과 복합 크기의 문서 변경. </li></ol>

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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoscale+organization+of+CuO+nanoribbons:+formation+of+'dandelions'.">Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoribbons: formation of 'dandelions'.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 126, 8124-8125 (2004).</li><li>Peng, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controllable+synthesis+of+self-assembled+Cu2S+nanostructures+through+a+template-free+polyol+process+for+the+degradation+of+organic+pollutant+under+visible+light.">Controllable synthesis of self-assembled Cu2S nanostructures through a template-free polyol process for the degradation of organic pollutant under visible light.</a> Materials Research Bulletin. 44, 1834-1841 (2009).</li><li>Deodhar, S., Huckaby, J., Delahoussaye, M., DeCoster, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Aspect+Ratio+Bio-Metallic+Nanocomposites+for+Cellular+Interactions.">High-Aspect Ratio Bio-Metallic Nanocomposites for Cellular Interactions.</a> IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 64, 012014 (2014).</li><li>Montes-Burgos, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+nanoparticle+size+and+state+prior+to+nanotoxicological+studies.">Characterisation of nanoparticle size and state prior to nanotoxicological studies.</a> Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 12, 47-53 (2010).</li><li>Wiogo, H. T., Lim, M., Bulmus, V., Yun, J., Amal, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilization+of+magnetic+iron+oxide+nanoparticles+in+biological+media+by+fetal+bovine+serum+(FBS).">Stabilization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biological media by fetal bovine serum (FBS).</a> Langmuir. 27, 843-850 (2011).</li><li>Yunker, P. J., Still, T., Lohr, M. A., Yodh, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+the+coffee-ring+effect+by+shape-dependent+capillary+interactions.">Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions.</a> Nature. 476, 308-311 (2011).</li><li>Kahler, H., Lloyd Jr, B., Eden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+Microscopic+and+Other+Studies+on+a+Copper&#8211;Cystine+Complex.">Electron Microscopic and Other Studies on a Copper&#8211;Cystine Complex.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 56, 768-770 (1952).</li><li>Furia, E., Sindona, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexation+of+L-cystine+with+metal+cations.">Complexation of L-cystine with metal cations.</a> Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data. 55, 2985-2989 (2010).</li><li>Hawkins, C., Perrin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polynuclear+Complex+Formation.+II.+Copper+(II)+with+Cystine+and+Related+Ligands.">Polynuclear Complex Formation. II. Copper (II) with Cystine and Related Ligands.</a> Inorganic Chemistry. 2, 843-849 (1963).</li><li>Hallman, P., Perrin, D., Watt, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+computed+distribution+of+copper+(II)+and+zinc+(II)+ions+among+seventeen+amino+acids+present+in+human+blood+plasma.">The computed distribution of copper (II) and zinc (II) ions among seventeen amino acids present in human blood plasma.</a> Biochem. J. 121, 549-555 (1971).</li><li>Jensen, L. S., Maurice, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+sulfur+amino+acids+on+copper+toxicity+in+chicks.">Influence of sulfur amino acids on copper toxicity in chicks.</a> The Journal of nutrition. 109, 91-97 (1979).</li><li>Lee, Y., Choi, J. R., Lee, K. J., Stott, N. E., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+synthesis+of+copper+nanoparticles+by+chemically+controlled+reduction+for+applications+of+inkjet-printed+electronics.">Large-scale synthesis of copper nanoparticles by chemically controlled reduction for applications of inkjet-printed electronics.</a> Nanotechnology. 19, 415604 (2008).</li><li>Hume, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+coiled-coil+protein+microfibers.">Engineered coiled-coil protein microfibers.</a> Biomacromolecules. 15, 3503-3510 (2014).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose.

CNPS 포함 된 나노 물질의 잠재적 인 독성을 평가하는 동안, 이것은 장기적, CNPS는 큰 응집 형태로 초기에 더 분산 미립자 분포 (도 2)로 형질 전환시키고 있음을 관찰 하였다. 일부의 경우, 생물학적 조건 하에서 세포 배양 접시에서 생산 된 이러한 고도로 응집 된 구조물은 &quot;게&quot;를 포함하는 전술 구리 연상시키는 중앙 집합체에서 높은 선형 돌기를 형성 6. 그것은 여기에 ...

Copper is a highly reactive metal that in the biological world is essential in some enzyme functions 1,2, but in higher concentrations is potently toxic including in the nanoparticulate form 3,4. Concern over copper toxicity has become more relevant as CNPs and other copper-based nanomaterials are utilized, due to the increased surface area/mass for nanostructures. Thus, even a small mass of copper, in nanoparticle form, could cause local toxicity due to its ability to penetrate the cell and be broken down into reactive forms. Some biological species can complex with and chelate metal ions, and even incorporate them into biological structures as has been described in marine mussels 5. In studying the potential toxic effects of nanomaterials 4, it was discovered that over time, and under biological conditions used for typical cell culturing (37 &#176;C and 5% CO2), stable copper biocomposites could be formed with a high-aspect ratio (linear) structure.
By a process of elimination, the initial discovery of these linear biocomposites, which occurred in complete cell culture media, was simplified to a defined protocol of essential elements needed for the biocomposites to self-assemble. Self-assembly of two types of highly linear biocomposites was discovered to be possible with two starting metal components: 1) CNPs and 2) copper sulfate, with the common biological component being cystine. Although more complex, so called &#8220;urchin&#8221; and &#8220;nanoflower&#8221; type copper-containing structures with nanoscale and microscale features have been previously reported, these were produced under non-biological conditions, such as temperatures of 100 &#176;C or greater 6-8. To our knowledge, synthesis of individual, linear copper-containing nanostructures that are scalable in liquid phase under biological conditions has not been previously described. 
One of the starting materials utilized for synthesis of nanocomposites, namely CNPs, has been reported previously to be very toxic to cells 4. It has recently been reported that after the nanocomposites are formed, these structures are less toxic on a per mass basis than the starting NPs 9. Thus, the synthesis described here may be derived from a biological and biochemical reaction that has utility in stabilizing reactive copper species, both in the sense of transforming the NP form into larger structures and in producing composites less toxic to cells. 
In contrast to many other nanomaterial forms which are known to aggregate or clump upon interaction with biological liquid media 10,11, once formed, the highly linear composites described here avoid aggregation, possibly due to a redistribution of charge which has been previously reported 9. As detailed in the current work, this avoidance of aggregation is convenient for the purposes of working with the structures once formed for at least 3 reasons: 1) composite structures once formed may be concentrated using centrifugation and then easily dispersed again using vortex mixing; 2) formed structures can be decreased in average size by sonication for different periods of time; and 3) the formed linear structures may provide an additional tool for avoiding the recently described &#8220;coffee ring effect&#8221; 12 and thus provide a dopant for creating more evenly distributed coatings of materials, especially those containing spherical particulates.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Vortexer</td>
			<td>VWR (https://us.vwr.com)</td>
			<td>58816-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator Model # 2425-2</td>
			<td>VWR (https://us.vwr.com)</td>
			<td>Contact vendor</td>
			<td>Current model calalog # 98000-360</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Centrifuge (Refrigerated Microcentrifuge)</td>
			<td>Labnet (http://labnetinternational.com/)</td>
			<td>C2500-R</td>
			<td>Model Prism R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Centrifuge Model Z323K</td>
			<td>Labnet (http://labnetinternational.com/)</td>
			<td>Contact vendor</td>
			<td>Current model Z206A catalog # C0206-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator (Ultrasonic Cleaner)</td>
			<td>Branson Ultrasonics Corporation (http://www.bransonic.com/)</td>
			<td>1510R-MTH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Sartorius (http://dataweigh.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Model CP225D similar model CPA225D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus IX51 Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com</td>
			<td>Contact vendor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus DP71 microscope digital camera</td>
			<td>Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com</td>
			<td>Contact vendor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>external power supply unit- white light for Olympus microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com</td>
			<td>TH4-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x, 20, and 40x microscope objectives</td>
			<td>Olympus (http://olympusamerica.com</td>
			<td>Contact vendor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>Hitachi (http://hitachi-hitec.com/global/em/sem/sem_index.html)</td>
			<td>model S-4800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss (http://zeiss.com/microscopy/en_de/products.html)</td>
			<td>model Libra 120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table Top Work Station Unidirectional Flow Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Envirco (http://envirco-hvac.com)</td>
			<td>model PNG62675</td>
			<td>Used for sterile cell culture technique</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of scalable, metallic high-aspect ratio nanocomposites in a biological liquid medium

이 프로토콜의 목적은 높은 종횡비 구조를 갖는 두 개의 신규 biocomposites의 합성을 설명하는 것이다. biocomposites 구리 나노 입자 (CNPS) 또는 금속 성분을 기여 황산구리 중 하나와, 구리 및 시스틴 이루어져있다. 합성 생물학적 조건 (37 ° C)와 24 시간 후의 자기 조립 복합 형태 하에서 액상에서 수행된다. 형성되면, 이러한 복합 재료는 모두 액체 매체와 건조 폼에서 매우 안정적이다. 복합 길이 범위를 마이크로 -하는 나노에서 확장, 몇 미크론에서 직경 25 nm의. 에너지 분산 형 X 선 분광법 (EDX)을 전계 방출 주사 전자 현미경은 따라서 최종 나노 복합 재료에서의 황 원으로서 시스테인을 확인, 출발 CNP 재료 결석 동안 황, NP 유래의 선형 구조 내에 존재하는 것을 입증 . 이러한 선형 나노 및 마이크로 복합 재료의 합성, STR의 길이의 다양한 중uctures는 합성 용기 내에서 형성된다. 합성 후 액상 혼합물의 초음파 처리는 초음파 처리 시간 증가로 평균 길이를 감소하여 구조물의 평균 크기를 제어하는​​데 도움이 입증되었다. 형성된 구조는 고도로 응집하지 않는 안정한 액상이 형성되어 있기 때문에, 원심 분리는 또한 집중 형성된 복합체 편석을 돕기 위해 사용될 수있다.

도 1은 본 연구에서 설명한 선형 biocomposites을 형성하는 합성 단계의 흐름도의 개략을 나타낸다. 출발 원료로 CNPS 또는 황산구리는 2 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 형성하기 위해 멸균 수와 함께,이 용액을 혼합하고 균일 혼합을 제공하는 초음파 처리하고,이 구리 용액을 합성에 대해 다음과 같은 비율로 혼합되어있다 : 949 부 멸균 물 : 50 부 구리 혼합물 : 1 부 시스틴 원액. 실제 볼륨은 확장 또는 최?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium at JoVE.com

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

여기서 우리는 생물학적 조건하에 액체 배지에서 신규 한 고 종횡비 biocomposites를 합성 프로토콜을 제시한다. biocomposites 각각의 직경 및 길이에서 마이크로 나노 미터 스케일. 시스틴 결합 구리 나노 입자 (CNPS) 및 황산구리는 합성 용 핵심 부품이다.

생물 액체 배지에서 확장 성, 금속 높은 가로 세로 비율 나노 복합 재료의 생성

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper ...

generation-scalable-metallic-high-aspect-ratio-nanocomposites

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.0K 조회수.  Centenary College of Louisiana.  여기서 우리는 생물학적 조건하에 액체 배지에서 신규 한 고 종횡비 biocomposites를 합성 프로토콜을 제시한다. biocomposites 각각의 직경 및 길이에서 마이크로 나노 미터 스케일. 시스틴 결합 구리 나노 입자 (CNPS) 및 황산구리는 합성 용 핵심 부품이다. 

비디오: Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13.
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.

This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of free and esterified bioactive fatty acids from cells. Fatty acids are accurately quantified using stable isotope dilution, chiral liquid chromatography, electron capture atmospheric chemical ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SID-LC-ECAPCI-MRM/MS).

타겟 안정 동위 원소 희석 액체 크로마 토그래피 - 질량 분광법 분석을위한 세포 지질 추출

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

연구

생체공학

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an additional application for these instruments- viewing viral assemblies in a liquid environment. This exciting and novel method of visualizing biological structures utilizes a recently developed microfluidic-based specimen holder. Our video article demonstrates how to assemble and use a microfluidic holder to image liquid specimens within a TEM. In particular, we use simian rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) as our model system. We also describe steps to coat the surface of the liquid chamber with affinity biofilms that tether DLPs to the viewing window. This permits us to image assemblies in a manner that is suitable for 3D structure determination. Thus, we present a first glimpse of subviral particles in a native liquid environment.

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

Here we describe a procedure to image viral complexes in liquid at nanometer resolution using a transmission electron microscope.

시투에서 액체에 있는 생물학 어셈블리의 TEM

Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

의 생명 공학에 대한 각질 기반의 나노 섬유의 합성

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of smart soft devices for biomedical applications. Although a number of magnetically-responsive drug delivery systems have demonstrated efficacies through either in vitro proof of concept studies or in vivo preclinical applications, their use in clinical settings is still limited by their insufficient biocompatibility or biodegradability. Additionally, many of the existing platforms rely on sophisticated techniques for their fabrications. We recently demonstrated the fabrication of biodegradable, gelatin-based thermo-responsive microgel by physically entrapping poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) chains as a minor component within a three-dimensional gelatin network. In this study, we present a facile method to fabricate a biodegradable drug release platform that enables a magneto-thermally triggered drug release. This was achieved by incorporating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and thermo-responsive polymers within gelatin-based colloidal microgels, in conjunction with an alternating magnetic field application system.

We present a facile method to fabricate a biodegradable gelatin-based drug release platform that is magneto-thermally responsive. This was achieved by incorporating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) within a spherical gelatin micro-network crosslinked by genipin, in conjunction with an alternating magnetic field application system.

제어 약물 릴리스에 대한 자기장 응답 하이브리드 젤라틴 마이크로 겔을 교류

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of ...

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

LCEs are shape-responsive materials with fully reversible shape change and potential applications in medicine, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and as soft robots. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of shape-responsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and LCE nanocomposites along with characterization of their shape-responsiveness, mechanical properties, and microstructure. Two types of LCEs &#8212; polysiloxane-based and epoxy-based &#8212; are synthesized, aligned, and characterized. Polysiloxane-based LCEs are prepared through two crosslinking steps, the second under an applied load, resulting in monodomain LCEs. Polysiloxane LCE nanocomposites are prepared through the addition of conductive carbon black nanoparticles, both throughout the bulk of the LCE and to the LCE surface. Epoxy-based LCEs are prepared through a reversible esterification reaction. Epoxy-based LCEs are aligned through the application of a uniaxial load at elevated (160 &#176;C) temperatures. Aligned LCEs and LCE nanocomposites are characterized with respect to reversible strain, mechanical stiffness, and liquid crystal ordering using a combination of imaging, two-dimensional X-ray diffraction measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. LCEs and LCE nanocomposites can be stimulated with heat and/or electrical potential to controllably generate strains in cell culture media, and we demonstrate the application of LCEs as shape-responsive substrates for cell culture using a custom-made apparatus.

We demonstrate the preparation of siloxane-based and epoxy-based liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and LCE nanocomposites. The LCEs are characterized with respect to reversible strain, liquid crystal ordering, and stiffness. As a potential application, we demonstrate their use as shape-responsive substrates in a custom device for active cell culture.

모노 도메인 액정 탄성체 및 액정 엘라스토머 나노 복합 재료의 제조

LCEs are shape-responsive materials with fully reversible shape change and potential applications in medicine, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and ...

A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are quickly moving into the operating room. Here, we present a new approach that utilizes a technique not yet explored for intraoperative imaging: chemiluminescent imaging. This method employs a ruthenium-based chemiluminescent reporter along with a custom-built nebulizing system to produce ex vivo or in vivo images with high signal-to-noise ratios. The ruthenium-based reporter produces light following exposure to an aqueous oxidizing solution and re-reduction within the surrounding tissue. This method has allowed us to detect reporter concentrations as low as 6.9 pmol/cm2. In this work, we present a visual guide to our proof-of-concept in vivo studies involving subdermal and intravenous injections in mice. The results suggest that this technology is a promising candidate for further preclinical research and might ultimately become a useful tool in the operating room.

This protocol describes a new intraoperative imaging technique that uses a ruthenium complex as a source of chemiluminescent light emission, thereby producing high signal-to-noise ratios during in vivo imaging. Intraoperative imaging is an expanding field that could revolutionize the way that surgical procedures are performed.

생물학적 설정에서 생성 및 관측 화학 발광위한 새로운 기술

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; represented by &#34;devices&#34; created as combinations of individual genetic components. However, manual assembly of such large numbers of devices is time-intensive, error-prone, and costly. The increasing sophistication and scale of synthetic biology research necessitates an efficient, reproducible way to accommodate large-scale, complex, and high throughput device construction.
Here, a DNA assembly protocol using the Type-IIS restriction endonuclease based Modular Cloning (MoClo) technique is automated on two liquid-handling robotic platforms. Automated liquid-handling robots require careful, often times tedious optimization of pipetting parameters for liquids of different viscosities (e.g. enzymes, DNA, water, buffers), as well as explicit programming to ensure correct aspiration and dispensing of DNA parts and reagents. This makes manual script writing for complex assemblies just as problematic as manual DNA assembly, and necessitates a software tool that can automate script generation. To this end, we have developed a web-based software tool, http://mocloassembly.com, for generating combinatorial DNA device libraries from basic DNA parts uploaded as Genbank files. We provide access to the tool, and an export file from our liquid handler software which includes optimized liquid classes, labware parameters, and deck layout. All DNA parts used are available through Addgene, and their digital maps can be accessed via the Boston University BDC ICE Registry. Together, these elements provide a foundation for other organizations to automate modular cloning experiments and similar protocols.
The automated DNA assembly workflow presented here enables the repeatable, automated, high-throughput production of DNA devices, and reduces the risk of human error arising from repetitive manual pipetting. Sequencing data show the automated DNA assembly reactions generated from this workflow are ~95% correct and require as little as 4% as much hands-on time, compared to manual reaction preparation.

Here, an automated workflow to perform modular DNA &#34;device&#34; assembly using a modular cloning DNA assembly method on liquid-handling robots is presented. The protocol uses an intuitive software tool for generating liquid handler picklists for combinatorial DNA device library generation, which we demonstrate using two liquid handling platforms.

모듈형 DNA 장치 조립 로봇 액체 처리 자동화

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

3D 공간 세포 배양을위한 세포 발판으로 생체 적합성 액정 엘라스토머 거품의 합성

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation

Nanomaterials present a wide range of options to customize the controlled delivery of single and combined molecular payloads for therapeutic and imaging applications. This increased specificity can have significant clinical implications, including decreased side effects and lower dosages with higher potency. Furthermore, the in situ targeting and controlled modulation of specific cell subsets can enhance in vitro and in vivo investigations of basic biological phenomena and probe cell function. Unfortunately, the required expertise in nanoscale science, chemistry and engineering often prohibit laboratories without experience in these fields from fabricating and customizing nanomaterials as tools for their investigations or vehicles for their therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide protocols for the synthesis and scalable assembly of a versatile non-toxic block copolymer system amenable to the facile formation and loading of nanoscale vehicles for biomedical applications. Flash nanoprecipitation is presented as a methodology for rapid fabrication of diverse nanocarriers from poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) copolymers. These protocols will allow laboratories with a wide range of expertise and resources to easily and reproducibly fabricate advanced nanocarrier delivery systems for their applications. The design and construction of an automated instrument that employs a high-speed syringe pump to facilitate the flash nanoprecipitation process and to allow enhanced control over the homogeneity, size, morphology and loading of polymersome nanocarriers is described.

Nanomaterials provide versatile mechanisms of controlled therapeutic delivery for both basic science and translational applications, but their fabrication often requires expertise that is unavailable in most biomedical laboratories. Here, we present protocols for the scalable fabrication and therapeutic loading of diverse self-assembled nanocarriers using flash nanoprecipitation.

급속 하 고, 확장 가능한 어셈블리 및 플래시 Nanoprecipitation 통해 다양 한 합성 Nanocarriers에 생리 활성 단백질의 Immunostimulants 로드

Nanomaterials present a wide range of options to customize the controlled delivery of single and combined molecular payloads for therapeutic and imaging ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and cancer biology. An in vitro cell culture assay is often used to learn about the contribution of different tryptophan catabolites in a disease mechanism and for testing therapeutic strategies. Cell culture medium that is rich in secreted metabolites and signaling molecules reflects the status of tryptophan metabolism and other cellular events. New protocols for the reliable quantification of multiple kynurenines in the complex cell culture medium are desired to allow for a reliable and quick analysis of multiple samples. This can be accomplished with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This powerful technique is employed in many clinical and research laboratories for the quantification of metabolites and can be used for measuring kynurenines.
Presented here is the use of liquid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-SQ) for the simultaneous determination of four kynurenines, i.e., kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic, and xanthurenic acid in the medium collected from in vitro cultured cancer cells. SQ detector is simple to use and less expensive compared to other mass spectrometers. In the SQ-MS analysis, multiple ions from the sample are generated and separated according to their specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), followed by the detection using a Single Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode.
This paper draws the attention on the advantages of the reported method and indicates some weak points. It is focused on critical elements of LC-SQ analysis including sample preparation along with chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. The quality control, method calibration conditions and matrix effect issues are also discussed. We described a simple application of 3-nitrotyrosine as one analog standard for all target analytes. As confirmed by experiments with human ovary and breast cancer cells, the proposed LC-SQ method&#160;generates reliable results and can be further applied to other in vitro cellular models.

Described here is a protocol for the determination of four different tryptophan metabolites generated in the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) in the medium collected from cancer cell cultures analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

암 세포 배양에서 수집된 매체에서 액체 크로마토그래피 질량 분광법에 의해 분석된 선택된 Kynurenines의 동시 정량화

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...