작업은 Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG 및 신경 생물학에 대한 라이프니츠 - 연구소의 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 기술 지원을 마리아 - 마리나 Zempeltzi과 캐더린 OHL 감사합니다.

<ol>
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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 양방향 혐오 발 충격 제어 셔틀 박스 시스템을 사용하여 동물의 학습 동시 부위 특이 ICMS 및 멀티 채널의 전기 생리 학적 기록 방법을 설명한다. 프로토콜은 조합에 대한 기술 핵심 개념을 강조하고, 단지 그것의 공통 접지 전극을 통해 동물을 접지 부동 전압에서 gridfloor을 떠날의 중요성을 지적한다. 이 동물의 청각 피질의 학습 관련 플라스틱 재구성이 광범위하게 8,12,14,15,21,22...

행동 신경 과학의 기본 목표는 신​​경 세포의 구조 및 기능적 특성, 학습과 인식 사이에 특정 링크를 설정하는 것입니다. 인식 및 학습과 관련된 신경 활동은 여러 사이트에서 다양한 뇌 구조에서 활동 전위 및 지역 현장 잠재력의 전기 생리 기록하여 공부하실 수 있습니다. 3 - 전기 생리 녹음 신경 활동과 행동 사이의 상호 연결을 제공하는 반면, 세기 이상에 대한 직접 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS)는 신경 세포의 흥분 집단과 그들의 행동과 지각 효과 1의 테스트 인과 관계에 대한 가장 직접적인 방법이었다. 많은 연구는 동물 인스턴스 retinotopic 4, T에 대한 내 자극 사이트에 따라 지각 작업 전기 자극의 다양한 공간과 시간 특성을 활용할 수 있다는 것을 증명하고있다피질에서 onotopic 5, somatotopic 6 지역. 피질의 전기적으로 유발 된 활동의 전파는 주로 축삭 섬유와 피질에, 명확 층 의존 7, 그들의 분산 시냅스 연결 2의 레이아웃에 의해 결정된다. ICMS에 의해 유발 된 결과 polysynaptic 활성화는 훨씬 더 이제부터는 전기 필드 2,8,9의 직접적인 영향보다 넓은 확산이다. intracortical 미세 자극에 의해 유도 지각 효과의 한계가 강하게 층 의존 8,10,11 및 사이트에 의존 9 될 수 있습니다 이유를 설명. 최근의 연구는 피질 결과의 깊은 층의 자극 활성화 intracolumnar 초점, 재발 corticoefferent에있는 동안 상위 계층의 자극은 주로 supragranular 층에 corticocortical 회로의 더 넓은 확산 활성화를 산출하는 것이 구체적으로 보여 주었다. 병렬 행동 실험은 후자가 훨씬 낮은 지각 검출 THR이 있는지 밝혀esholds 8. 인과 8 셔틀 상자에 학습과 인식의 행동 조치와 관련된 대뇌 피질 회로의 활성화를 관계에 따라서, 특정 사이트 ICMS로 조절 된 자극의 장점은 전기 생리 녹음과 함께 이용되었다. 양방향 셔틀 박스 패러다임은 회피 학습 (12)을 연구하는 잘 확립 된 실험 장치이다. 셔틀 상자는 장애물 또는 출입구에 의해 분리 된 2 구획으로 구성되어 있습니다. 빛이나 소리와 같은 적절한 신호에 의해 표시되는 조건 자극 (CS)는, 우발적, 혐오 무조건 자극 (US) 뒤에 예를 들어 같은 금속 그리드 바닥을 통해 발 충격. 피험자는 CS에 대한 응답으로 다른 하나의 셔틀 박스 구획에서 왕복으로 US를 피하는 것을 배울 수있다. 첫째 : 셔틀 박스 학습 13,14 구별 학습 단계의 시퀀스를 포함주제는 고전적 조건 형성에 의해 CS에서 미국을 예측하고, 미국은 왕복에 종료 될 때, 악기 조절에 의해 미국에서 탈출하는 법을 배워야. 다음 단계에서, 주제는 미국의 발병하기 전에 CS (회피 반응)에 대한 응답으로 왕복으로 모두 미국을 피하기 위해 배웁니다. 일반적으로, 셔틀 박스 학습은 고전적 조건 형성, 악기 조절뿐만 아니라, 상 (14)을 학습에 따라 목표 지향적 행동을 포함한다. 셔틀 박스 절차를 쉽게 설정하고 일반적으로 몇 일간 훈련 15 일 이후 강력한 행동을 생성 할 수있다 - (17). 간단한 회피 컨디셔닝 (검출)에 더하여, 셔틀 박스 나아가 / 노고 패러다임을 이용하여 자극 차별을 연구하는데 사용될 수있다. 여기에, 동물은 조건 반응에 의해 미국 (CR) (동작을 이동을, 반대 구획에 셔틀) 방지하기 위해 훈련에 대한 응답으로 &lt;공부를 할 수 있도록 노고 자극 (CS-)에 대한 응답으로 고밀도 다중 전극 배열과 평행 미세 자극과 신경 활동의 기록.; strong&gt;을 이동-자극 (CS +)와 노고 행동으로는 (더 CR을 현재 구획에 머물 없음) 성공적인 학습을 기초 생리 메커니즘. 셔틀 상자 훈련, ICMS 및 병렬 전기 생리학의 성공적인 조합에 대한 기본적인 몇 가지 기술적 인 세부 사항이 논의 될 것이다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td><td>California Fine Wire</td><td></td><td>diam. 50&amp;micro;m w/ isolation</td></tr><tr><td>Pin connector system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Molex Holding GmbH</td><td>510470200</td><td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td></tr><tr><td>TEM grid Quantifoil</td><td>Science Services</td><td>EQ225-N27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dental acrylic Paladur</td><td>Heraeus Kulzer</td><td>64707938</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand-held drill OmniDrill35</td><td>WPI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>503599</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine 500mg/10ml</td><td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td><td>7538837</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rompun 2%, 25ml</td><td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td><td>5066.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium-Chloride 0.9%, 10ml</td><td>B.Braun AG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PRID00000772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubricant KY-Jelly</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td><td>Coulbourn Instruments</td><td>H10-11M-SC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus generator MCS STG 2000</td><td>Multichannel Systems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexon Headstage cable 32V-G20</td><td>Plexon Inc.</td><td>HSC/32v-G20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexon Headstage&amp;nbsp; 32V-G20</td><td>Plexon Inc.</td><td>HST/32v-G20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td><td>Plexon Inc.</td><td>32PBX box</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td><td>Plexon Inc.</td><td>MAP 32/HLK2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td><td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td><td>National Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td><td>Stoelting Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Audio attenator g.pah</td><td>g.pah Guger technologies</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cresyl violet acetate</td><td>Roth GmbH</td><td>7651.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Roticlear&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Roth GmbH</td><td>A538.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td><td>Roth GmbH</td><td>6779.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td><td>Roth GmbH</td><td>7974.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td><td>Merck</td><td>1,065,801,000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td><td>FHC</td><td>55-70-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>ATC2000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

셔틀 박스 회피 학습 행동 신경 과학 및 실험 설정에서 잘 확립 된 방법은 전통적으로 맞춤 제작했다입니다 필요한 장비는 여러 상업 회사에 의해 사용할 수 있습니다. 조합 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 동시 만성 전기 생리학 생체 기록과,이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 양방향 셔틀 상자 회피 학습 패러다임의 상세한 설명 (Meriones unguiculatus 여기 몽골어 게르 빌 루스 쥐)를 제공합니다. 자세한 프로토콜은 서로 다른 설치류 종의 학습 행동과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구에 적용 할 수있다. 여기 conditioned 자극으로 청각 피질 회로의 사이트 별 ICMS 특정 구 심성, 원심성 및 intracortical 연결의 지각 관련성을 테스트하는 도구로 사용된다. 별개의 활성화 패턴이 상이한 자극 전극 도착을 사용하여 유발 될 수있다지역, 계층에 의존하는 ICMS 또는 먼 ICMS 사이트 AYS. 자극 전략 및 두드러진 행동면 검출 신호를 유도하는 가장 효과적인 것이 결정될 수 행동 신호 검출 분석을 이용. 또한, (표면 전극 등, 깊이 전극) 다른 전극 설계를 이용하여 병렬 멀티 - 레코딩은 학습 과정의 시간 과정 동안 신경 세포의 관찰 가능한 조사 허용한다. 그것은 행동 디자인의 변화가인지 적 복잡성을 증가시킬 수있는 방법을 설명합니다 (예를 들어, 감지, 차별, 반전 학습)됩니다.

이 섹션에서는 몽골 햄스터에서 셔틀 박스 학습의 대표적인 예를 보여줍니다. 피사체는 두 전극 사이의 자극 ICMS 사이트 청각 피질에서 서로 떨어져 700 μm의 주입을 구별하도록 훈련시켰다 (도 1 및도 2). 자극 어레이는 서로 다른 공간 디자인 (그림 1)에서 사용자 정의 할 수 있습니다. 여기, 두 ICMS 사이트의 차별 30 CS + 및 CS - 각 (그림 3A-C)의 프리젠 테이션이 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

셔틀 박스 회피 학습은 행동 신경 과학에 잘 확립되어있다. 이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 학습 셔틀 상자가 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 및 학습과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구하는 도구로 생체 내 녹음 동시 만성와 결합 할 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

인식 및 학습을 연구하는 도구로 전기 생리 텍스 녹화 및 자극과 셔틀 박스 교육을 결합

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

combined-shuttle-box-training-with-electrophysiological-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K 조회수.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.  셔틀 박스 회피 학습은 행동 신경 과학에 잘 확립되어있다. 이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 학습 셔틀 상자가 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 및 학습과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구하는 도구로 생체 내 녹음 동시 만성와 결합 할 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine interface to assess the robustness of different control-laws applied to a closed-loop image stabilization task. Taking advantage of the well-characterized fly visuomotor pathway we record the electrical activity from an identified, motion-sensitive neuron, H1, to control the yaw rotation of a two-wheeled robot. The robot is equipped with 2 high-speed video cameras providing visual motion input to a fly placed in front of 2 CRT computer monitors. The activity of the H1 neuron indicates the direction and relative speed of the robot's rotation. The neural activity is filtered and fed back into the steering system of the robot by means of proportional and proportional/adaptive control. Our goal is to test and optimize the performance of various control laws under closed-loop conditions for a broader application also in other brain machine interfaces.

We use a closed-loop fly-machine interface to investigate general principles in neuronal control.

뇌 - 기계 인터페이스의 폐쇄 루프 성능을 연구하기 위해 실험 플랫폼

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

연구

신경과학

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

소 뇌의 경 두개 직류 자극을 사용하여 변조인지

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

행동분석학

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

학습의 개별 단계에서 설치류에서 원격 음소거 신경 활동하는 방법

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into diverse subtypes based on their immunochemical, morphological, and physiological properties1-4. Although previous research has revealed much about intrinsic properties of individual types of inhibitory neurons, knowledge about their local circuit connections is still relatively limited3,5,6. Given that each individual neuron's function is shaped by its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input within cortical circuits, we have been using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) to map local circuit connections to specific inhibitory cell types. Compared to conventional electrical stimulation or glutamate puff stimulation, LSPS has unique advantages allowing for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local functional inputs to individually recorded neurons3,7-9. Laser photostimulation via glutamate uncaging selectively activates neurons perisomatically, without activating axons of passage or distal dendrites, which ensures a sub-laminar mapping resolution. The sensitivity and efficiency of LSPS for mapping inputs from many stimulation sites over a large region are well suited for cortical circuit analysis.
Here we introduce the technique of LSPS combined with whole-cell patch clamping for local inhibitory circuit mapping. Targeted recordings of specific inhibitory cell types are facilitated by use of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in limited inhibitory neuron populations in the cortex3,10, which enables consistent sampling of the targeted cell types and unambiguous identification of the cell types recorded. As for LSPS mapping, we outline the system instrumentation, describe the experimental procedure and data acquisition, and present examples of circuit mapping in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. As illustrated in our experiments, caged glutamate is activated in a spatially restricted region of the brain slice by UV laser photolysis; simultaneous voltage-clamp recordings allow detection of photostimulation-evoked synaptic responses. Maps of either excitatory or inhibitory synaptic input to the targeted neuron are generated by scanning the laser beam to stimulate hundreds of potential presynaptic sites. Thus, LSPS enables the construction of detailed maps of synaptic inputs impinging onto specific types of inhibitory neurons through repeated experiments. Taken together, the photostimulation-based technique offers neuroscientists a powerful tool for determining the functional organization of local cortical circuits.

This paper introduces an approach of combining laser scanning photostimulation with whole cell recordings in transgenic mice expressing GFP in limited inhibitory neuron populations. The technique allows for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local synaptic circuits of specific inhibitory cortical neurons.

레이저 스캐닝 Photostimulation에 의해 억제 Neuronal 회로를 매핑

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into ...

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural auditory prostheses, such as auditory brainstem implants1-3 and auditory midbrain implants4,5. While acute experiments can give initial insight to the effectiveness of the implant, testing the chronically implanted and awake animals provides the advantage of examining the psychophysical properties of the sensations induced using implanted devices6,7.
Several techniques such as reward-based operant conditioning6-8, conditioned avoidance9-11, or classical fear conditioning12 have been used to provide behavioral confirmation of detection of a relevant stimulus attribute. Selection of a technique involves balancing aspects including time efficiency (often poor in reward-based approaches), the ability to test a plurality of stimulus attributes simultaneously (limited in conditioned avoidance), and measure reliability of repeated stimuli (a potential constraint when physiological measures are employed).
Here, a classical fear conditioning behavioral method is presented which may be used to simultaneously test both detection of a stimulus, and discrimination between two stimuli. Heart-rate is used as a measure of fear response, which reduces or eliminates the requirement for time-consuming video coding for freeze behaviour or other such measures (although such measures could be included to provide convergent evidence). Animals were conditioned using these techniques in three 2-hour conditioning sessions, each providing 48 stimulus trials. Subsequent 48-trial testing sessions were then used to test for detection of each stimulus in presented pairs, and test discrimination between the member stimuli of each pair. 
This behavioral method is presented in the context of its utilisation in auditory prosthetic research. The implantation of electrocardiogram telemetry devices is shown. Subsequent implantation of brain electrodes into the Cochlear Nucleus, guided by the monitoring of neural responses to acoustic stimuli, and the fixation of the electrode into place for chronic use is likewise shown.

The application of a classical fear conditioning behavioral paradigm for auditory prosthetic research in rats is described. This paradigm provides a mechanism for identifying both detection of, and discrimination between, distinct acoustic and electrical stimuli using heart-rate as an outcome measure.

고전 컨디셔닝 및 하트 속도 접근법을 사용 청각 음향과 전기 자극의 자극 페어 차별의 행동 결정

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Language is a highly important yet poorly understood function of the human brain. While studies of brain activation patterns during language comprehension are abundant, what is often critically missing is causal evidence of brain areas&#39; involvement in a particular linguistic function, not least due to the unique human nature of this ability and a shortage of neurophysiological tools to study causal relationships in the human brain noninvasively. Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human brain, an easy, inexpensive and safe noninvasive technique that can modulate the state of the stimulated brain area (putatively by shifting excitation/inhibition thresholds), enabling a study of its particular contribution to specific functions. While mostly focusing on motor control, the use of tDCS is becoming more widespread in both basic and clinical research on higher cognitive functions, language included, but the procedures for its application remain variable. Here, we describe the use of tDCS in a psycholinguistic word-learning experiment. We present the techniques and procedures for application of cathodal and anodal stimulation of core language areas of Broca and Wernicke in the left hemisphere of the human brain, describe the procedures of creating balanced sets of psycholinguistic stimuli, a controlled yet naturalistic learning regime, and a comprehensive set of techniques to assess the learning outcomes and tDCS effects. As an example of tDCS application, we show that cathodal stimulation of Wernicke&#39;s area prior to a learning session can impact word learning efficiency. This impact is both present immediately after learning and, importantly, preserved over longer time after the physical effects of stimulation wear off, suggesting that tDCS can have long-term influence on linguistic storage and representations in the human brain.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Here, we describe a protocol for using transcranial direct current stimulation for psycho- and neurolinguistic experiments aimed at studying, in a naturalistic yet fully controlled way, the role of cortical areas of the human brain in word learning, and a comprehensive set of behavioral procedures for assessing the outcomes.

언어 학습 및 단어 습득 연구에서 베르니케와 브로카의 경두개 직접 전류 자극 (tDCS)

Language is a highly important yet poorly understood function of the human brain. While studies of brain activation patterns during language comprehension ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

개발 뇌에서 모터 피질의 비 침습적 변조 및 로봇 매핑

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish

Cognitive deficits, including impaired learning and memory, are a primary symptom of various developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Zebrafish are an important neuroscience model due to their transparency during development and robust regenerative capabilities following neurotrauma. While various cognitive tests exist in zebrafish, most of the cognitive assessments that are rapid examine non-associative learning. At the same time, associative-learning assays often require multiple days or weeks. Here, we describe a rapid associative-learning test that utilizes an adverse stimulus (electric shock) and requires minimal preparation time. The shuttle box assay, presented here, is simple, ideal for novice investigators, and requires minimal equipment. We demonstrate that, following TBI, this shuttle box test reproducibly assesses cognitive deficit and recovery from young to old zebrafish. Additionally, the assay is adaptable to examine either immediate or delayed memory. We demonstrate that both a single TBI and repeated TBI events negatively affect learning and immediate memory but not delayed memory. We, therefore, conclude that the shuttle box assay reproducibly tracks the progression and recovery of cognitive impairment.

Learning and memory are potent metrics in studying either developmental, disease-dependent, or environmentally induced cognitive impairments. Most cognitive assessments require specialized equipment and extensive time commitments. However, the shuttle box assay is an associative learning tool that utilizes a conventional gel box for rapid and reliable assessment of adult zebrafish cognition.

성인 얼룩말 물고기를 사용하여 학습 및 메모리 연구에서 인지 평가를위한 연관 학습 도구로 셔틀 박스 분석

Cognitive deficits, including impaired learning and memory, are a primary symptom of various developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases and ...

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in head-fixed mice facilitates the use of imaging, electrophysiological, and optogenetic methods. Here, a low-cost behavioral platform (~$1000) was developed that allows tracking of associative learning in head-fixed mice that locomote freely on a running wheel. The platform incorporates two common associative learning paradigms: eyeblink conditioning and delayed tactile startle conditioning. Behavior is tracked using a camera and the wheel movement by a detector. We describe the components and setup and provide a detailed protocol for training and data analysis. This platform allows the incorporation of optogenetic stimulation and fluorescence imaging. The design allows a single host computer to control multiple platforms for training multiple animals simultaneously.

We have developed a single platform to track animal behavior during two climbing fiber-dependent associative learning tasks. The low-cost design allows integration with optogenetic or imaging experiments directed towards climbing fiber-associated cerebellar activity.

소뇌 의존적 감각 연관 학습을 모니터링하기 위한 유연한 플랫폼

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in ...

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, profoundly deaf (PD) participants, with the aim of analyzing the neural mechanisms associated with vibrotactile complex sound discrimination. Electrical brain activity reflects dynamic neural changes, and the temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs) has proven to be key in studying time-locked processes while performing behavioral tasks that involve attention and working memory. 
The current protocol was designed to study electrophysiological activity in PD subjects while they performed a continuous performance task (CPT) using complex-sound stimuli, consisting of five different animal sounds delivered through a portable stimulator system worn on the right index finger. As a repeated-measures design, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in standard conditions were performed before and after a brief training program (five 1 h sessions over 15 days), followed by offline artifact correction and epoch averaging, to obtain individual and grand-mean waveforms. Behavioral results show a significant improvement in discrimination and a more robust P3-like centroparietal positive waveform for the target stimuli after training. In this protocol, ERPs contribute to the further understanding of learning-related neural changes in PD subjects associated with audio-tactile discrimination of complex sounds.

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.